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  1. Article ; Online: The Effectiveness of Home-Based Exergames Training on Cognition and Balance in Older Adults: A Comparative Quasi-Randomized Study of Two Exergame Interventions.

    Begde, Ahmet / Alqurafi, Alaa / Pain, Matthew T G / Blenkinsop, Glen / Wilcockson, Thomas D W / Hogervorst, Eef

    Innovation in aging

    2023  Volume 7, Issue 8, Page(s) igad102

    Abstract: Background and objectives: The effectiveness of exergames on fall risk and related physical and cognitive function in older adults is still unclear, with conflicting findings. The discrepancy in these results could be due to the different components and ...

    Abstract Background and objectives: The effectiveness of exergames on fall risk and related physical and cognitive function in older adults is still unclear, with conflicting findings. The discrepancy in these results could be due to the different components and task-specific demands of individual exergame interventions. This open-label quasi-randomized study aimed to compare the efficacy of 2 different home-based dual-task exergame treatments on cognition, mobility, and balance in older people.
    Research design and methods: Fifty older adults (65-85 years of age) were allocated to one of two 8-week exergame interventions: Cognitive-Intensive Exergame Training (CIT) or Physical-Intensive Exergame Training (PIT). Cognitive functions, balance, and mobility were assessed at baseline and after 8 weeks. Group × time interaction was measured by repeated-measure ANOVA, and both intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) analyses were performed to assess the effectiveness of exergame interventions.
    Results: ITT analyses showed that improvement in visual processing speed and visuospatial working memory was greater in the CIT group, with a medium effect size (
    Discussion and implications: Dual-task exergame training can improve mobility and cognition in older adults. However, the different cognitive and physical demands of these interventions may have varying impacts on fall risk and related physical or cognitive functions. Therefore, a training program that includes both cognitive and physical domains with appropriate intensity is essential for the development of tailored exergame interventions to reduce fall risk in older adults.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-16
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2399-5300
    ISSN (online) 2399-5300
    DOI 10.1093/geroni/igad102
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  2. Article: The Disengagement of Visual Attention: An Eye-Tracking Study of Cognitive Impairment, Ethnicity and Age.

    Polden, Megan / Wilcockson, Thomas D W / Crawford, Trevor J

    Brain sciences

    2020  Volume 10, Issue 7

    Abstract: Various studies have shown that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with an impairment of inhibitory control, although we do not have a comprehensive understanding of the associated cognitive processes. The ability to engage and disengage attention is ...

    Abstract Various studies have shown that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with an impairment of inhibitory control, although we do not have a comprehensive understanding of the associated cognitive processes. The ability to engage and disengage attention is a crucial cognitive operation of inhibitory control and can be readily investigated using the "gap effect" in a saccadic eye movement paradigm. In previous work, various demographic factors were confounded; therefore, here, we examine separately the effects of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease, ethnicity/culture and age. This study included young (
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-18
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2651993-8
    ISSN 2076-3425
    ISSN 2076-3425
    DOI 10.3390/brainsci10070461
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  3. Article ; Online: Alcohol Use Predicts Face Perception Impairments and Difficulties in Face Recognition.

    Dal Lago, Denise / Burns, Edwin / Gaunt, Elizabeth / Peers, Emma / Jackson, Robin C / Wilcockson, Thomas D W

    Substance use & misuse

    2023  Volume 58, Issue 13, Page(s) 1734–1741

    Abstract: ... ...

    Abstract Background
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Male ; Adolescent ; Facial Recognition ; Prosopagnosia/psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Self Report ; Alcohol Drinking
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-21
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1310358-1
    ISSN 1532-2491 ; 1082-6084
    ISSN (online) 1532-2491
    ISSN 1082-6084
    DOI 10.1080/10826084.2023.2247059
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  4. Article ; Online: Alcohol usage predicts holistic perception: A novel method for exploring addiction.

    Burns, Edwin J / Wilcockson, Thomas D W

    Addictive behaviors

    2019  Volume 99, Page(s) 106000

    Abstract: Holistic perception is a special form of automatic and experience dependent processing that prioritises objects of interest through the visual system. We therefore speculated that higher levels of alcohol consumption may be associated with enhanced ... ...

