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Article ; Online: Use of Minimally Invasive Methods to Assess Fuel Utilization and Circadian Rhythms in Older Adults.

McLaren, Christian / Bohlman, Carly / Ezzati, Armin / Esser, Karyn / Leeuwenburgh, Christiaan / Manini, Todd / Pahor, Marco / Anton, Stephen / Wohlgemuth, Stephanie E

Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE

2024 , Issue 203

Abstract: Aging is associated with multiple physiological changes that contribute synergistically and independently to physical disability and the risk of chronic disease. Although the etiology of age-related physical disability is complex and multifactorial, the ... ...

Abstract	Aging is associated with multiple physiological changes that contribute synergistically and independently to physical disability and the risk of chronic disease. Although the etiology of age-related physical disability is complex and multifactorial, the decline in mitochondrial function appears to coincide with the progression of functional decline in many older adults. The reason why there is a decrease in mitochondrial function with aging remains elusive, but emerging science indicates that both fuel metabolism and circadian rhythms can influence mitochondrial function. Recent studies have established that circadian rhythms become disturbed with aging, and that disrupted circadian rhythms have pathological consequences that impact mitochondrial function and overlap with many age-associated chronic diseases. Current quantitative methods for direct assessment of mitochondrial function are invasive and typically require a muscle biopsy, which can pose difficulties with participant recruitment and study adherence, given the perceived levels of potential pain and risk. Thus, an innovative and relatively noninvasive protocol to assess changes in mitochondrial function at the cellular level and circadian patterns in older adults was adapted. Specifically, a real-time metabolic flux analyzer is used to assess the mitochondrial bioenergetic function of white blood cells under differential substrate availability. The expression of circadian clock genes in white blood cells to cross-correlate with the mitochondrial bioenergetics and circadian rhythm outcomes are also analyzed. It is believed that these innovative methodological approaches will aid future clinical trials by providing minimally invasive methods for studying mitochondrial substrate preference and circadian rhythms in older adults.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Aged ; Circadian Rhythm ; Circadian Clocks ; Mitochondria ; Aging ; Biopsy
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Video-Audio Media
ZDB-ID	2259946-0
ISSN	1940-087X ; 1940-087X
ISSN (online)	1940-087X
ISSN	1940-087X
DOI	10.3791/64628
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Article ; Online: NMR Spectroscopy Identifies Chemicals in Cigarette Smoke Condensate That Impair Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Function.

Khattri, Ram B / Thome, Trace / Fitzgerald, Liam F / Wohlgemuth, Stephanie E / Hepple, Russell T / Ryan, Terence E

Toxics

2022 Volume 10, Issue 3

Abstract: Tobacco smoke-related diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with high healthcare burden and mortality rates. Many COPD patients were reported to have muscle atrophy and weakness, with several studies suggesting ... ...

Abstract	Tobacco smoke-related diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with high healthcare burden and mortality rates. Many COPD patients were reported to have muscle atrophy and weakness, with several studies suggesting intrinsic muscle mitochondrial impairment as a possible driver of this phenotype. Whereas much information has been learned about muscle pathology once a patient has COPD, little is known about how active tobacco smoking might impact skeletal muscle physiology or mitochondrial health. In this study, we examined the acute effects of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) on muscle mitochondrial function and hypothesized that toxic chemicals present in CSC would impair mitochondrial respiratory function. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that acute exposure of muscle mitochondria to CSC caused a dose-dependent decrease in skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity. Next, we applied an analytical nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based approach to identify 49 water-soluble and 12 lipid-soluble chemicals with high abundance in CSC. By using a chemical screening approach in the Seahorse XF96 analyzer, several CSC-chemicals, including nicotine, o-Cresol, phenylacetate, and decanoic acid, were found to impair ADP-stimulated respiration in murine muscle mitochondrial isolates significantly. Further to this, several chemicals, including nicotine, o-Cresol, quinoline, propylene glycol, myo-inositol, nitrosodimethylamine, niacinamide, decanoic acid, acrylonitrile, 2-naphthylamine, and arsenic acid, were found to significantly decrease the acceptor control ratio, an index of mitochondrial coupling efficiency.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-14
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2733883-6
ISSN	2305-6304 ; 2305-6304
ISSN (online)	2305-6304
ISSN	2305-6304
DOI	10.3390/toxics10030140
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Article: Intraoperative Hemi-Diaphragm Electrical Stimulation Demonstrates Attenuated Mitochondrial Function without Change in Oxidative Stress in Cardiothoracic Surgery Patients.

