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Article ; Online: Factors Associated With Protective Mask-Wearing Behavior to Avoid COVID-19 Infection in China: Internet-Based Cross-sectional Study.

Xu, Yue / Wu, Qingqing / Xu, Shuiyang / Zhao, Yusui / Zhang, Xuehai

JMIR public health and surveillance

2022 Volume 8, Issue 5, Page(s) e32278

Abstract: Background: The novel coronavirus disease COVID-19 is likely to spread from person to person in close-contact settings. The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention released a handbook on COVID-19, which introduced health information to the ... ...

Abstract	Background: The novel coronavirus disease COVID-19 is likely to spread from person to person in close-contact settings. The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention released a handbook on COVID-19, which introduced health information to the public, specifically related to wearing masks correctly and adopting preventive measures to avoid COVID-19 infection. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the level of mask knowledge, behavior related to mask usage, and major information channels used for obtaining mask- and COVID-19-related information in China. Methods: An internet-based survey was conducted primarily using DingXiang Doctor WeChat public accounts. The data about mask knowledge and behavior were collected and analyzed. In addition to descriptive statistics, logistic regression was used to analyze significant risk factors contributing to protective mask behavior. Results: Data were collected from a total of 10,304 respondents to the survey. More than half of the respondents were under 30 years old and nearly three-quarters were women. Over 80% of participants had a bachelor's degree or higher, and the largest proportion of respondents (n=4204, 40.80%) were employed as business/service workers. Over half of the study participants were married (n=5302, 51.46%). The findings revealed that 67.49% (6954/10,304) of the participants practiced protective mask behavior; 97.93% (10,091/10,304) believed that wearing masks is an effective protective measure against COVID-19; 96.85% (9979/10,304) chose a mask that has two or more layers of washable, breathable fabric; and 70.57% (7272/10,304) wore the masks correctly. Gender, age, occupation, and education level had significant effects on behavior, whereas marital status and the infection status of family members were not significantly related to mask-wearing behavior. In addition, WeChat public accounts (9227/10,304, 89.55%) were the most prominent source of obtaining health information for Chinese netizens after the outbreak of COVID-19. Conclusions: This study elucidated that Chinese netizens' protective mask behavior is far lower than their mask-related knowledge. Improved information channels and adequate information on wearing masks are necessary to improve the public's protective mask behavior, particularly among men, the elderly, and people with less education.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Aged ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; China/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Internet ; Male ; SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-26
Publishing country	Canada
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2369-2960
ISSN (online)	2369-2960
DOI	10.2196/32278
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: The Effectiveness of Improving Infectious Disease-Specific Health Literacy Among Residents: WeChat-Based Health Education Intervention Program.

Zhao, Yusui / Xu, Shuiyang / Zhang, Xuehai / Wang, Lei / Huang, Yu / Wu, Shuxian / Wu, Qingqing

JMIR formative research

2023 Volume 7, Page(s) e46841

Abstract: Background: Infectious disease-specific health literacy (IDSHL) has become an important determinant of infectious disease incidence. It can not only reduce the incidence of re-emerging infectious diseases, but also effectively prevent the emergence of ... ...

Abstract	Background: Infectious disease-specific health literacy (IDSHL) has become an important determinant of infectious disease incidence. It can not only reduce the incidence of re-emerging infectious diseases, but also effectively prevent the emergence of new infectious diseases such as COVID-19. WeChat, as a new media, has been proven to greatly reduce the chance of infectious diseases spreading from person to person, especially in case of respiratory infections. However, there is currently no concrete health education invention program to improve IDSHL using a WeChat public account. Objective: The aims of this study were as follows: (1) to determine the IDSHL of the population in Zhejiang, China; (2) to develop a health education program for the improvement of IDSHL using a WeChat public account; and (3) to evaluate the effectiveness of the health education program that was implemented in the prevention of infectious disease outbreaks. Methods: We used a standardized questionnaire, which consisted of 28 closed-ended questions, to measure the level and score of IDSHL before and after intervention. A multiple-stage stratified random sampling technique was used to select study participants from Zhejiang province in China, who were further divided randomly into 2 groups: the intervention and control groups. From July 2014 to January 2015, a WeChat-based health education intervention program was carried out on the intervention group. Standard descriptive statistics and chi-square and t tests were conducted to analyze the data. Results: A total of 3001 residents participated in the baseline survey of this study. At baseline, participant IDSHL rates were 73.29% and 72.12% for the intervention and control groups, respectively (Χ Conclusions: The health education intervention program using a WeChat public account proved to be an effective, feasible, and well-accepted means to improve the IDSHL of the general population. In the future, this health education intervention program can be used as a reference for prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-09
Publishing country	Canada
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2561-326X
ISSN (online)	2561-326X
DOI	10.2196/46841
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Article: Reverse Osmosis Membrane Combined with Ultrasonic Cleaning for Flue Gas Desulfurization Wastewater Treatment

