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Article ; Online: Racial Bias in Perceptions of Size and Strength: The Impact of Stereotypes and Group Differences.

Johnson, David J / Wilson, John Paul

2019 Volume 30, Issue 4, Page(s) 553–562

Abstract: Recent research has shown that race can influence perceptions of men's size and strength. Across two studies (Study 1: N = 1,032, Study 2: N = 303) examining men and women from multiple racial groups (Asian, Black, and White adults), we found that ... ...

Abstract	Recent research has shown that race can influence perceptions of men's size and strength. Across two studies (Study 1: N = 1,032, Study 2: N = 303) examining men and women from multiple racial groups (Asian, Black, and White adults), we found that although race does impact judgments of size and strength, raters' judgments primarily track targets' objective physical features. In some cases, racial stereotypes actually improved group-level accuracy, as these stereotypes aligned with racial-group differences in size and strength according to nationally representative data. We conclude that individuals primarily rely on individuating information when making physical judgments but do not completely discount racial stereotypes, which reflect a combination of real group-level differences and culturally transmitted beliefs.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Body Size ; Female ; Humans ; Judgment ; Male ; Muscle Strength ; Racism ; Social Perception ; Stereotyping ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-02-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2022256-7
ISSN	1467-9280 ; 0956-7976
ISSN (online)	1467-9280
ISSN	0956-7976
DOI	10.1177/0956797619827529
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: A minimal ingroup advantage in emotion identification confidence.

Young, Steven G / Wilson, John Paul

Cognition & emotion

2016 Volume 32, Issue 1, Page(s) 192–199

Abstract: Emotion expressions convey valuable information about others' internal states and likely behaviours. Accurately identifying expressions is critical for social interactions, but so is perceiver confidence when decoding expressions. Even if a perceiver ... ...

Abstract	Emotion expressions convey valuable information about others' internal states and likely behaviours. Accurately identifying expressions is critical for social interactions, but so is perceiver confidence when decoding expressions. Even if a perceiver correctly labels an expression, uncertainty may impair appropriate behavioural responses and create uncomfortable interactions. Past research has found that perceivers report greater confidence when identifying emotions displayed by cultural ingroup members, an effect attributed to greater perceptual skill and familiarity with own-culture than other-culture faces. However, the current research presents novel evidence for an ingroup advantage in emotion decoding confidence across arbitrary group boundaries that hold culture constant. In two experiments using different stimulus sets participants not only labeled minimal ingroup expressions more accurately, but did so with greater confidence. These results offer novel evidence that ingroup advantages in emotion decoding confidence stem partly from social-cognitive processes.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Emotions ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Recognition (Psychology) ; Social Identification ; Social Perception ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-12-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	639123-0
ISSN	1464-0600 ; 0269-9931
ISSN (online)	1464-0600
ISSN	0269-9931
DOI	10.1080/02699931.2016.1273199
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Facial Trustworthiness Predicts Extreme Criminal-Sentencing Outcomes.

Wilson, John Paul / Rule, Nicholas O

Psychological science

2015 Volume 26, Issue 8, Page(s) 1325–1331

Abstract: Untrustworthy faces incur negative judgments across numerous domains. Existing work in this area has focused on situations in which the target's trustworthiness is relevant to the judgment (e.g., criminal verdicts and economic games). Yet in the present ... ...

Abstract	Untrustworthy faces incur negative judgments across numerous domains. Existing work in this area has focused on situations in which the target's trustworthiness is relevant to the judgment (e.g., criminal verdicts and economic games). Yet in the present studies, we found that people also overgeneralized trustworthiness in criminal-sentencing decisions when trustworthiness should not be judicially relevant, and they did so even for the most extreme sentencing decision: condemning someone to death. In Study 1, we found that perceptions of untrustworthiness predicted death sentences (vs. life sentences) for convicted murderers in Florida (N = 742). Moreover, in Study 2, we found that the link between trustworthiness and the death sentence occurred even when participants viewed innocent people who had been exonerated after originally being sentenced to death. These results highlight the power of facial appearance to prejudice perceivers and affect life outcomes even to the point of execution, which suggests an alarming bias in the criminal-justice system.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Criminals/psychology ; Facial Recognition ; Female ; Humans ; Judgment ; Male ; Pattern Recognition, Visual ; Social Perception ; Trust ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2022256-7
ISSN	1467-9280 ; 0956-7976
ISSN (online)	1467-9280
ISSN	0956-7976
DOI	10.1177/0956797615590992
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Perceptions of others' political affiliation are moderated by individual perceivers' own political attitudes.

