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Article ; Online: Combining wastewater surveillance and case data in estimating the time-varying effective reproduction number.

Jin, Shihui / Tay, Martin / Ng, Lee Ching / Wong, Judith Chui Ching / Cook, Alex R

2024 Volume 928, Page(s) 172469

Abstract: Wastewater surveillance has been increasingly acknowledged as a useful tool for monitoring transmission dynamics of infections of public health concern, including the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). While a range of models have been proposed to estimate ... ...

Abstract	Wastewater surveillance has been increasingly acknowledged as a useful tool for monitoring transmission dynamics of infections of public health concern, including the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). While a range of models have been proposed to estimate the time-varying effective reproduction number (R
MeSH term(s)	Wastewater ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/transmission ; Bayes Theorem ; Humans ; Singapore/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Basic Reproduction Number ; Environmental Monitoring/methods
Chemical Substances	Wastewater
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-16
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172469
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Article ; Online: Case report: Zika surveillance complemented with wastewater and mosquito testing.

Wong, Judith Chui Ching / Tay, Martin / Hapuarachchi, Hapuarachchige Chanditha / Lee, Benjamin / Yeo, Gladys / Maliki, Dzulkhairul / Lee, Winston / Mohamed Suhaimi, Nur-Afidah / Chio, Kaiyun / Tan, Wilson Cheong Huat / Ng, Lee Ching

EBioMedicine

2024 Volume 101, Page(s) 105020

Abstract: Background: In June 2023, a local cluster of 15 Zika cases was reported in a neighbourhood in Northeastern Singapore. The last significant local transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV) with more than 450 cases was in 2016-2017. To monitor the situation and ... ...

Abstract	Background: In June 2023, a local cluster of 15 Zika cases was reported in a neighbourhood in Northeastern Singapore. The last significant local transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV) with more than 450 cases was in 2016-2017. To monitor the situation and mitigate further transmission, case, entomological and wastewater-based surveillance were carried out. Methods: Primary healthcare practitioners and the community were alerted to encourage timely case identification. Surveillance was enhanced through testing of Aedes mosquitoes collected from the National Gravitrap surveillance system, and wastewater samples were collected from a network of autosamplers deployed at manholes across the country. Findings: ZIKV RNA was detected in mosquito pools (3/43; 7%) and individual mosquitoes (3/82; 3.7%) captured, and in wastewater samples (13/503) collected from the vicinity of the cluster of cases. Respective samples collected from other sites across the country were negative. The peak detection of ZIKV RNA in mosquitoes and wastewater coincided temporally with the peak in the number of cases in the area (15-25 May 2023). Interpretation: The restriction of ZIKV signals from wastewater and mosquitoes within the neighbourhood suggested limited ZIKV transmission. The subsequent waning of signals suggested effectiveness of control measures. We demonstrate the utility of wastewater-based surveillance of ZIKV, which complements existing case- and entomological-based surveillance. The non-intrusive approach is particularly useful to monitor diseases such as Zika, which generally causes silent or mild infections, but may cause severe outcomes such as congenital Zika syndrome. Funding: This study was funded by Singapore's Ministry of Finance and the National Environment Agency, Singapore.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Zika Virus/genetics ; Zika Virus Infection/diagnosis ; Zika Virus Infection/epidemiology ; Wastewater ; Mosquito Vectors ; Aedes ; RNA
Chemical Substances	Wastewater ; RNA (63231-63-0)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-21
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Case Reports ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2851331-9
ISSN	2352-3964
ISSN (online)	2352-3964
DOI	10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105020
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Article ; Online: Rapid Diagnostic Tests for the Detection of the Four Dengue Virus Serotypes in Clinically Relevant Matrices.

Pollak, Nina M / Olsson, Malin / Ahmed, Madeeha / Tan, Javier / Lim, George / Setoh, Yin Xiang / Wong, Judith Chui Ching / Lai, Yee Ling / Hobson-Peters, Jody / Macdonald, Joanne / McMillan, David

Microbiology spectrum

2023 Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) e0279622

Abstract: The efficient and accurate diagnosis of dengue, a major mosquito-borne disease, is of primary importance for clinical care, surveillance, and outbreak control. The identification of specific dengue virus serotype 1 (DENV-1) to DENV-4 can help in ... ...