Mankowski, Robert T / Wohlgemuth, Stephanie E / Bresciani, Guilherme / Martin, A Daniel / Arnaoutakis, George / Martin, Tomas / Jeng, Eric / Ferreira, Leonardo / Machuca, Tiago / Rackauskas, Mindaugas / Smuder, Ashley J / Beaver, Thomas / Leeuwenburgh, Christiaan / Smith, Barbara K

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)

2023 Volume 12, Issue 5

Abstract: Mechanical ventilation during cardiothoracic surgery is life-saving but can lead to ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction (VIDD) and prolong ventilator weaning and hospital length of stay. Intraoperative phrenic nerve stimulation may preserve ... ...

Abstract	Mechanical ventilation during cardiothoracic surgery is life-saving but can lead to ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction (VIDD) and prolong ventilator weaning and hospital length of stay. Intraoperative phrenic nerve stimulation may preserve diaphragm force production to offset VIDD; we also investigated changes in mitochondrial function after stimulation. During cardiothoracic surgeries (
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-27
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2704216-9
ISSN	2076-3921
ISSN	2076-3921
DOI	10.3390/antiox12051009
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Article ; Online: Relationship between Mitochondrial Quality Control Markers, Lower Extremity Tissue Composition, and Physical Performance in Physically Inactive Older Adults.

Picca, Anna / Triolo, Matthew / Wohlgemuth, Stephanie E / Martenson, Matthew S / Mankowski, Robert T / Anton, Stephen D / Marzetti, Emanuele / Leeuwenburgh, Christiaan / Hood, David A

Cells

2023 Volume 12, Issue 1

Abstract: Altered mitochondrial quality and function in muscle may be involved in age-related physical function decline. The role played by the autophagy-lysosome system, a major component of mitochondrial quality control (MQC), is incompletely understood. This ... ...

Abstract	Altered mitochondrial quality and function in muscle may be involved in age-related physical function decline. The role played by the autophagy-lysosome system, a major component of mitochondrial quality control (MQC), is incompletely understood. This study was undertaken to obtain initial indications on the relationship between autophagy, mitophagy, and lysosomal markers in muscle and measures of physical performance and lower extremity tissue composition in young and older adults. Twenty-three participants were enrolled, nine young (mean age: 24.3 ± 4.3 years) and 14 older adults (mean age: 77.9 ± 6.3 years). Lower extremity tissue composition was quantified volumetrically by magnetic resonance imaging and a tissue composition index was calculated as the ratio between muscle and intermuscular adipose tissue volume. Physical performance in older participants was assessed via the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Protein levels of the autophagy marker p62, the mitophagy mediator BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3), the lysosomal markers transcription factor EB, vacuolar-type ATPase, and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 were measured by Western immunoblotting in vastus lateralis muscle biopsies. Older adults had smaller muscle volume and lower tissue composition index than young participants. The protein content of p62 and BNIP3 was higher in older adults. A negative correlation was detected between p62 and BNIP3 and the tissue composition index. p62 and BNIP3 were also related to the performance on the 5-time sit-to-stand test of the SPPB. Our results suggest that an altered expression of markers of the autophagy/mitophagy-lysosomal system is related to deterioration of lower extremity tissue composition and muscle dysfunction. Additional studies are needed to clarify the role of defective MQC in human muscle aging and identify novel biological targets for drug development.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Aged ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Aged, 80 and over ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Aging/physiology ; Lower Extremity ; Physical Functional Performance
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-02
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2661518-6
ISSN	2073-4409 ; 2073-4409
ISSN (online)	2073-4409
ISSN	2073-4409
DOI	10.3390/cells12010183
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Article ; Online: Mitochondrial Complex Abundance, Mitophagy Proteins, and Physical Performance in People With and Without Peripheral Artery Disease.

Picca, Anna / Wohlgemuth, Stephanie E / McDermott, Mary M / Saini, Sunil K / Dayanidhi, Sudarshan / Zhang, Dongxue / Xu, Shujun / Kosmac, Kate / Tian, Lu / Ferrucci, Luigi / Sufit, Robert L / Marzetti, Emanuele / Leeuwenburgh, Christiaan

Journal of the American Heart Association

2023 Volume 12, Issue 6, Page(s) e027088

Abstract: Background Mitochondrial abnormalities exist in gastrocnemius muscle of people with peripheral artery disease (PAD). Whether abnormalities in mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy are associated with greater ischemia or walking impairment in PAD is ... ...