    Abstract Holistic perception is a special form of automatic and experience dependent processing that prioritises objects of interest through the visual system. We therefore speculated that higher levels of alcohol consumption may be associated with enhanced holistic perception for alcohol cues. In our first experiment, we confirmed this hypothesis by showing that increasing regular alcohol usage was associated with greater holistic perception of alcohol, but not non-alcohol, cues. We replicated this finding in a second experiment, but confirmed drink-specific holistic perception for lager cues was not predicted by experience with that drink, but general alcohol usage. In our final experiment when alcohol images were absent from the task, higher levels of alcohol consumption predicted decreased holistic perception for non-rewarding cues. Alcohol use is therefore linked to inverse alterations in holistic perception for alcohol versus non-alcohol cues, with the latter's effects context dependent. We hypothesise that such inverse relationships may be due to limited cortical resources becoming reutilised for alcohol cues at the expense of other stimuli. Future work will be required to determine holistic perception's role in maintaining addiction, its predictive value in successful abstinence, and its relationship with characteristics of addiction such as cue reactivity, attentional biases and personality traits.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Alcohol Drinking/physiopathology ; Alcohol Drinking/psychology ; Attentional Bias/physiology ; Cues ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Perception/physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Reward ; Visual Cortex/physiology ; Visual Perception/physiology ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-05-22
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 197618-7
    ISSN 1873-6327 ; 0306-4603
    ISSN (online) 1873-6327
    ISSN 0306-4603
    DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.05.024
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  5. Article ; Online: Top-down and bottom-up attentional biases for smoking-related stimuli: Comparing dependent and non-dependent smokers.

    Wilcockson, Thomas D W / Pothos, Emmanuel M / Osborne, Ashley M / Crawford, Trevor J

    Addictive behaviors

    2021  Volume 118, Page(s) 106886

    Abstract: Introduction: Substance use causes attentional biases for substance-related stimuli. Both bottom-up (preferential processing) and top-down (inhibitory control) processes are involved in attentional biases. We explored these aspects of attentional bias ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Substance use causes attentional biases for substance-related stimuli. Both bottom-up (preferential processing) and top-down (inhibitory control) processes are involved in attentional biases. We explored these aspects of attentional bias by using dependent and non-dependent cigarette smokers in order to see whether these two groups would differ in terms of general inhibitory control, bottom-up attentional bias, and top-down attentional biases. This enables us to see whether consumption behaviour would affect these cognitive responses to smoking-related stimuli.
    Methods: Smokers were categorised as either dependent (N = 26) or non-dependent (N = 34) smokers. A further group of non-smokers (N = 32) were recruited to act as controls. Participants then completed a behavioural inhibition task with general stimuli, a smoking-related eye tracking version of the dot-probe task, and an eye-tracking inhibition task with smoking-related stimuli.
    Results: Results indicated that dependent smokers had decreased inhibition and increased attentional bias for smoking-related stimuli (and not control stimuli). By contrast, a decreased inhibition for smoking-related stimuli (in comparison to control stimuli) was not observed for non-dependent smokers.
    Conclusions: Preferential processing of substance-related stimuli may indicate usage of a substance, whereas poor inhibitory control for substance-related stimuli may only emerge if dependence develops. The results suggest that how people engage with substance abuse is important for top-down attentional biases.
    MeSH term(s) Attention ; Attentional Bias ; Cues ; Humans ; Non-Smokers ; Smokers ; Smoking
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-03-04
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 197618-7
    ISSN 1873-6327 ; 0306-4603
    ISSN (online) 1873-6327
    ISSN 0306-4603
    DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106886
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  6. Article ; Online: Determining Typical Smartphone Usage: What Data Do We Need?

    Wilcockson, Thomas D W / Ellis, David A / Shaw, Heather

    Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking

    2018  Volume 21, Issue 6, Page(s) 395–398

    Abstract: Problematic smartphone use is an emerging issue in behavioral addiction research. At the same time, measuring smartphone use with mobile apps has become increasingly common. However, understanding how much data are necessary requires careful ... ...