Abstract	The efficient and accurate diagnosis of dengue, a major mosquito-borne disease, is of primary importance for clinical care, surveillance, and outbreak control. The identification of specific dengue virus serotype 1 (DENV-1) to DENV-4 can help in understanding the transmission dynamics and spread of dengue disease. The four rapid low-resource serotype-specific dengue tests use a simple sample preparation reagent followed by reverse transcription-isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) combined with lateral flow detection (LFD) technology. Results are obtained directly from clinical sample matrices in 35 min, requiring only a heating block and pipettes for liquid handling. In addition, we demonstrate that the rapid sample preparation step inactivates DENV, improving laboratory safety. Human plasma and serum were spiked with DENV, and DENV was detected with analytical sensitivities of 333 to 22,500 median tissue culture infectious doses (TCID
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Dengue/diagnosis ; Dengue Virus/classification ; Dengue Virus/isolation & purification ; Rapid Diagnostic Tests ; Recombinases ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Serogroup
Chemical Substances	Recombinases
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2807133-5
ISSN	2165-0497 ; 2165-0497
ISSN (online)	2165-0497
ISSN	2165-0497
DOI	10.1128/spectrum.02796-22
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Article ; Online: Estimating COVID-19 cases on a university campus based on Wastewater Surveillance using machine learning regression models.

Senaratna, Kavindra Yohan Kuhatheva / Bhatia, Sumedha / Giek, Goh Shin / Lim, Chun Min Benjamin / Gangesh, G Reuben / Peng, Lim Cheh / Wong, Judith Chui Ching / Ng, Lee Ching / Gin, Karina Yew-Hoong

The Science of the total environment

2023 Volume 906, Page(s) 167709

Abstract: Wastewater Surveillance (WS) is a crucial tool in the management of COVID-19 pandemic. The surveillance is based on enumerating SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in the community's sewage. In this study, we used WS data to develop a regression model for ... ...

Abstract	Wastewater Surveillance (WS) is a crucial tool in the management of COVID-19 pandemic. The surveillance is based on enumerating SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in the community's sewage. In this study, we used WS data to develop a regression model for estimating the number of active COVID-19 cases on a university campus. Eight univariate and multivariate regression model types i.e. Linear Regression (LM), Polynomial Regression (PR), Generalised Additive Model (GAM), Locally Estimated Scatterplot Smoothing Regression (LOESS), K Nearest Neighbours Regression (KNN), Support Vector Regression (SVR), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Random Forest (RF) were developed and compared. We found that the multivariate RF regression model, was the most appropriate for predicting the prevalence of COVID-19 infections at both a campus level and hostel-level. We also found that smoothing the normalised SARS-CoV-2 data and employing multivariate modelling, using student population as a second independent variable, significantly improved the performance of the models. The final RF campus level model showed good accuracy when tested using previously unseen data; correlation coefficient of 0.97 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 20 %. In summary, our non-intrusive approach has the ability to complement projections based on clinical tests, facilitating timely follow-up and response.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Wastewater ; Pandemics ; RNA, Viral ; Universities ; Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Monitoring ; Machine Learning
Chemical Substances	Wastewater ; RNA, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-11
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167709
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Article ; Online: Monitoring multi-pathogens and SARS-CoV-2 variants in aircraft and airport wastewater

Tay, Martin / Lee, Benjamin / Ismail, Muhammad Hafiz / Yam, Jerald / Maliki, Dzulkhairul / Gin, Karina Yew-Hoong / Chae, Sae-Rom / Ho, Zheng Jie Marc / Teoh, Yee Leong / Ng, Lee Ching / Wong, Judith Chui Ching

medRxiv

Abstract: Background As global travel resumed in COVID-19 endemicity, the potential of aircraft wastewater monitoring to provide early warning of disease trends for SARS-CoV-2 variants and other infectious diseases, particularly at international air travel hubs, ... ...

Abstract	Background As global travel resumed in COVID-19 endemicity, the potential of aircraft wastewater monitoring to provide early warning of disease trends for SARS-CoV-2 variants and other infectious diseases, particularly at international air travel hubs, was recognized. We therefore assessed and compared the feasibility of testing wastewater from inbound aircraft and airport terminals for 18 pathogens including SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore, a popular travel hub in Asia. Methods Wastewater samples collected from inbound medium- and long-haul flights and airport terminals were tested for SARS-CoV-2. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) was carried out on positive samples to identify SARS-CoV-2 variants. Airport and aircraft samples were further tested for 17 other pathogens through quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results The proportion of SARS-CoV-2-positive samples and the average virus load was higher for wastewater samples from aircraft as compared to airport terminals. Cross-correlation analyses indicated that viral load trends from airport wastewater led local COVID-19 case trends by two to five days. A total of ten variants (44 sub-lineages) were successfully identified from aircraft wastewater and airport terminals, and four variants of interest (VOIs) and one variant under monitoring (VUM) were detected in aircraft and airport wastewater 18-31 days prior to detection in local clinical cases. The detection of five respiratory and four enteric viruses in aircraft wastewater samples further underscores the potential to expand aircraft wastewater to monitoring pathogens beyond SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of aircraft wastewater testing for monitoring infectious diseases threats, potentially detecting signals before clinical cases are reported. The triangulation of similar datapoints from aircraft wastewater of international travel nodes could therefore serve as a useful early warning system for global health threats.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-05-12
Publisher	Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
Document type	Article ; Online
DOI	10.1101/2024.05.11.24307221
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Evaluation of eight commercial Zika virus IgM and IgG serology assays for diagnostics and research.