Abstract	Background Mitochondrial abnormalities exist in gastrocnemius muscle of people with peripheral artery disease (PAD). Whether abnormalities in mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy are associated with greater ischemia or walking impairment in PAD is unknown. Methods and Results Protein markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy and the abundance of mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes were quantified in gastrocnemius muscle biopsies from people with and without PAD. Their 6-minute walk distance and 4-m gait speed were measured. Sixty-seven participants (mean age 65.0 years [±6.8], 16 [23.9%] women, 48 [71.6%] Black) were enrolled, including 15 with moderate to severe PAD (ankle brachial index [ABI] <0.60), 29 with mild PAD (ABI 0.60-0.90), and 23 without PAD (ABI 1.00-1.40). Abundance of all electron transport chain complexes was significantly higher in participants with lower ABI (eg, complex I: 0.66, 0.45, 0.48 arbitrary units [AU], respectively,
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Female ; Aged ; Male ; Mitophagy ; Peripheral Arterial Disease/diagnosis ; Walking/physiology ; Ankle Brachial Index ; Ischemia ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins ; Physical Functional Performance
Chemical Substances	Microtubule-Associated Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2653953-6
ISSN	2047-9980 ; 2047-9980
ISSN (online)	2047-9980
ISSN	2047-9980
DOI	10.1161/JAHA.122.027088
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Article ; Online: Mitochondrial oxygen consumption in early postmortem permeabilized skeletal muscle fibers is influenced by cattle breed.

Ramos, Patricia M / Li, Chengcheng / Elzo, Mauricio A / Wohlgemuth, Stephanie E / Scheffler, Tracy L

Journal of animal science

2020 Volume 98, Issue 3

Abstract: Functional properties and integrity of skeletal muscle mitochondria (mt) during the early postmortem period may influence energy metabolism and pH decline, thereby impacting meat quality development. Angus typically produce more tender beef than Brahman, ...

Abstract	Functional properties and integrity of skeletal muscle mitochondria (mt) during the early postmortem period may influence energy metabolism and pH decline, thereby impacting meat quality development. Angus typically produce more tender beef than Brahman, a Bos indicus breed known for heat tolerance. Thus, our objectives were to compare mt respiratory function in muscle collected early postmortem (1 h) from Angus and Brahman steers (n = 26); and to evaluate the effect of normal and elevated temperature on mt function ex vivo. We measured mt oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in fresh-permeabilized muscle fibers from Longissimus lumborum (LL) at 2 temperatures (38.5 and 40.0 °C) and determined citrate synthase (CS) activity and expression of several mt proteins. The main effects of breed, temperature, and their interaction were tested for mt respiration, and breed effect was tested for CS activity and protein expression. Breed, but not temperature (P > 0.40), influenced mt OCR (per tissue weight), with Brahman exhibiting greater complex I+II-mediated oxidative phosphorylation capacity (P = 0.05). Complex I- and complex II-mediated OCR also tended to be greater in Brahman (P = 0.07 and P = 0.09, respectively). Activity of CS was higher in LL from Brahman compared to Angus (P = 0.05). Expression of specific mt proteins did not differ between breeds, except for higher expression of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase subunit 5 alpha in Brahman muscle (P = 0.04). Coupling control ratio differed between breeds (P = 0.05), revealing greater coupling between oxygen consumption and phosphorylation in Brahman. Our data demonstrate that both Angus and Brahman mt retained functional capacity and integrity 1-h postmortem; greater oxidative phosphorylation capacity and coupling in Brahman mt could be related to heat tolerance and impact early postmortem metabolism.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cattle/genetics ; Cattle/metabolism ; Energy Metabolism ; Male ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism ; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism ; Oxygen Consumption
Chemical Substances	Mitochondrial Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-03-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	390959-1
ISSN	1525-3163 ; 0021-8812
ISSN (online)	1525-3163
ISSN	0021-8812
DOI	10.1093/jas/skaa044
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Article ; Online: Intraoperative Hemi-Diaphragm Electrical Stimulation Demonstrates Attenuated Mitochondrial Function without Change in Oxidative Stress in Cardiothoracic Surgery Patients

Mankowski, Robert T. / Wohlgemuth, Stephanie E. / Bresciani, Guilherme / Martin, A. Daniel / Arnaoutakis, George / Martin, Tomas / Jeng, Eric / Ferreira, Leonardo / Machuca, Tiago / Rackauskas, Mindaugas / Smuder, Ashley J. / Beaver, Thomas / Leeuwenburgh, Christiaan / Smith, Barbara K.

