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Article ; Online: Enzymatic activation in vitamin D signaling - Past, present and future.

Norlin, Maria / Wikvall, Kjell

2023 Volume 742, Page(s) 109639

Abstract: Vitamin D signaling is important in regulating calcium homeostasis essential for bone health but also displays other functions in cells of several tissues. Disturbed vitamin D signaling is linked to a large number of diseases. The multiple cytochrome ... ...

Abstract	Vitamin D signaling is important in regulating calcium homeostasis essential for bone health but also displays other functions in cells of several tissues. Disturbed vitamin D signaling is linked to a large number of diseases. The multiple cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes catalyzing the different hydroxylations in bioactivation of vitamin D
MeSH term(s)	Vitamin D ; Vitamins ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism ; Substrate Specificity ; Hydroxylation
Chemical Substances	Vitamin D (1406-16-2) ; Vitamins ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System (9035-51-2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	523-x
ISSN	1096-0384 ; 0003-9861
ISSN (online)	1096-0384
ISSN	0003-9861
DOI	10.1016/j.abb.2023.109639
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Article ; Online: Enzymatic activation in vitamin D signaling - Past, present and future

Norlin, Maria / Wikvall, Kjell

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2023 July, v. 742 p.109639-

2023

Abstract	Vitamin D signaling is important in regulating calcium homeostasis essential for bone health but also displays other functions in cells of several tissues. Disturbed vitamin D signaling is linked to a large number of diseases. The multiple cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes catalyzing the different hydroxylations in bioactivation of vitamin D₃ are crucial for vitamin D signaling and function. This review is focused on the progress achieved in identification of the bioactivating enzymes and their genes in production of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ and other active metabolites. Results obtained on species- and tissue-specific expression, catalytic reactions, substrate specificity, enzyme kinetics, and consequences of gene mutations are evaluated. Matters of incomplete understanding regarding the physiological roles of some vitamin D hydroxylases are critically discussed and the authors will give their view of the importance of each enzyme for vitamin D signaling. Roles of different vitamin D receptors and an alternative bioactivation pathway, leading to 20-hydroxylated vitamin D₃ metabolites, are also discussed. Considerable progress has been achieved in knowledge of the vitamin D₃ bioactivating enzymes. Nevertheless, several intriguing areas deserve further attention to understand the pleiotropic and diverse activities elicited by vitamin D signaling and the mechanisms of enzymatic activation necessary for vitamin D-induced responses.
Keywords	biophysics ; bone health ; calcium ; cytochrome P-450 ; enzyme kinetics ; enzymes ; genes ; homeostasis ; metabolites ; substrate specificity ; Vitamin D bioactivation ; Vitamin D hydroxylase ; Cytochrome P450 ; CYP2R1 ; CYP27A1 ; CYP27B1 ; CTX ; CYP ; FGF23 ; MARRS ; PDIA3 ; PTH ; PVDR ; RXR ; VDDR ; VDR ; VDRE
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-07
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Use and reproduction
ZDB-ID	523-x
ISSN	1096-0384 ; 0003-9861
ISSN (online)	1096-0384
ISSN	0003-9861
DOI	10.1016/j.abb.2023.109639
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Book ; Thesis: Studies on reconstituted hydroxylase activities in biosynthesis and metabolism of bile acids

Wikvall, Kjell

1977

Keywords	Bile Acids and Salts / biosynthesis ; Bile Acids and Salts / metabolism ; Hydroxylases
Size	35 S.
Publishing country	Sweden
Document type	Book ; Thesis
Thesis / German Habilitation thesis	Stockholm, Univ., Diss., 1977
HBZ-ID	HT002578505
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Article ; Online: Vitamin D Analogues Tacalcitol and Calcipotriol Inhibit Proliferation and Migration of T98G Human Glioblastoma Cells.

Emanuelsson, Ida / Wikvall, Kjell / Friman, Tomas / Norlin, Maria

Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology

2018 Volume 123, Issue 2, Page(s) 130–136

Abstract: The active form of vitamin D (1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) acts as a steroid hormone and binds to the vitamin D receptor. This receptor is expressed in most cell types including cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Vitamin D has several functions in ... ...