Chen, Xingyu / Li, Tianxin / Dou, Xiaomin / Meng, Linglong / Xu, Shuiyang

Water. 2022 Mar. 11, v. 14, no. 6

2022

Abstract: Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater treatment is currently of interest, as stringent standards have been released in order to limit the pollution emissions from the energy industry, and concerns about water scarcity are also increasing. Reverse ... ...

Abstract	Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater treatment is currently of interest, as stringent standards have been released in order to limit the pollution emissions from the energy industry, and concerns about water scarcity are also increasing. Reverse osmosis (RO) membrane is a promising alternative for highly efficient FGD wastewater treatment. However, membrane fouling strongly limits its application. This study developed a suitable treatment system by combining RO membrane with ultrasonic cleaning. The introduction of low-frequency and high-intensity ultrasonic cleaning improved the cleaning efficiency of membrane fouling, as the permeate flux recovered 49% of the reduced value within 10 min of cleaning. The lifespan of the membrane was also extended, as the time of permeate flux declined to the same level, increasing from 2 h to 4 h after ultrasonic cleaning. The effluent of the system could meet the standard of desulfurization wastewater treatment. The treatment system is feasible for FGD wastewater treatment at a laboratory scale. These findings proved that the combination of RO membrane and ultrasonic cleaning could be applied to FGD wastewater treatment. The study provided an efficient, cost-saving, and convenient way to develop the FGD wastewater treatment system.
Keywords	cost effectiveness ; energy industry ; flue gas desulfurization ; longevity ; pollution ; reverse osmosis ; ultrasonics ; wastewater treatment ; water ; water shortages
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0311
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2521238-2
ISSN	2073-4441
ISSN	2073-4441
DOI	10.3390/w14060875
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Analysis of nicotine dependence among daily smokers in China: evidence from a cross-sectional study in Zhejiang Province.

Xu, Yue / Xu, Shuiyang / Wu, Qingqing / Chen, Heni / Yao, Dingming / Hu, XiuJing / Zhang, Xuehai

BMJ open

2022 Volume 12, Issue 10, Page(s) e062799

Abstract: Objective: The current study aimed to assess the level of nicotine dependence and its influencing factors among daily smokers in Zhejiang, China.: Setting: The 2020 Global Adult Tobacco Survey was conducted in Zhejiang, China.: Participants: 1244 ... ...

Abstract	Objective: The current study aimed to assess the level of nicotine dependence and its influencing factors among daily smokers in Zhejiang, China. Setting: The 2020 Global Adult Tobacco Survey was conducted in Zhejiang, China. Participants: 1244 daily smokers aged ≥15 years. Measures: Respondents were asked questions regarding their age, sex, residence, education level, occupation, household income, age of starting daily smoking and nicotine dependence. Results: The findings revealed that 17.4% of daily smokers were highly dependent on nicotine, and the mean Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence score of daily smokers was (3.1±2.4). Age, educational level, occupation and age of starting daily smoking had significant effects on high nicotine dependence, whereas residence, sex and yearly household income were not significant factors. Compared with the age group ≥60 years, the proportion of respondents with a higher nicotine dependence level was lower in the age group of 15-39 years (OR=0.45). Daily smokers with a higher education level had a lower nicotine dependence level than those with a lower education level: primary or less (OR=3.07) and secondary (OR=2.62). Government institution staff (OR=4.02), unemployed persons (OR=3.08) and industrial workers (OR=2.46) had significantly higher nicotine dependence levels than did workers in the other occupation categories. People who started daily smoking at ≤18 years of age had a higher nicotine dependence level (OR=2.25) than those who started later. Conclusions: This study elucidated that nearly one-fifth of daily smokers in Zhejiang, China, have high nicotine dependence levels. Improved health information on tobacco smoking is needed to encourage daily smokers to quit smoking, particularly among young males, unemployed persons and those with lower education levels.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; China/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Nicotine ; Smokers ; Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Nicotine (6M3C89ZY6R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2599832-8
ISSN	2044-6055 ; 2044-6055
ISSN (online)	2044-6055
ISSN	2044-6055
DOI	10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062799
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Article ; Online: A New Strategy for Cervical Cancer Prevention Among Chinese Women: How Much Do They Know and How Do They React Toward the HPV Immunization?

