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Article ; Online: Regulatory Effects and Mechanisms of L-Theanine on Neurotransmitters via Liver-Brain Axis Under a High Protein Diet.

Xu, Wei / Song, Yuxin / Xiao, Wenjun / Gong, Zhihua

2023 Volume 61, Issue 2, Page(s) 783–798

Abstract: Excessive protein intake causes liver and brain damage and neurotransmitter disorders, thereby inducing cognitive dysfunction. L-theanine can regulate the neurotransmitter content and show great potential in liver and brain protection. However, it ... ...

Abstract	Excessive protein intake causes liver and brain damage and neurotransmitter disorders, thereby inducing cognitive dysfunction. L-theanine can regulate the neurotransmitter content and show great potential in liver and brain protection. However, it remains unclear whether l-theanine effectively regulates neurotransmitter content under high-protein diet. A 40-day feeding experiment was performed in Sprague Dawley rats to investigate the regulatory effects and mechanisms of l-theanine on neurotransmitters via liver-brain axis in high-protein diets. The results showed that a 30% protein diet increased the liver and brain neurotransmitter content while maintaining the normal structure of liver and the hippocampal CA1 of brain and improving the autonomous behavior of rats. In contrast, 40% and 50% protein diets decreased the content of neurotransmitters, affected autonomous behavior, destroyed the hippocampal CA1 of brain structure, increased hepatic inflammatory infiltration, lipid degeneration, and hepatocyte eosinophilic change in liver, increased liver AST, ALT, MDA, CRP, and blood ammonia level, and decreased liver SOD and CAT level. However, l-theanine improved liver and brain neurotransmitter content, autonomous behavior, liver and hippocampal brain structure, and liver biochemical indicators in 40% and 50% protein diets. To explore how LTA can eliminate the adverse effects of a high-protein diet, we analyzed different metabolites and proteomes and using western blotting for validate quantitatively. We found that l-theanine regulates the activity of PF4 and G protein subunit alpha i2, increases the content of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and dopamine under a 20% protein diet. In addition, l-theanine can activate the adenylate cyclase-protein kinase A pathway through the protein alpha/beta-hydrolase domain protein 12 to regulate the content of neurotransmitters under a 40% protein diet, thereby exerting a neuroprotective effect.
MeSH term(s)	Rats ; Animals ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Brain/metabolism ; Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism ; Liver/metabolism ; Diet, High-Protein ; Glutamates
Chemical Substances	theanine (8021PR16QO) ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Glutamates
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	645020-9
ISSN	1559-1182 ; 0893-7648
ISSN (online)	1559-1182
ISSN	0893-7648
DOI	10.1007/s12035-023-03608-0
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Article ; Online: Layer-by-layer assembled decomposable nanocapsules for light-responsive release of pesticide imidacloprid on Aphis craccivora Koch.

Gao, Yiyun / Xiao, Wenjun / Gu, Chenhua / Yu, Sheng / Li, Shengke / Zou, Aihua

Pest management science

2024

Abstract: Background: Conventional pesticide formulations are often inefficient because of low biological uptake after spraying. Controlled release nanopesticides can release pesticides precisely in response to specific stimuli, thereby killing pests and ... ...

Abstract	Background: Conventional pesticide formulations are often inefficient because of low biological uptake after spraying. Controlled release nanopesticides can release pesticides precisely in response to specific stimuli, thereby killing pests and pathogens using the least effective concentration. This study aims to develop nanocapsule-based photo-decomposable nanopesticides for efficient pesticide control. Results: The target nanopesticides were successfully fabricated using layer-by-layer assembly of the negative azobenzene-grafted hyaluronic acid (azo-HA) and positive polydimethyldiallylammonium chloride (polyDADMAC), confirmed by UV-visible, dynamic light scattering, Zeta potential and transmission electron microscopy measurements. The particle size and Zeta potential of the fabricated nanocapsules were 220 nm and +46.1 mV, respectively, and the nanocapsules were found to remain stable for up to 30 days. The optimized drug loading and encapsulation ratio of imidacloprid (IMI) in IMI/azo-HA@polyDADMAC were 21.5% and 91.3%, respectively. Cumulative release of IMI from the nanopesticides increased from ~50% to ~95% upon UV light irradiation (365 nm). The half lethal concentration (LC Conclusion: The trans to cis transformation of the azo group in HA decomposed IMI/azo-HA@polyDADMAC nanopesticides upon UV irradiation, thus facilitating the release of IMI, resulting in a decrease in the concentration of pesticides required for efficient pesticide control. Our work demonstrated the great potential of light-responsive nanocapsules as a controlled release nanocarrier for efficient and eco-friendly pesticide control in sustainable agriculture. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2001705-4
ISSN	1526-4998 ; 1526-498X
ISSN (online)	1526-4998
ISSN	1526-498X
DOI	10.1002/ps.8023
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Article ; Online: The protective effect of L-theanine on the intestinal barrier in heat-stressed organisms.