Abstract	The active form of vitamin D (1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) acts as a steroid hormone and binds to the vitamin D receptor. This receptor is expressed in most cell types including cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Vitamin D has several functions in the body including effects on brain development, neuroprotection and immunological regulation. It has been shown that vitamin D has antiproliferative activities in different cancer cell lines. Tacalcitol and calcipotriol are synthetic analogues of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D with reduced effect on calcium metabolism. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of tacalcitol and calcipotriol on cell viability, proliferation and migration in the human glioblastoma cell line T98G. Glioblastoma is the most lethal type of primary tumours in the CNS. Both analogues decreased cell viability and/or growth, dose-dependently, in concentrations between 1 nM and 10 μM. Manual counting indicated suppressive effects by the vitamin D analogues on proliferation. Treatment with tacalcitol strongly suppressed thymidine incorporation, indicating that the vitamin D analogues mainly inhibit proliferation. Also, effects on cell migration were measured with wound-healing assay. Both calcipotriol and tacalcitol reduced the migration rate of T98G cells compared to vehicle-treated cells. However, they had no effect on caspase-3 and -7 activities, suggesting that their mechanism of action does not involve induction of apoptosis. The current results indicate that the vitamin D analogues tacalcitol and calcipotriol strongly reduce proliferation and migration of human glioblastoma T98G cells, suggesting a potential role for this type of compounds in treatment of brain cancer.
MeSH term(s)	Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology ; Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use ; Calcitriol/analogs & derivatives ; Calcitriol/pharmacology ; Calcitriol/therapeutic use ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Movement/drug effects ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Dihydroxycholecalciferols/pharmacology ; Dihydroxycholecalciferols/therapeutic use ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Glioblastoma/drug therapy ; Glioblastoma/pathology ; Humans ; Receptors, Calcitriol/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Antineoplastic Agents ; Dihydroxycholecalciferols ; Receptors, Calcitriol ; VDR protein, human ; calcipotriene (143NQ3779B) ; 1 alpha,24-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (60965-80-2) ; Calcitriol (FXC9231JVH)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-04-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2134679-3
ISSN	1742-7843 ; 1742-7835
ISSN (online)	1742-7843
ISSN	1742-7835
DOI	10.1111/bcpt.13007
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Article ; Online: Effects of Osteoporosis-Inducing Drugs on Vitamin D-Related Gene Transcription and Mineralization in MG-63 and Saos-2 Cells.

Wegler, Christine / Wikvall, Kjell / Norlin, Maria

Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology

2016 Volume 119, Issue 5, Page(s) 436–442

Abstract: ... Vitamin ... ...

Abstract	Vitamin D
MeSH term(s)	25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase/metabolism ; Anti-Retroviral Agents/adverse effects ; Benzoxazines/adverse effects ; Bone Density/drug effects ; Calcitriol/metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Dexamethasone/adverse effects ; Glucocorticoids/adverse effects ; Humans ; Osteoblasts/metabolism ; Osteoporosis/chemically induced ; Ritonavir/adverse effects ; Transcription, Genetic/drug effects ; Up-Regulation ; Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase/metabolism ; Vitamins
Chemical Substances	Anti-Retroviral Agents ; Benzoxazines ; Glucocorticoids ; Vitamins ; Dexamethasone (7S5I7G3JQL) ; 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.13) ; CYP24A1 protein, human (EC 1.14.15.16) ; Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase (EC 1.14.15.16) ; CYP27B1 protein, human (EC 1.14.15.18) ; Calcitriol (FXC9231JVH) ; efavirenz (JE6H2O27P8) ; Ritonavir (O3J8G9O825)
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-05-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2134679-3
ISSN	1742-7843 ; 1742-7835
ISSN (online)	1742-7843
ISSN	1742-7835
DOI	10.1111/bcpt.12612
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Article: Effects of glucocorticoids on vitamin D3-metabolizing 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) in Saos-2 cells and primary human osteoblasts

Zayny, Ahmad / Almokhtar, Mokhtar / Wikvall, Kjell / Ljunggren, Östen / Ubhayasekera, Kumari / Bergquist, Jonas / Kibar, Pinar / Norlin, Maria

Molecular and cellular endocrinology. 2019 Oct. 01, v. 496

2019

Abstract: Vitamin D is essential for bone function and deficiency in active vitamin D hormone can lead to bone disorders. Long-term treatment with glucocorticoids results in osteoporosis and increased risk of fractures. Much remains unclear regarding the effects ... ...