    Abstract Problematic smartphone use is an emerging issue in behavioral addiction research. At the same time, measuring smartphone use with mobile apps has become increasingly common. However, understanding how much data are necessary requires careful consideration if the field is to move forward. Here, we examine how much time should be spent measuring mobile phone operation to reliably infer general patterns of usage and repetitive checking behaviors. In a second analysis, we consider whether a self-report measure of problematic smartphone use is associated with real-time patterns of use. Results suggest that smartphone usage collected for a minimum of 5 days will reflect typical weekly usage (in hours), but habitual checking behaviors (uses lasting <15 seconds) can be reliably inferred within 2 days. These measurements did not reliably correlate with a self-reported measure. We conclude that patterns of smartphone use are repetitive and our results suggest that checking behavior is a particularly consistent and efficient measure when quantifying typical and problematic smartphone usage.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Behavior, Addictive/diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mobile Applications ; Monitoring, Ambulatory/instrumentation ; Monitoring, Ambulatory/methods ; Research Design ; Self Report ; Smartphone ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-05-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2545735-4
    ISSN 2152-2723 ; 2152-2715
    ISSN (online) 2152-2723
    ISSN 2152-2715
    DOI 10.1089/cyber.2017.0652
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  7. Article ; Online: Substance usage intention does not affect attentional bias: implications from Ecstasy/MDMA users and alcohol drinkers.

    Wilcockson, Thomas D W / Pothos, Emmanuel M / Parrott, Andrew C

    Addictive behaviors

    2018  Volume 88, Page(s) 175–181

    Abstract: Background: An attentional bias towards substance-related stimuli has been demonstrated with alcohol drinkers and many other types of substance user. There is evidence to suggest that the strength of an attentional bias may vary as a result of context ( ... ...

    Abstract Background: An attentional bias towards substance-related stimuli has been demonstrated with alcohol drinkers and many other types of substance user. There is evidence to suggest that the strength of an attentional bias may vary as a result of context (or use intention), especially within Ecstasy/MDMA users.
    Objective: Our aim was to empirically investigate attentional biases by observing the affect that use intention plays in recreational MDMA users and compare the findings with that of alcohol users.
    Method: Regular alcohol drinkers were compared with MDMA users. Performance was assessed for each group separately using two versions of an eye-tracking attentional bias task with pairs of matched neutral, and alcohol or MDMA-related visual stimuli. Dwell time was recorded for alcohol or MDMA. Participants were tested twice, when intending and not intending to use MDMA or alcohol. Note, participants in the alcohol group did not complete any tasks which involved MDMA-related stimuli and vice versa.
    Results: Significant attentional biases were found with both MDMA and alcohol users for respective substance-related stimuli, but not control stimuli. Critically, use intention did not affect attentional biases. Attentional biases were demonstrated with both MDMA users and alcohol drinkers when usage was and was not intended.
    Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the robust nature of attentional biases i.e. once an attentional bias has developed, it is not readily affected by intention.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Alcohol Drinking/psychology ; Attentional Bias ; Craving ; Cues ; Female ; Humans ; Intention ; Male ; N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine ; Substance-Related Disorders/psychology ; Young Adult
    Chemical Substances N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (KE1SEN21RM)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-09-04
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 197618-7
    ISSN 1873-6327 ; 0306-4603
    ISSN (online) 1873-6327
    ISSN 0306-4603
    DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.09.001
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  8. Article ; Online: An online cognitive bias task: the Rough Estimation Task using Qualtrics.

    Wilcockson, Thomas D W / Emmanuel M, Pothos / Cox, W Miles

    Behavioural pharmacology

    2019  Volume 31, Issue 1, Page(s) 97–101

    Abstract: Measurement of cognitive bias typically relies on laboratory-based tasks. In order for cognitive bias measures to be useful outside of laboratory settings, a simple measure is required which does not rely on precise measurement tools, for example, ... ...

    Abstract Measurement of cognitive bias typically relies on laboratory-based tasks. In order for cognitive bias measures to be useful outside of laboratory settings, a simple measure is required which does not rely on precise measurement tools, for example, precise reaction time measurement (which can be done only with specialized software typically running through either dedicated hardware or specifically configured computers). The Rough Estimation Task is a simple reading task which has been previously shown to be an effective measure of alcohol-related cognitive bias. We conducted an online version of the Rough Estimation Task, so that we could measure cognitive bias away from a laboratory environment. We also measured whether baseline Rough Estimation Task scores could predict future drinking and Rough Estimation Task scores. A sample of undergraduate participants completed the study online. We found that the online Rough Estimation Task was associated with both current and future drinking, as measured in a follow-up online task. The results imply that the online Rough Estimation Task could be used as a simple online measure of cognitive bias for both concurrent and future drinking behavior, and so raises hope for employing this measure outside of laboratory settings and possibly even in clinical applications.
    MeSH term(s) Alcohol Drinking/psychology ; Attention/physiology ; Bias ; Cognition/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Internet ; Male ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Reaction Time/physiology ; Reproducibility of Results ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-10-17
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1027374-8
    ISSN 1473-5849 ; 0955-8810
    ISSN (online) 1473-5849
    ISSN 0955-8810
    DOI 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000508
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  9. Article ; Online: How cognitive biases can distort environmental statistics: introducing the rough estimation task.