Wang, Bin / Liu, Sha / Lin, Ling / Xu, Wei / Gong, Zhihua / Xiao, Wenjun

Food & function

2024 Volume 15, Issue 6, Page(s) 3036–3049

Abstract: Heat stress caused by heatwaves, extreme temperatures, and other weather can damage the intestinal barrier of organisms. L-Theanine (LTA) attenuates heat stress-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and impaired immune function, but its ... ...

Abstract	Heat stress caused by heatwaves, extreme temperatures, and other weather can damage the intestinal barrier of organisms. L-Theanine (LTA) attenuates heat stress-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and impaired immune function, but its protective effect on the intestinal barrier of heat-stressed organisms is unclear. In this study, low (100 mg kg
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Animals ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Occludin ; Intestines ; RNA, Messenger ; Glutamates
Chemical Substances	theanine (8021PR16QO) ; Occludin ; RNA, Messenger ; Glutamates
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2612033-1
ISSN	2042-650X ; 2042-6496
ISSN (online)	2042-650X
ISSN	2042-6496
DOI	10.1039/d3fo04459a
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Article ; Online: Synergistic effects of L-theanine and epigallocatechin gallate in alleviating ovalbumin allergy by regulating intestinal immunity through inhibition of mast cell degranulation.

Xu, Wei / Song, Xianying / Qu, Qingyun / Gong, Zhihua / Xiao, Wenjun

Food & function

2023 Volume 14, Issue 4, Page(s) 2059–2073

Abstract: Ovalbumin (OVA), a commonly consumed food protein, can cause severe allergies and intestinal immune disorders. L-Theanine (LTA) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) regulate intestinal immunity. However, it is unclear whether an LTA and EGCG combined ... ...

Abstract	Ovalbumin (OVA), a commonly consumed food protein, can cause severe allergies and intestinal immune disorders. L-Theanine (LTA) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) regulate intestinal immunity. However, it is unclear whether an LTA and EGCG combined intervention can alleviate OVA allergy (OVA-A) by modulating intestinal-specific immunity, and it is unknown whether there is a synergistic effect between LTA and EGCG. Therefore, we treated BALB/c OVA-sensitized mice with LTA, EGCG, or a combination of both (LTA + EGCG) to investigate the effects of LTA and EGCG on intestinal-specific immunity regulation and underlying mechanisms. Female mice were intraperitoneally injected with OVA to establish OVA-sensitive mouse models. MLEO LTA + EGCG (20 mg kg
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Mice ; Animals ; Ovalbumin ; Mast Cells ; Cell Degranulation ; Interleukin-4/metabolism ; Interleukin-13/metabolism ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism ; Hypersensitivity/metabolism ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Disease Models, Animal
Chemical Substances	Ovalbumin (9006-59-1) ; theanine (8021PR16QO) ; Interleukin-4 (207137-56-2) ; Interleukin-13 ; epigallocatechin gallate (BQM438CTEL) ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases (EC 2.7.1.-) ; Cytokines
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2612033-1
ISSN	2042-650X ; 2042-6496
ISSN (online)	2042-650X
ISSN	2042-6496
DOI	10.1039/d2fo03404b
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Article ; Online: L-theanine protects rat kidney from D-galactose-induced injury via inhibition of the AGEs/RAGE signaling pathway.