Abstract	Vitamin D is essential for bone function and deficiency in active vitamin D hormone can lead to bone disorders. Long-term treatment with glucocorticoids results in osteoporosis and increased risk of fractures. Much remains unclear regarding the effects of these compounds in bone cells. In the current study, human osteosarcoma Saos-2 cells and primary human osteoblasts were found to express mRNA for the vitamin D receptor as well as activating and deactivating enzymes in vitamin D3 metabolism. These bone cells exhibited CYP24A1-mediated 24-hydroxylation which is essential for deactivation of the active vitamin form. However, bioactivating vitamin D3 hydroxylase activities could not be detected in either of these cells. Several glucocorticoids, including prednisolone, down regulated CYP24A1 mRNA and CYP24A1-mediated 24-hydroxylase activity in both Saos-2 and primary human osteoblasts. Also, prednisolone significantly suppressed a human CYP24A1 promoter-luciferase reporter gene in Saos-2 cells co-transfected with the glucocorticoid receptor. Thus, the results of the present study show suppression by glucocorticoids on CYP24A1 mRNA, CYP24A1-mediated metabolism and CYP24A1 promoter activity in human osteoblast-like cells. As part of this study we examined if glucocorticoids are formed locally in Saos-2 cells. The experiments indicate formation of 11-deoxycortisol, a steroid with glucocorticoid activity, which can bind the glucocorticoid receptor. Our data showing suppression by glucocorticoids on CYP24A1 expression in human osteoblasts suggest a previously unknown mechanism for effects of glucocorticoids in human bone, where these compounds may interfere with regulation of active vitamin D levels.
Keywords	calcitriol receptors ; cholecalciferol ; enzyme activity ; enzymes ; gene expression regulation ; glucocorticoid receptors ; glucocorticoids ; humans ; messenger RNA ; metabolism ; osteoblasts ; osteoporosis ; osteosarcoma ; prednisolone ; reporter genes ; risk
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-1001
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	187438-x
ISSN	1872-8057 ; 0303-7207
ISSN (online)	1872-8057
ISSN	0303-7207
DOI	10.1016/j.mce.2019.110525
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Article ; Online: Effects of glucocorticoids on vitamin D

Zayny, Ahmad / Almokhtar, Mokhtar / Wikvall, Kjell / Ljunggren, Östen / Ubhayasekera, Kumari / Bergquist, Jonas / Kibar, Pinar / Norlin, Maria

Molecular and cellular endocrinology

2019 Volume 496, Page(s) 110525

Abstract	Vitamin D is essential for bone function and deficiency in active vitamin D hormone can lead to bone disorders. Long-term treatment with glucocorticoids results in osteoporosis and increased risk of fractures. Much remains unclear regarding the effects of these compounds in bone cells. In the current study, human osteosarcoma Saos-2 cells and primary human osteoblasts were found to express mRNA for the vitamin D receptor as well as activating and deactivating enzymes in vitamin D
MeSH term(s)	Cell Line, Tumor ; Cholecalciferol/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects ; Glucocorticoids/pharmacology ; Humans ; Osteoblasts/cytology ; Osteoblasts/enzymology ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase/biosynthesis ; Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase/genetics
Chemical Substances	Glucocorticoids ; Cholecalciferol (1C6V77QF41) ; CYP24A1 protein, human (EC 1.14.15.16) ; Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase (EC 1.14.15.16)
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-07-25
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	187438-x
ISSN	1872-8057 ; 0303-7207
ISSN (online)	1872-8057
ISSN	0303-7207
DOI	10.1016/j.mce.2019.110525
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Article ; Online: Human cytochromes P450 in health and disease.

Nebert, Daniel W / Wikvall, Kjell / Miller, Walter L

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

2013 Volume 368, Issue 1612, Page(s) 20120431

Abstract: There are 18 mammalian cytochrome P450 (CYP) families, which encode 57 genes in the human genome. CYP2, CYP3 and CYP4 families contain far more genes than the other 15 families; these three families are also the ones that are dramatically larger in ... ...