Low, Swee Ling / Leo, Yee Sin / Lai, Yee Ling / Lam, Sally / Tan, Hwee Huang / Wong, Judith Chui Ching / Tan, Li Kiang / Ng, Lee Ching

PloS one

2021 Volume 16, Issue 1, Page(s) e0244601

Abstract: Several commercial Zika virus (ZIKV) serology assays have been developed since the recognition of ZIKV outbreaks as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in 2016. However, test interpretation for ZIKV serology can be challenging due to ... ...

Abstract	Several commercial Zika virus (ZIKV) serology assays have been developed since the recognition of ZIKV outbreaks as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in 2016. However, test interpretation for ZIKV serology can be challenging due to antibody cross-reactivity with other flaviviruses like dengue virus (DENV). Therefore, we sought to evaluate the performance of eight commercially available ZIKV IgM and IgG assays across three testing platforms, namely, immunochromatographic tests (ICT), ELISAs and immunofluorescence tests (IIFT). The test panel comprised of 278 samples, including acute and convalescent sera or plasma from ZIKV-confirmed, DENV-confirmed, non-ZIKV and non-DENV patients, and residual sera from healthy blood donors. The ZIKV IgM and IgG serology assays yielded higher test sensitivities of 23.5% - 97.1% among ZIKV convalescent samples as compared to 5.6% - 27.8% among ZIKV acute samples; the test specificities were 63.3% - 100% among acute and convalescent DENV, non-DENV samples. Among the ELISAs and IIFTs, the Diapro ZIKV IgM ELISA demonstrated high test sensitivity (96%) and specificity (80%) when tested on early convalescent samples, while the Euroimmun ZIKV IgG ELISA yielded the highest test specificity of 97% - 100% on samples from non-ZIKV patients and healthy blood donors. For rapid ICTs, the LumiQuick IgM rapid ICT yielded low test sensitivity, suggesting its limited utility. We showed that commercial ZIKV IgM and IgG serology assays have differing test performances, with some having moderate to high test sensitivities and specificities when used in a dengue endemic setting, although there were limitations in IgG serology.
MeSH term(s)	Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; Cross Reactions ; Dengue/blood ; Dengue/diagnosis ; Dengue/immunology ; Dengue Virus/immunology ; Dengue Virus/isolation & purification ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique/methods ; Humans ; Immunoassay/methods ; Immunoglobulin G/blood ; Immunoglobulin G/immunology ; Immunoglobulin M/blood ; Immunoglobulin M/immunology ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Serologic Tests ; Zika Virus/immunology ; Zika Virus/isolation & purification ; Zika Virus Infection/blood ; Zika Virus Infection/diagnosis ; Zika Virus Infection/immunology
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin M
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Evaluation Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0244601
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Article: Development of an efficient wastewater testing protocol for high-throughput country-wide SARS-CoV-2 monitoring

Mailepessov, Diyar / Arivalan, Sathish / Kong, Marcella / Griffiths, Jane / Low, Swee Ling / Chen, Hongjie / Hapuarachchi, Hapuarachchige Chanditha / Gu, Xiaoqiong / Lee, Wei Lin / Alm, Eric J. / Thompson, Janelle / Wuertz, Stefan / Gin, Karina / Ng, Lee Ching / Wong, Judith Chui Ching

Science of the total environment. 2022 June 20, v. 826

2022

Abstract: Wastewater-based surveillance has been widely used as a non-intrusive tool to monitor population-level transmission of COVID-19. Although various approaches are available to concentrate viruses from wastewater samples, scalable methods remain limited. ... ...