    Wilcockson, Thomas D W / Pothos, Emmanuel M

    Behavioural pharmacology

    2016  Volume 27, Issue 2-3 Spec Issue, Page(s) 165–172

    Abstract: The purpose of this study was to develop a novel behavioural method to explore cognitive biases. The task, called the Rough Estimation Task, simply involves presenting participants with a list of words that can be in one of three categories: appetitive ... ...

    Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop a novel behavioural method to explore cognitive biases. The task, called the Rough Estimation Task, simply involves presenting participants with a list of words that can be in one of three categories: appetitive words (e.g. alcohol, food, etc.), neutral related words (e.g. musical instruments) and neutral unrelated words. Participants read the words and are then asked to state estimates for the percentage of words in each category. Individual differences in the propensity to overestimate the proportion of appetitive stimuli (alcohol-related or food-related words) in a word list were associated with behavioural measures (i.e. alcohol consumption, hazardous drinking, BMI, external eating and restrained eating, respectively), thereby providing evidence for the validity of the task. The task was also found to be associated with an eye-tracking attentional bias measure. The Rough Estimation Task is motivated in relation to intuitions with regard to both the behaviour of interest and the theory of cognitive biases in substance use.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Alcoholism/diagnosis ; Alcoholism/psychology ; Attention/physiology ; Bias ; Cognition/physiology ; Concept Formation ; Environment ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Food ; Humans ; Male ; Photic Stimulation ; Vocabulary ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-04
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1027374-8
    ISSN 1473-5849 ; 0955-8810
    ISSN (online) 1473-5849
    ISSN 0955-8810
    DOI 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000214
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  10. Article ; Online: Dyslexia and Substance Use in a University Undergraduate Population.

    Wilcockson, Thomas D W / Pothos, Emmanuel M / Fawcett, Angela J

    Substance use & misuse

    2016  Volume 51, Issue 1, Page(s) 15–22

    Abstract: Background: A number of cognitive deficits are associated with dyslexia. However, only a limited amount of research has been performed exploring a putative link between dyslexia and substance use. As substance use is thought to involve a cognitive ... ...

    Abstract Background: A number of cognitive deficits are associated with dyslexia. However, only a limited amount of research has been performed exploring a putative link between dyslexia and substance use. As substance use is thought to involve a cognitive component, it is possible that the pattern of substance use would be different for dyslexic participants, when compared to nondyslexic controls. During the current study, a guiding hypothesis was that people with dyslexia would demonstrate less substance use than nondyslexic controls. Theories of memory activation, automaticity, and attentional bias in substance use suggest that cognitive components of substance use are important in the development and maintenance of continued substance use and it is thought that, at least some of these components, would be impaired in a dyslexic population.
    Objectives: If the cognitive deficits displayed by dyslexics somehow impair the development of cognitive components of substance use, substance use for dyslexic participants may be less pronounced. This paper therefore examines this hypothesis by comparing substance use within dyslexic and nondyslexic participants, from an undergraduate population.
    Methods: This was an exploratory questionnaire-based study. Dyslexic participants (n = 35) were compared to control participants (n = 62) on a series of questions designed to measure their substance use history.
    Results: The results provided preliminary evidence of a difference between dyslexic and nondyslexic substance use. Dyslexics reported a substance use history that was significantly lower than nondyslexic controls.
    Conclusions/importance: These results are interpreted in terms of cognitive deficits within dyslexia and with reference to the cognitive model of substance use.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Cognition Disorders ; Dyslexia/complications ; Dyslexia/psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Students/psychology ; Substance-Related Disorders/etiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Universities
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-01-02
    Publishing country England
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1310358-1
    ISSN 1532-2491 ; 1082-6084
    ISSN (online) 1532-2491
    ISSN 1082-6084
    DOI 10.3109/10826084.2015.1073322
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