Abstract	There are 18 mammalian cytochrome P450 (CYP) families, which encode 57 genes in the human genome. CYP2, CYP3 and CYP4 families contain far more genes than the other 15 families; these three families are also the ones that are dramatically larger in rodent genomes. Most (if not all) genes in the CYP1, CYP2, CYP3 and CYP4 families encode enzymes involved in eicosanoid metabolism and are inducible by various environmental stimuli (i.e. diet, chemical inducers, drugs, pheromones, etc.), whereas the other 14 gene families often have only a single member, and are rarely if ever inducible or redundant. Although the CYP2 and CYP3 families can be regarded as largely redundant and promiscuous, mutations or other defects in one or more genes of the remaining 16 gene families are primarily the ones responsible for P450-specific diseases-confirming these genes are not superfluous or promiscuous but rather are more directly involved in critical life functions. P450-mediated diseases comprise those caused by: aberrant steroidogenesis; defects in fatty acid, cholesterol and bile acid pathways; vitamin D dysregulation and retinoid (as well as putative eicosanoid) dysregulation during fertilization, implantation, embryogenesis, foetogenesis and neonatal development.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cholesterol/biosynthesis ; Cholesterol/metabolism ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/classification ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism ; Dehydroepiandrosterone/metabolism ; Eicosanoids/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Evolution, Molecular ; Humans ; Hydroxylation ; Metabolic Diseases/enzymology ; Metabolic Diseases/genetics ; Metabolic Diseases/pathology ; Multigene Family ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Pregnenolone/metabolism ; Tretinoin/metabolism ; Vitamin D/biosynthesis ; Vitamin D/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Eicosanoids ; Vitamin D (1406-16-2) ; Dehydroepiandrosterone (459AG36T1B) ; Tretinoin (5688UTC01R) ; Pregnenolone (73R90F7MQ8) ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System (9035-51-2) ; Cholesterol (97C5T2UQ7J)
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-01-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	208382-6
ISSN	1471-2970 ; 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
ISSN (online)	1471-2970
ISSN	0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
DOI	10.1098/rstb.2012.0431
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Article: Species-specific and age-dependent bile acid composition: aspects on CYP8B and CYP4A subfamilies in bile acid biosynthesis.

Lundell, Kerstin / Wikvall, Kjell

Current drug metabolism

2008 Volume 9, Issue 4, Page(s) 323–331

Abstract: The present review aims to give an overview of the cytochrome P450 8B (CYP8B) and cytochrome P450 4A (CYP4A) subfamilies in relation to biosynthesis of bile acids, in particular trihydroxy bile acids. Trihydroxy bile acids are basically required in most ... ...

Abstract	The present review aims to give an overview of the cytochrome P450 8B (CYP8B) and cytochrome P450 4A (CYP4A) subfamilies in relation to biosynthesis of bile acids, in particular trihydroxy bile acids. Trihydroxy bile acids are basically required in most species and have an impact on cholesterol and lipid metabolism. The primary trihydroxy bile acid in most mammals is cholic acid. Some species produce other important trihydroxy bile acids, for example the adult pig which produce hyocholic acid instead of cholic acid. The position of the third hydroxyl group in cholic acid and hyocholic acid, 12alpha or 6alpha position, respectively, has a profound effect on the hydrophilic-hydrophobic property of the trihydroxy bile acids. The CYP8B subfamily is required for introduction of the 12alpha-hydroxyl group in cholic acid biosynthesis. The enzyme responsible for 6alpha-hydroxylation in hyocholic acid biosynthesis, however, varies among species. This review will discuss, in particular, porcine members of the CYP8B and CYP4A subfamilies because interesting findings regarding members of these subfamilies have recently been recognized in this species. CYP8B1 was for a long time believed to be absent in the pig but was recently found to be expressed in fetal pig liver. The enzyme catalyzing the 6alpha-hydroxylation in hyocholic acid biosynthesis in pig was found to be an atypical member of the CYP4A subfamily, denoted CYP4A21. The review presents bile acid biosynthesis in view of these findings and discusses physiochemical properties and developmental-dependent aspects related cholic acid and hyocholic acid biosynthesis.
MeSH term(s)	Aging/physiology ; Animals ; Bile/metabolism ; Bile Acids and Salts/biosynthesis ; Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry, Physical ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP4A/metabolism ; Humans ; Species Specificity ; Steroid Hydroxylases/metabolism ; Swine
Chemical Substances	Bile Acids and Salts ; Steroid Hydroxylases (EC 1.14.-) ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP4A (EC 1.14.15.3)
Language	English
Publishing date	2008-04-28
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	2064815-7
ISSN	1875-5453 ; 1389-2002
ISSN (online)	1875-5453
ISSN	1389-2002
DOI	10.2174/138920008784220574
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Article: Vitamin D-mediated regulation of CYP21A2 transcription - a novel mechanism for vitamin D action.