Abstract	Wastewater-based surveillance has been widely used as a non-intrusive tool to monitor population-level transmission of COVID-19. Although various approaches are available to concentrate viruses from wastewater samples, scalable methods remain limited. Here, we sought to identify and evaluate SARS-CoV-2 virus concentration protocols for high-throughput wastewater testing. A total of twelve protocols for polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation and four protocols for ultrafiltration-based approaches were evaluated across two phases. The first phase entailed an initial evaluation using a small sample set, while the second phase further evaluated five protocols using wastewater samples of varying SARS-CoV-2 concentrations. Permutations in the pre-concentration, virus concentration and RNA extraction steps were evaluated. Among PEG-based methods, SARS-CoV-2 virus recovery was optimal with 1) the removal of debris prior to processing, 2) 2 h to 24 h incubation with 8% PEG at 4 °C, 3) 4000 xg or 14,000 xg centrifugation, and 4) a column-based RNA extraction method, yielding virus recovery of 42.4–52.5%. Similarly, the optimal protocol for ultrafiltration included 1) the removal of debris prior to processing, 2) ultrafiltration, and 3) a column-based RNA extraction method, yielding a recovery of 38.2%. This study also revealed that SARS-CoV-2 RNA recovery for samples with higher virus concentration were less sensitive to changes in the PEG method, but permutations in the PEG protocol could significantly impact virus yields when wastewater samples with lower SARS-CoV-2 RNA were used. Although both PEG precipitation and ultrafiltration methods resulted in similar SARS-CoV-2 RNA recoveries, the former method is more cost-effective while the latter method provided operational efficiency as it required a shorter turn-around-time (PEG precipitation, 9–23 h; Ultrafiltration, 5 h). The decision on which method to adopt will thus depend on the use-case for wastewater testing, and the need for cost-effectiveness, sensitivity, operational feasibility and scalability.
Keywords	COVID-19 infection ; RNA ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; centrifugation ; cost effectiveness ; environment ; monitoring ; polyethylene glycol ; ultrafiltration ; viruses ; wastewater
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0620
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154024
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Positive association of SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in wastewater and reported COVID-19 cases in Singapore - A study across three populations.

Wong, Yvonne Hui Min / Lim, Jue Tao / Griffiths, Jane / Lee, Benjamin / Maliki, Dzulkhairul / Thompson, Janelle / Wong, Michelle / Chae, Sae-Rom / Teoh, Yee Leong / Ho, Zheng Jie Marc / Lee, Vernon / Cook, Alex R / Tay, Martin / Wong, Judith Chui Ching / Ng, Lee Ching

The Science of the total environment

2023 Volume 902, Page(s) 166446

Abstract: Wastewater testing of SARS-CoV-2 has been adopted globally and has shown to be a useful, non-intrusive surveillance method for monitoring COVID-19 trends. In Singapore, wastewater surveillance has been widely implemented across various sites and has ... ...

Abstract	Wastewater testing of SARS-CoV-2 has been adopted globally and has shown to be a useful, non-intrusive surveillance method for monitoring COVID-19 trends. In Singapore, wastewater surveillance has been widely implemented across various sites and has facilitated timely COVID-19 management and response. From April 2020 to February 2022, SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in wastewater monitored across three populations, nationally, in the community, and in High Density Living Environments (HDLEs) were aggregated into indices and compared with reported COVID-19 cases and hospitalisations. Temporal trends and associations of these indices were compared descriptively and quantitatively, using Poisson Generalised Linear Models and Generalised Additive Models. National vaccination rates and vaccine breakthrough infection rates were additionally considered as confounders to shedding. Fitted models quantified the temporal associations between the indices and cases and COVID-related hospitalisations. At the national level, the wastewater index was a leading indicator of COVID-19 cases (p-value <0.001) of one week, and a contemporaneous association with hospitalisations (p-value <0.001) was observed. At finer levels of surveillance, the community index was observed to be contemporaneously associated with COVID-19 cases (p-value <0.001) and had a lagging association of 1-week in HDLEs (p-value <0.001). These temporal differences were attributed to differences in testing routines for different sites during the study period and the timeline of COVID-19 progression in infected persons. Overall, this study demonstrates the utility of wastewater surveillance in understanding underlying COVID-19 transmission and shedding levels, particularly for areas with falling or low case ascertainment. In such settings, wastewater surveillance showed to be a lead indicator of COVID-19 cases. The findings also underscore the potential of wastewater surveillance for monitoring other infectious diseases threats.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Wastewater ; SARS-CoV-2 ; RNA, Viral ; Singapore/epidemiology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Monitoring
Chemical Substances	Wastewater ; RNA, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-19
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166446
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Article ; Online: Field trial assessing the antimicrobial decontamination efficacy of gaseous ozone in a public bus setting.