Zeng, Li / Lin, Ling / Xiao, Wenjun / Li, Yinhua

European journal of pharmacology

2022 Volume 927, Page(s) 175072

Abstract: As the irreversible products of the non-enzymatic reduction of sugars and the amino groups of proteins or peptides, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are metabolized and excreted via the kidneys. However, if AGEs are not metabolized, they are ... ...

Abstract	As the irreversible products of the non-enzymatic reduction of sugars and the amino groups of proteins or peptides, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are metabolized and excreted via the kidneys. However, if AGEs are not metabolized, they are deposited in the kidneys and bind to AGE receptors (RAGE), which can induce various pathological changes, including oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation. This study used the D-galactose (DG)-induced rat model to explore the potential role and mechanism of L-theanine in inhibiting AGEs/RAGE-related signaling pathways in renal tissues. L-theanine increased the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) while downregulating the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and AGEs in renal tissues induced by DG (P < 0.05). By inhibiting the upregulation of RAGE protein expression attributed to AGEs accumulation (P < 0.05), L-theanine downregulated phosphorylated nuclear factor (p-NF-κB (p65)), Bax, and cleaved-caspase-3 expression and increased Bcl-2 protein expression (P < 0.05), thereby alleviating the oxidative stress damage and reducing the inflammation and cell injury induced by DG. In addition, the Congo red staining section of renal tissue also showed that the natural product L-theanine can protect against AGEs-induced renal damage in DG-induced rat model.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Galactose/pharmacology ; Glutamates/pharmacology ; Glycation End Products, Advanced/antagonists & inhibitors ; Glycation End Products, Advanced/metabolism ; Inflammation/metabolism ; Kidney/metabolism ; Oxidative Stress ; Rats ; Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products/antagonists & inhibitors ; Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products/metabolism ; Signal Transduction/drug effects
Chemical Substances	Glutamates ; Glycation End Products, Advanced ; Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products ; theanine (8021PR16QO) ; Galactose (X2RN3Q8DNE)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-27
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	80121-5
ISSN	1879-0712 ; 0014-2999
ISSN (online)	1879-0712
ISSN	0014-2999
DOI	10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175072
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Article ; Online: L‐Theanine regulates lipid metabolism by modulating gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism

Xu, Wei / Kong, Yingying / Zhang, Tuo / Gong, Zhihua / Xiao, Wenjun

Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2023 Feb., v. 103, no. 3 p.1283-1293

2023

Abstract: BACKGROUND: l‐Theanine (LTA) is a biologically active ingredient in tea that shows great potential for regulating lipid metabolism. Bile acids (BA), an important end‐product of cholesterol catabolism, participate in the regulation of lipid metabolism and ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: l‐Theanine (LTA) is a biologically active ingredient in tea that shows great potential for regulating lipid metabolism. Bile acids (BA), an important end‐product of cholesterol catabolism, participate in the regulation of lipid metabolism and gut microbiota. Here, we investigated the effect of LTA on lipid metabolism and the mechanism by which it regulates BA metabolism and gut microbiota. Male BALB/c mice were treated with LTA for 28 days. RESULTS: Daily LTA doses of 100 and 300 mg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ altered the gut microbiota in mice, predominantly by decreasing Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Bacteroides, Clostridium and Enterorhabdus microbes associated with bile‐salt hydrolase (BSH) activity, thereby decreasing the activity of BSH and increasing the levels of ileum conjugated BA (such as glycocholic acid (GCA) and lithocholic acid), thereby inhibiting the intestinal farnesoid X receptor (FXR)‐fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) signaling pathway. Inhibition of FXR‐FGF15 signaling was accompanied by upregulation of cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase (CYP7A1) mRNA and protein expression and increased hepatic production of cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, GCA, glycine cholic acid and glycine ursodeoxycholic acid. Meanwhile, increasing hepatic unconjugated BA upregulated the mRNA and protein expression of liver 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA reductase and downregulated the mRNA and protein expression of stearoyl‐CoA desaturase‐1, liver low‐density lipoprotein receptor and type B scavenger receptor. Therefore, the serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides decreased. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that LTA regulates lipid metabolism by modulating the gut microbiota and BA metabolism via the FXR‐FGF15‐CYP7A1 pathway. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Keywords	Bacteroides ; Clostridium ; Lactobacillus ; Streptococcus ; active ingredients ; agriculture ; bile ; blood serum ; catabolism ; cholesterol ; cholic acid ; deoxycholic acid ; glycocholic acid ; hydrolases ; ileum ; intestinal microorganisms ; lipid metabolism ; lipoprotein receptors ; lithocholic acid ; liver ; low density lipoprotein ; males ; protein synthesis ; stearoyl-CoA desaturase ; tea ; ursodeoxycholic acid
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-02
Size	p. 1283-1293.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	184116-6
ISSN	1097-0010 ; 0022-5142
ISSN (online)	1097-0010
ISSN	0022-5142
DOI	10.1002/jsfa.12222
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: L‐Theanine Mitigates the Harmful Effects of Excess High‐Protein Diet in Rats by Regulating Protein Metabolism