Wilson, John Paul / Rule, Nicholas O

PloS one

2014 Volume 9, Issue 4, Page(s) e95431

Abstract: Previous research has shown that perceivers can accurately extract information about perceptually ambiguous group memberships from facial information alone. For example, people demonstrate above-chance accuracy in categorizing political ideology from ... ...

Abstract	Previous research has shown that perceivers can accurately extract information about perceptually ambiguous group memberships from facial information alone. For example, people demonstrate above-chance accuracy in categorizing political ideology from faces. Further, they ascribe particular personality traits to faces according to political party (e.g., Republicans are dominant and mature, Democrats are likeable and trustworthy). Here, we report three studies that replicated and extended these effects. In Study 1a, we provide evidence that, in addition to showing accuracy in categorization, politically-conservative participants expressed a bias toward categorizing targets as outgroup members. In Study 1b, we replicate this relationship with a larger sample and a stimulus set consisting of faces of professional politicians. In Study 2, we find that trait ascriptions based on target political affiliation are moderated by perceiver political ideology. Specifically, although Democrats are stereotyped as more likeable and trustworthy, conservative participants rated faces that were categorized as Republicans in Study 1a as more likeable and trustworthy than faces categorized as Democrats. Thus, this paper joins a growing literature showing that it is critical to consider perceiver identity in examining perceptions of identities and traits from faces.
MeSH term(s)	Attitude ; Humans ; Politics ; Social Perception ; Stereotyping
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-04-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0095431
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Interactive Effects of Obvious and Ambiguous Social Categories on Perceptions of Leadership: When Double-Minority Status May Be Beneficial.

Wilson, John Paul / Remedios, Jessica D / Rule, Nicholas O

Personality & social psychology bulletin

2017 Volume 43, Issue 6, Page(s) 888–900

Abstract: Easily perceived identities (e.g., race) may interact with perceptually ambiguous identities (e.g., sexual orientation) in meaningful but elusive ways. Here, we investigated how intersecting identities impact impressions of leadership. People perceived ... ...

Abstract	Easily perceived identities (e.g., race) may interact with perceptually ambiguous identities (e.g., sexual orientation) in meaningful but elusive ways. Here, we investigated how intersecting identities impact impressions of leadership. People perceived gay Black men as better leaders than members of either single-minority group (i.e., gay or Black). Yet, different traits supported judgments of the leadership abilities of Black and White targets; for instance, warmth positively predicted leadership judgments for Black men but dominance positively predicted leadership judgments for White men. These differences partly occurred because of different perceptions of masculinity across the intersection of race and sexual orientation. Indeed, both categorical (race and sex) and noncategorical (trait) social information contributed to leadership judgments. These findings highlight differences in the traits associated with leadership in Black and White men, as well as the importance of considering how intersecting cues associated with obvious and ambiguous groups moderate perceptions.
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2047603-6
ISSN	1552-7433 ; 0146-1672
ISSN (online)	1552-7433
ISSN	0146-1672
DOI	10.1177/0146167217702373
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Racial bias in judgments of physical size and formidability: From size to threat.

Wilson, John Paul / Hugenberg, Kurt / Rule, Nicholas O

Journal of personality and social psychology

2017 Volume 113, Issue 1, Page(s) 59–80

Abstract: Black men tend to be stereotyped as threatening and, as a result, may be disproportionately targeted by police even when unarmed. Here, we found evidence that biased perceptions of young Black men's physical size may play a role in this process. The ... ...