Antioxidants. 2023 Apr. 27, v. 12, no. 5

2023

Abstract	Mechanical ventilation during cardiothoracic surgery is life-saving but can lead to ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction (VIDD) and prolong ventilator weaning and hospital length of stay. Intraoperative phrenic nerve stimulation may preserve diaphragm force production to offset VIDD; we also investigated changes in mitochondrial function after stimulation. During cardiothoracic surgeries (n = 21), supramaximal, unilateral phrenic nerve stimulation was performed every 30 min for 1 min. Diaphragm biopsies were collected after the last stimulation and analyzed for mitochondrial respiration in permeabilized fibers and protein expression and enzymatic activity of biomarkers of oxidative stress and mitophagy. Patients received, on average, 6.2 ± 1.9 stimulation bouts. Stimulated hemidiaphragms showed lower leak respiration, maximum electron transport system (ETS) capacities, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and spare capacity compared with unstimulated sides. There were no significant differences between mitochondrial enzyme activities and oxidative stress and mitophagy protein expression levels. Intraoperative phrenic nerve electrical stimulation led to an acute decrease of mitochondrial respiration in the stimulated hemidiaphragm, without differences in biomarkers of mitophagy or oxidative stress. Future studies warrant investigating optimal stimulation doses and testing post-operative chronic stimulation effects on weaning from the ventilator and rehabilitation outcomes.
Keywords	biomarkers ; diaphragm ; electrical treatment ; electron transfer ; enzyme activity ; enzymes ; hospitals ; mitochondria ; mitophagy ; nerve tissue ; oxidative phosphorylation ; oxidative stress ; protein synthesis ; surgery
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0427
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2704216-9
ISSN	2076-3921
ISSN	2076-3921
DOI	10.3390/antiox12051009
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Effect of heat stress during the early and late dry period on mammary gland development of Holstein dairy cattle

Fabris, Thiago F / Laporta, Jimena / Skibiel, Amy L / Dado-Senn, Bethany / Wohlgemuth, Stephanie E / Dahl, Geoffrey E

American Dairy Science Association Journal of dairy science. 2020 Sept., v. 103, no. 9

2020

Abstract: Dry period heat stress impairs subsequent milk yield. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of heat stress or cooling during the early and late dry period on mammary gland gene expression and microstructure. Cows were dried off ∼45 d before expected ... ...

Abstract	Dry period heat stress impairs subsequent milk yield. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of heat stress or cooling during the early and late dry period on mammary gland gene expression and microstructure. Cows were dried off ∼45 d before expected parturition and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: heat stress (HT, n = 39) or cooling (CL, n = 39) during the first 21 d of the dry period. On d 22, cows were switched or remained on HT and CL and this yielded 4 treatments: heat stress during the entire dry period (HTHT, n = 18); cooling during the entire dry period (CLCL, n = 20); HT for the first 21 d dry, then CL until calving (HTCL, n = 21); or CL for the first 21 d dry, then HT until calving (CLHT, n = 19). Data were analyzed in 2 periods: first 21 d dry (early dry period) and from 22 d until calving (late dry period) and analyzed using PROC MIXED or GLM in SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Mammary biopsies (5–8 cows/treatment) were collected at −3, 3, 7, 14, and 25 d relative to dry-off to evaluate mammary gland gene expression and histology [i.e., cellular apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) and proliferation (Ki67)]. Mammary alveoli number and connective tissue were visualized by hematoxylin and eosin and Mason's trichrome staining, respectively. During the early dry period, CL upregulated expression of CASP3, IGF1R, HSP90, HSF1, BECN1, ATG3, ATG5, and PRLR-LF relative to HT. However, in the late dry period, CLHT treatment upregulated expression of CASP3, CASP8, HSP70, HSP90, PRLR-LF, STAT5, CSN2, and ATG3 relative to CLCL. During the early dry period, cows exposed to HT had reduced mammary and stroma cell apoptosis and proliferation relative to CL. In addition to these findings, cows exposed to HT had lower connective tissue 3 d after dry-off relative to CL. However, in the late dry period, HTHT cows had higher connective tissue relative to CLCL. Also, in the early dry period, cows exposed to HT had greater alveoli number relative to CL, and HT decreased expression of genes related to autophagy and apoptosis in the early dry period, consistent with a delay in involution with HT. Thus, cows exposed to HT have extended involution with delayed apoptosis and autophagy signaling. Also, HT compromises mammary gland cell proliferation and leads to higher connective tissue later in the dry period. These results provide evidence that heat stress impairs overall mammary gland turnover during the dry period, which then affects secretory activity and productivity in the next lactation.
Keywords	Holstein ; apoptosis ; autophagy ; calving ; cell proliferation ; cooling ; dairy cows ; data analysis ; eosin ; gene expression ; heat stress ; histology ; lactation ; mammary development ; mammary glands ; microstructure ; milk yield ; nucleotidyltransferases ; staining
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-09
Size	p. 8576-8586.
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	242499-x
ISSN	1525-3198 ; 0022-0302
ISSN (online)	1525-3198
ISSN	0022-0302
DOI	10.3168/jds.2019-17911
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Submaximal exercise training improves mitochondrial efficiency in the gluteus medius but not in the triceps brachii of young equine athletes.