Neves, Erica Sena / Ng, Cheng Teng / Pek, Han Bin / Goh, Vanessa Shi Li / Mohamed, Roslinda / Osman, Sheereen / Ng, Yi Kai / Kadir, Sharain Abdul / Nazeem, Mohammad / She, Alan / Sim, Glenndle / Aik, Joel / Ng, Lee Ching / Octavia, Sophie / Fang, Zhanxiong / Wong, Judith Chui Ching / Setoh, Yin Xiang

The Science of the total environment

2023 Volume 876, Page(s) 162704

Abstract: The widespread COVID-19 pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) necessitated measures aimed at preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2. To mitigate the risk of fomite-mediated transmission, environmental cleaning ... ...

Abstract	The widespread COVID-19 pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) necessitated measures aimed at preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2. To mitigate the risk of fomite-mediated transmission, environmental cleaning and disinfection regimes have been widely implemented. However, conventional cleaning approaches such as surface wipe downs can be laborious and more efficient and effective disinfecting technologies are needed. Gaseous ozone disinfection is one technology which has been shown to be effective in laboratory studies. Here, we evaluated its efficacy and feasibility in a public bus setting, using murine hepatitis virus (a related betacoronavirus surrogate) and the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus as test organisms. An optimal gaseous ozone regime resulted in a 3.65-log reduction of murine hepatitis virus and a 4.73-log reduction of S. aureus, and decontamination efficacy correlated with exposure duration and relative humidity in the application space. These findings demonstrated gaseous ozone disinfection in field settings which can be suitably translated to public and private fleets that share analogous characteristics.
MeSH term(s)	Mice ; Animals ; Humans ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Ozone ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Decontamination/methods ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Anti-Infective Agents ; Disinfection/methods
Chemical Substances	Ozone (66H7ZZK23N) ; Anti-Infective Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-10
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162704
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Article ; Online: Development of an efficient wastewater testing protocol for high-throughput country-wide SARS-CoV-2 monitoring.

Mailepessov, Diyar / Arivalan, Sathish / Kong, Marcella / Griffiths, Jane / Low, Swee Ling / Chen, Hongjie / Hapuarachchi, Hapuarachchige Chanditha / Gu, Xiaoqiong / Lee, Wei Lin / Alm, Eric J / Thompson, Janelle / Wuertz, Stefan / Gin, Karina / Ng, Lee Ching / Wong, Judith Chui Ching

The Science of the total environment

2022 Volume 826, Page(s) 154024

Abstract	Wastewater-based surveillance has been widely used as a non-intrusive tool to monitor population-level transmission of COVID-19. Although various approaches are available to concentrate viruses from wastewater samples, scalable methods remain limited. Here, we sought to identify and evaluate SARS-CoV-2 virus concentration protocols for high-throughput wastewater testing. A total of twelve protocols for polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation and four protocols for ultrafiltration-based approaches were evaluated across two phases. The first phase entailed an initial evaluation using a small sample set, while the second phase further evaluated five protocols using wastewater samples of varying SARS-CoV-2 concentrations. Permutations in the pre-concentration, virus concentration and RNA extraction steps were evaluated. Among PEG-based methods, SARS-CoV-2 virus recovery was optimal with 1) the removal of debris prior to processing, 2) 2 h to 24 h incubation with 8% PEG at 4 °C, 3) 4000 xg or 14,000 xg centrifugation, and 4) a column-based RNA extraction method, yielding virus recovery of 42.4-52.5%. Similarly, the optimal protocol for ultrafiltration included 1) the removal of debris prior to processing, 2) ultrafiltration, and 3) a column-based RNA extraction method, yielding a recovery of 38.2%. This study also revealed that SARS-CoV-2 RNA recovery for samples with higher virus concentration were less sensitive to changes in the PEG method, but permutations in the PEG protocol could significantly impact virus yields when wastewater samples with lower SARS-CoV-2 RNA were used. Although both PEG precipitation and ultrafiltration methods resulted in similar SARS-CoV-2 RNA recoveries, the former method is more cost-effective while the latter method provided operational efficiency as it required a shorter turn-around-time (PEG precipitation, 9-23 h; Ultrafiltration, 5 h). The decision on which method to adopt will thus depend on the use-case for wastewater testing, and the need for cost-effectiveness, sensitivity, operational feasibility and scalability.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; Humans ; RNA, Viral ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; Ultrafiltration ; Viruses ; Wastewater
Chemical Substances	RNA, Viral ; Waste Water
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-22
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154024
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