Abstract	Black men tend to be stereotyped as threatening and, as a result, may be disproportionately targeted by police even when unarmed. Here, we found evidence that biased perceptions of young Black men's physical size may play a role in this process. The results of 7 studies showed that people have a bias to perceive young Black men as bigger (taller, heavier, more muscular) and more physically threatening (stronger, more capable of harm) than young White men. Both bottom-up cues of racial prototypicality and top-down information about race supported these misperceptions. Furthermore, this racial bias persisted even among a target sample from whom upper-body strength was controlled (suggesting that racial differences in formidability judgments are a product of bias rather than accuracy). Biased formidability judgments in turn promoted participants' justifications of hypothetical use of force against Black suspects of crime. Thus, perceivers appear to integrate multiple pieces of information to ultimately conclude that young Black men are more physically threatening than young White men, believing that they must therefore be controlled using more aggressive measures. (PsycINFO Database Record
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; African Americans/psychology ; African Americans/statistics & numerical data ; Aggression/psychology ; Body Size ; Cues ; Female ; Humans ; Judgment ; Male ; Men/psychology ; Racism/psychology ; Racism/statistics & numerical data ; Stereotyping
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3103-3
ISSN	1939-1315 ; 0022-3514
ISSN (online)	1939-1315
ISSN	0022-3514
DOI	10.1037/pspi0000092
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: People Use Psychological Cues to Detect Physical Disease From Faces.

Tskhay, Konstantin O / Wilson, John Paul / Rule, Nicholas O

Personality & social psychology bulletin

2016 Volume 42, Issue 10, Page(s) 1309–1320

Abstract: Previous theoretical work has suggested that people can accurately perceive disease from others' appearances and behaviors. However, much of that research has examined diseases with relatively obvious symptoms (e.g., scars, obesity, blemishes, sneezing). ...

Abstract	Previous theoretical work has suggested that people can accurately perceive disease from others' appearances and behaviors. However, much of that research has examined diseases with relatively obvious symptoms (e.g., scars, obesity, blemishes, sneezing). Here, we examined whether people similarly detect diseases that do not exhibit such visible physical cues (i.e., sexually transmitted diseases). We found that people could indeed identify individuals infected with sexually transmitted diseases significantly better than chance from photos of their faces. Perceptions of the targets' affective expression and socioeconomic status mediated participants' accuracy. Finally, increasing participants' contamination fears improved their sensitivity to disease cues. These data therefore suggest that people may use subtle and indirect psychological markers to detect some physical diseases from appearance.
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2047603-6
ISSN	1552-7433 ; 0146-1672
ISSN (online)	1552-7433
ISSN	0146-1672
DOI	10.1177/0146167216656357
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Overgeneralizing belonging: limited exposure to baby-faced targets increases the feeling of social belonging.

Sacco, Donald F / Wilson, John Paul / Hugenberg, Kurt / Wirth, James H

The Journal of social psychology

2014 Volume 154, Issue 4, Page(s) 273–277

Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that exposure to babyish faces can serve a social surrogacy function, such that even limited exposure to babyish faces can fulfill social belongingness needs. We manipulated the sex and facial maturity of a target face seen in an ...

Abstract	We tested the hypothesis that exposure to babyish faces can serve a social surrogacy function, such that even limited exposure to babyish faces can fulfill social belongingness needs. We manipulated the sex and facial maturity of a target face seen in an imagined social interaction, on a between-participants basis. Regardless of target sex, individuals indicated greater satisfaction of social belongingness needs following an imagined interaction with a babyish face, compared to a mature adult face. These results indicate that brief exposure to babyish (relative to mature) faces, even without an extensive interaction, can lead to the satisfaction of social belongingness needs.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Affect ; Facial Expression ; Female ; Generalization (Psychology) ; Humans ; Imagination ; Interpersonal Relations ; Male ; Pattern Recognition, Visual ; Sex Factors ; Social Identification ; Students/psychology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2066653-6
ISSN	1940-1183 ; 0022-4545
ISSN (online)	1940-1183
ISSN	0022-4545
DOI	10.1080/00224545.2014.901286
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Differences in anticipated interaction drive own group biases in face memory.

Wilson, John Paul / See, Pirita E / Bernstein, Michael J / Hugenberg, Kurt / Chartier, Christopher

PloS one

2014 Volume 9, Issue 3, Page(s) e90668

Abstract: According to much research, the Own Group Bias (OGB) in face memory occurs as a consequence of social categorization - ingroup members are more likely than outgroup members to be encoded as individuals and remembered well. The current work is an ... ...