Lin, Ling / Zhang, Jiao / He, Lin / Li, Lanlan / Song, Yuxin / Xiao, Wenjun / Gong, Zhihua

Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 2023 Jan., v. 67, no. 2 p.e2200198-

2023

Abstract: SCOPE: l‐Theanine (LTA) is a non‐protein amino acid that contributes to the flavor of tea and can regulate protein metabolism of healthy organisms. However, it is unknown whether it regulates protein metabolism in individuals on high‐protein diets (HPDs). ...

Abstract	SCOPE: l‐Theanine (LTA) is a non‐protein amino acid that contributes to the flavor of tea and can regulate protein metabolism of healthy organisms. However, it is unknown whether it regulates protein metabolism in individuals on high‐protein diets (HPDs). METHODS AND RESULTS: Here, Sprague–Dawley rats are fed HPDs with different protein supply ratios and administered a diverse dose of LTA for 40 days. Results show that HPDs with an energy supply ratio from protein >40% impair the liver and kidneys, elevate serum ammonia and urea nitrogen, induce amino acid (AA) catabolism, and promote fatty acid (FA) synthesis via FA‐binding protein 5 (Fabp5) and acetyl‐CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1). LTA intervention alleviates HPD‐induced hepatic and renal injury and improves serum biochemical indices. It increases hepatic free AA content and inhibits FA synthesis by downregulating Fabp5 and ACC1. It promotes protein synthesis by acting on the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, thereby alleviating HPD‐induced metabolic disorders. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that LTA mitigates kidney and liver damage induced by long‐term excess HPDs by regulating protein metabolism.
Keywords	acetyl-CoA carboxylase ; ammonia ; blood serum ; catabolism ; energy ; fatty acids ; flavor ; food research ; high protein diet ; kidneys ; liver ; mammals ; nonprotein amino acids ; protein synthesis ; rapamycin ; tea ; urea nitrogen
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-01
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2160372-8
ISSN	1613-4133 ; 1613-4125
ISSN (online)	1613-4133
ISSN	1613-4125
DOI	10.1002/mnfr.202200198
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Article ; Online: Imidacloprid-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles simultaneously coated with myristyl alcohol and polydopamine for NIR-triggered delivery on Aphis craccivora Koch.

Yu, Sheng / Xu, Weijie / Xiao, Wenjun / Li, Shengke / Zou, Aihua

Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces

2022 Volume 220, Page(s) 112882

Abstract: The stimuli-responsive degradation of coating layer on pesticide-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) can realize on-demand release of pesticides. Herein, we report the simultaneously coating of imidacloprid (IMI)-loaded MSNs with phase change ... ...

Abstract	The stimuli-responsive degradation of coating layer on pesticide-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) can realize on-demand release of pesticides. Herein, we report the simultaneously coating of imidacloprid (IMI)-loaded MSNs with phase change materials (PCMs) and polydopamine (PDA) to realize NIR-triggered release of IMI. To balance good thermal stability and sensitive thermal responsiveness, myristyl alcohol (MA) was selected as optimal PCM for IMI@MSNs@MA-PDA nanocomposites. The successful preparation of IMI@MSNs@MA-PDA nanocomposites was confirmed by FT-IR, small angle XRD, SEM, TEM, TGA and BET. MSNs@MA-PDA nanocomposites exhibited concentration and irradiation power dependent stable photothermal conversion ability, with the maximum temperature increase of 23.3 ℃ (808 nm, 2 W/cm
MeSH term(s)	Silicon Dioxide/pharmacology ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Porosity ; Nanoparticles ; Pesticides/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Silicon Dioxide (7631-86-9) ; polydopamine ; imidacloprid (3BN7M937V8) ; myristyl alcohol (V42034O9PU) ; Pesticides
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-26
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1500523-9
ISSN	1873-4367 ; 0927-7765
ISSN (online)	1873-4367
ISSN	0927-7765
DOI	10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112882
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Article ; Online: L-Theanine attenuates heat stress-induced proteotoxicity and alterations in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