White, Sarah H / Warren, Lori K / Li, Chengcheng / Wohlgemuth, Stephanie E

Scientific reports

2017 Volume 7, Issue 1, Page(s) 14389

Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that, similar to humans and rodents, exercise training would enhance mitochondrial (Mt) biogenesis and function in skeletal muscle of young horses. Twenty-four Quarter Horse yearlings were randomly assigned to either submaximal ... ...

Abstract	We tested the hypothesis that, similar to humans and rodents, exercise training would enhance mitochondrial (Mt) biogenesis and function in skeletal muscle of young horses. Twenty-four Quarter Horse yearlings were randomly assigned to either submaximal exercise training or no forced exercise (untrained). Biopsies were collected from the gluteus medius and triceps brachii before and after 9 wk of treatment. Citrate synthase activity was lower (P < 0.0001) and cytochrome c oxidase activity per Mt unit was higher (P < 0.0001) in gluteus compared to triceps, but neither changed over the trial period. From wk 0 to 9, intrinsic Mt respiration (P
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Athletes ; Buttocks ; Electron Transport ; Female ; Forelimb ; Horses/physiology ; Male ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Muscle, Skeletal/physiology ; Organelle Biogenesis ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Physical Conditioning, Animal/methods ; Physical Conditioning, Animal/physiology ; Thigh
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-10-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-017-14691-4
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Article ; Online: Skeletal muscle from aged American Quarter Horses shows impairments in mitochondrial biogenesis and expression of autophagy markers.

Li, Chengcheng / White, Sarah H / Warren, Lori K / Wohlgemuth, Stephanie E

Experimental gerontology

2017 Volume 102, Page(s) 19–27

Abstract: Aging is associated with decreased mitochondrial content and function in skeletal muscle, possibly due to compromised biogenesis and autophagic removal of dysfunctional mitochondria. The aim of this study was to compare markers of mitochondrial content ... ...

Abstract	Aging is associated with decreased mitochondrial content and function in skeletal muscle, possibly due to compromised biogenesis and autophagic removal of dysfunctional mitochondria. The aim of this study was to compare markers of mitochondrial content and biogenesis and of autophagy between skeletal muscle from young and aged American Quarter Horses. Citrate synthase protein and mtDNA copy number were decreased in triceps brachii (TB) muscle (P<0.05) from aged horses, suggesting an age-related decline in mitochondrial content. Concomitantly, mRNA expression of PGC-1α and TFAM, regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis, was lower in aged compared to young TB (P<0.05). Expression of autophagy markers suggested an age-associated decline of autophagy. The autophagosomal cargo protein SQSTM/p62 accumulated with age in both muscles (P<0.05). Expression of Autophagy-related protein Atg5 (P<0.05) and the autophagosome-bound form of Microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3-II; P<0.05) were lower in aged compared to young TB. While LC3 transcript level was elevated in aged compared to young GM (P<0.001), protein expression of LC3-II was unaffected. Gene expression of Lysosomal Membrane-Associated Protein 2 (LAMP2) was not affected by age in either muscle. However, LAMP2 protein expression declined with age (P<0.05), suggesting a decline in autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Taken together, our data indicate that equine skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and biogenesis were impaired with age. Further, autophagosome formation and lysosomal degradation were negatively affected in aged TB and GM, respectively. Future research needs to explore whether interventions targeting these cellular processes can prolong health and performance of aging American Quarter Horses.
MeSH term(s)	Age Factors ; Aging/genetics ; Aging/metabolism ; Aging/pathology ; Animals ; Autophagosomes/metabolism ; Autophagosomes/pathology ; Autophagy ; Autophagy-Related Proteins/genetics ; Autophagy-Related Proteins/metabolism ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Horses/genetics ; Horses/metabolism ; Lysosomes/metabolism ; Lysosomes/pathology ; Male ; Mitochondria, Muscle/genetics ; Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism ; Mitochondria, Muscle/pathology ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism ; Muscle, Skeletal/pathology ; Organelle Biogenesis ; Signal Transduction
Chemical Substances	Autophagy-Related Proteins ; DNA, Mitochondrial
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-12-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	390992-x
ISSN	1873-6815 ; 0531-5565
ISSN (online)	1873-6815
ISSN	0531-5565
DOI	10.1016/j.exger.2017.11.022
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