Abstract	According to much research, the Own Group Bias (OGB) in face memory occurs as a consequence of social categorization - ingroup members are more likely than outgroup members to be encoded as individuals and remembered well. The current work is an examination of the role of anticipated future interaction in the OGB. We conducted two studies showing that anticipated interaction influences group-based face memory. In Study 1, we provided correlational evidence that beliefs about the amount and importance of future interaction one will have with racial outgroup members is associated with the OGB, such that people expecting more interaction with outgroup members show a reduced OGB. In Study 2, we manipulated expectations about future interactions with lab-created groups and observed that high levels of anticipated future interaction with the outgroup eliminated the OGB. Thus, social group categorization drives face memory biases to the extent that group membership affords the expectation of interpersonal interaction.
MeSH term(s)	Bias ; Face ; Feedback ; Female ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; Male ; Memory
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-03-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0090668
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: In COVID-19 health messaging, loss framing increases anxiety with little-to-no concomitant benefits

Dorison, Charles A. / Lerner, Jennifer S. / Heller, Blake H. / Rothman, Alexander J. / Kawachi, Ichiro I. / Wang, Ke / Rees, Vaughan W. / Gill, Brian P. / Gibbs, Nancy / Ebersole, Charles R. / Vally, Zahir / Tajchman, Zuzanna / Zsido, Andras N. / Zrimsek, Mija / Chen, Zhang / Ziano, Ignazio / Gialitaki, Zoi / Ceary, Chris D. / Lin, Yijun /

Kunisato, Yoshihiko / Yamada, Yuki / Xiao, Qinyu / Jiang, Xiaoming / Du, Xinkai / Yao, Elvin / Wilson, John Paul / Cyrus-Lai, Wilson / Jimenez-Leal, William / Law, Wilbert / Collins, W. Matthew / Richard, Karley L. / Vranka, Marek / Ankushev, Vladislav / Schei, Vidar / Kri%zani'c, Valerija / Kadreva, Veselina Hristova / Adoric, Vera Cubela / Tran, Ulrich S. / Yeung, Siu Kit / Hassan, Widad / Houston, Ralph / Lima, Tiago J. S. / Ostermann, Thomas / Frizzo, Thomas / Sverdrup, Therese E. / House, Thea / Gill, Tripat / Fedotov, Maksim / Paltrow, Tamar / Jernsäther, Teodor / Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria / Hostler, Thomas J. / Ishii, Tatsunori / Szaszi, Barnabas / Adamus, Sylwia / Suter, Lilian / Habib, Sumaiya / Studzinska,

Affective Science

Experimental evidence from 84 countries

2022 Volume 3, Issue 3, Page(s) 577–602

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic (and its aftermath) highlights a critical need to communicate health information effectively to the global public. Given that subtle differences in information framing can have meaningful effects on behavior, behavioral science ... ...

Title translation	In COVID-19-Gesundheitsbotschaften steigert das Framing von Verlusten die Angst bei geringem bis keinem gleichzeitigen Nutzen: Experimentelle Belege aus 84 Ländern. (DeepL)
Abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic (and its aftermath) highlights a critical need to communicate health information effectively to the global public. Given that subtle differences in information framing can have meaningful effects on behavior, behavioral science research highlights a pressing question: Is it more effective to frame COVID-19 health messages in terms of potential losses (e.g., "If you do not practice these steps, you can endanger yourself and others") or potential gains (e.g., "If you practice these steps, you can protect yourself and others")? Collecting data in 48 languages from 15,929 participants in 84 countries, we experimentally tested the effects of message framing on COVID-19-related judgments, intentions, and feelings. Loss- (vs. gain-) framed messages increased self-reported anxiety among participants cross-nationally with little-to-no impact on policy attitudes, behavioral intentions, or information seeking relevant to pandemic risks. These results were consistent across 84 countries, three variations of the message framing wording, and 560 data processing and analytic choices. Thus, results provide an empirical answer to a global communication question and highlight the emotional toll of loss-framed messages. Critically, this work demonstrates the importance of considering unintended affective consequences when evaluating nudge-style interventions. (c) The Society for Affective Science 2022
Keywords	COVID-19 ; Framing Effects ; Framing-Effekte ; Gesundheitsinformation ; Health Anxiety ; Health Information ; Krankheitsangst ; Pandemics ; Pandemie
Language	English
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2978299-5
ISSN	2662-205X ; 2662-2041
ISSN (online)	2662-205X
ISSN	2662-2041
DOI	10.1007/s42761-022-00128-3
Database	PSYNDEX

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