Lin, Ling / Han, Shumin / Gong, Zhihua / Ding, Furong / Liu, Zhonghua / Xiao, Wenjun

Food & function

2023 Volume 14, Issue 13, Page(s) 6172–6186

Abstract: Extreme heat caused by global warming accelerated the frequency of heat stress (HS). Proteotoxic stress induced by the aggregation of misfolded proteins and metabolic stress triggered by alterations in the metabolism were observed during HS. The ... ...

Abstract	Extreme heat caused by global warming accelerated the frequency of heat stress (HS). Proteotoxic stress induced by the aggregation of misfolded proteins and metabolic stress triggered by alterations in the metabolism were observed during HS. The activation of heat shock factor 1 (Hsf1) and its interaction with adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are critical in addressing proteotoxicity and metabolic stress in heat-stressed organisms. Previous studies have shown that L-theanine (LTA) can regulate nutrient metabolism through the AMPK pathway and can alleviate HS. Therefore, we hypothesize that LTA may help in restoring homeostasis by regulating nutrient metabolism under HS. Here, we investigated the effects of LTA on nutrient metabolism in heat-stressed rats and characterized the underlying mechanisms using RNA sequencing and metabonomics. The results showed that LTA alleviated HS-induced liver damage, promoted body weight gain, decreased serum cortisol and enhanced the total protein content. Besides, it regulated the expression of genes related to carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolism and altered metabolite levels. Moreover, LTA inhibited the expression of Hsf1 and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), promoted AMPK phosphorylation and the expression of glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1 (
MeSH term(s)	Rats ; Animals ; Lipid Metabolism ; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics ; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Heat-Shock Response ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism ; Adenosine Monophosphate ; Carbohydrates ; Heat Shock Transcription Factors/genetics ; Heat Shock Transcription Factors/metabolism
Chemical Substances	theanine (8021PR16QO) ; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases (EC 2.7.11.31) ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins ; Adenosine Monophosphate (415SHH325A) ; Carbohydrates ; Heat Shock Transcription Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-03
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2612033-1
ISSN	2042-650X ; 2042-6496
ISSN (online)	2042-650X
ISSN	2042-6496
DOI	10.1039/d3fo01001e
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Article ; Online: L-Theanine regulates lipid metabolism by modulating gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism.

Xu, Wei / Kong, Yingying / Zhang, Tuo / Gong, Zhihua / Xiao, Wenjun

Journal of the science of food and agriculture

2022

Abstract: Background: l-Theanine (LTA) is a biologically active ingredient in tea that shows great potential for regulating lipid metabolism. Bile acids (BA), an important end-product of cholesterol catabolism, participate in the regulation of lipid metabolism ... ...

Abstract	Background: l-Theanine (LTA) is a biologically active ingredient in tea that shows great potential for regulating lipid metabolism. Bile acids (BA), an important end-product of cholesterol catabolism, participate in the regulation of lipid metabolism and gut microbiota. Here, we investigated the effect of LTA on lipid metabolism and the mechanism by which it regulates BA metabolism and gut microbiota. Male BALB/c mice were treated with LTA for 28 days. Results: Daily LTA doses of 100 and 300 mg kg Conclusion: Our findings indicate that LTA regulates lipid metabolism by modulating the gut microbiota and BA metabolism via the FXR-FGF15-CYP7A1 pathway. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	184116-6
ISSN	1097-0010 ; 0022-5142
ISSN (online)	1097-0010
ISSN	0022-5142
DOI	10.1002/jsfa.12222
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