Lundqvist, Johan / Wikvall, Kjell / Norlin, Maria

Biochimica et biophysica acta

2012 Volume 1820, Issue 10, Page(s) 1553–1559

Abstract: Background: 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) has recently been reported to decrease expression and activity of CYP21A2. In this paper, we have studied the mechanisms for the 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)-mediated effect on CYP21A2 transcriptional rate.: ... ...

Abstract	Background: 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) has recently been reported to decrease expression and activity of CYP21A2. In this paper, we have studied the mechanisms for the 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)-mediated effect on CYP21A2 transcriptional rate. Methods: We have studied the effects of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) using luciferase reporter constructs containing different lengths of the CYP21A2 promoter. These constructs were transfected into cell lines derived from human and mouse adrenal cortex. The mechanism for the effects of vitamin D on the CYP21A2 promoter was studied using chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, mutagenesis and gene silencing by siRNA. Results: 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) was found to alter the promoter activity via a VDR-mediated mechanism, including the comodulators VDR interacting repressor (VDIR) and Williams syndrome transcription factor (WSTF). The involvement of comodulator VDIR was confirmed by gene silencing. We identified a vitamin D response element in the CYP21A2 promoter. Interaction between this novel response element and VDR, WSTF and VDIR was shown by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. When this sequence was deleted, the effect of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) was abolished, indicating that this sequence in the CYP21A2 promoter functions as a vitamin D response element. Interestingly, an altered balance between nuclear receptors and comodulators reversed the suppressing effect of vitamin D to a stimulatory effect. General significance: This paper reports data important for the understanding of the mechanisms for vitamin D-mediated suppression of gene expression as well as for the vitamin D-mediated effects on CYP21A2. We report a novel mechanism for effects of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3).
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects ; Humans ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects ; Receptors, Calcitriol/genetics ; Receptors, Calcitriol/physiology ; Retinoid X Receptors/genetics ; Retinoid X Receptors/physiology ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Signal Transduction/genetics ; Steroid 21-Hydroxylase/genetics ; Transcription Factors/genetics ; Transcription Factors/physiology ; Transcription, Genetic/drug effects ; Vitamin D/analogs & derivatives ; Vitamin D/pharmacology ; Vitamin D/physiology ; Vitamin D Response Element/drug effects ; Vitamin D Response Element/physiology
Chemical Substances	BAZ1B protein, human ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors ; Receptors, Calcitriol ; Retinoid X Receptors ; TCF3 protein, human ; Transcription Factors ; dihydroxy-vitamin D3 ; Vitamin D (1406-16-2) ; CYP21A2 protein, human (EC 1.14.14.16) ; Steroid 21-Hydroxylase (EC 1.14.14.16)
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-10
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	60-7
ISSN	1879-2596 ; 1879-260X ; 1872-8006 ; 1879-2642 ; 1879-2618 ; 1879-2650 ; 0006-3002 ; 0005-2728 ; 0005-2736 ; 0304-4165 ; 0167-4838 ; 1388-1981 ; 0167-4889 ; 0167-4781 ; 0304-419X ; 1570-9639 ; 0925-4439 ; 1874-9399
ISSN (online)	1879-2596 ; 1879-260X ; 1872-8006 ; 1879-2642 ; 1879-2618 ; 1879-2650
ISSN	0006-3002 ; 0005-2728 ; 0005-2736 ; 0304-4165 ; 0167-4838 ; 1388-1981 ; 0167-4889 ; 0167-4781 ; 0304-419X ; 1570-9639 ; 0925-4439 ; 1874-9399
DOI	10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.04.017
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