Huang, Yu / Xu, Shuiyang / Xu, Yan / Yao, Dingming / Wang, Lei / Zhao, Yushui / Wu, Qingqing

Journal of cancer education : the official journal of the American Association for Cancer Education

2020 Volume 36, Issue 2, Page(s) 386–394

Abstract: In 2017, HPV vaccines were first marketed in China. We carried out an investigation among parents of high school students to assess parents' knowledge of cervical cancer and human papillomavirus (HPV)/HPV vaccines, along with their acceptance of HPV ... ...

Abstract	In 2017, HPV vaccines were first marketed in China. We carried out an investigation among parents of high school students to assess parents' knowledge of cervical cancer and human papillomavirus (HPV)/HPV vaccines, along with their acceptance of HPV vaccination and the factors that influence it, all of which are essential for targeted education regarding HPV vaccination. A cross-sectional study was conducted among parents of high school students in East China using a pretested questionnaire. Data regarding knowledge of cervical cancer, HPV, HPV vaccines, and acceptance of the vaccines were collected and analyzed. In total, 1,200 questionnaires were distributed, with 1,125 valid responses. Overall, 87.5% of respondents knew that cervical cancer is one of the most common genital system cancers; 78.67% knew that HPV causes cervical cancer; 69.2% knew that HPV is primarily transmitted through sex; 54.3% knew that HPV vaccines exist; and 35.6% knew the optimal age for HPV vaccination. Only 4.4% had vaccinated their daughters for HPV, and 35.4% were willing to do so. Reasons for refusal primarily concerned the vaccines' safety (77.4%) and efficacy (61.5%). Multivariate analyses showed that parents who had obtained pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for their daughters showed higher acceptance of HPV vaccines, as well as higher knowledge of cervical cancer, the association of HPV and cervical cancer, and the main transmission route of HPV. Although parents' knowledge level regarding cervical cancer was moderate, it was very low regarding HPV and HPV vaccines. Teenagers' HPV vaccine uptake and parents' willingness to vaccinate their children was also quite low. Educational interventions and awareness campaigns are needed to ensure the success of HPV immunization programs in East China.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Child ; China ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Papillomavirus Vaccines ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/prevention & control ; Vaccination
Chemical Substances	Papillomavirus Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	632898-2
ISSN	1543-0154 ; 0885-8195 ; 1543-1154
ISSN (online)	1543-0154
ISSN	0885-8195 ; 1543-1154
DOI	10.1007/s13187-019-01642-y
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Article: Mining of the association rules between industrialization level and air quality to inform high-quality development in China

Li, Tianxin / Li, Yong / An, Difei / Han, Yangwen / Xu, Shuiyang / Lu, Zhongming / Crittenden, John

Journal of environmental management. 2019 Sept. 15, v. 246

2019

Abstract: It is an urgent challenge to coordinate industrialization and air quality in China since the rapid industrialization over the past forty years caused serious air pollution. In this paper, we measured the industrialization levels of the 31 regions in ... ...

Abstract	It is an urgent challenge to coordinate industrialization and air quality in China since the rapid industrialization over the past forty years caused serious air pollution. In this paper, we measured the industrialization levels of the 31 regions in China from 2003 to 2017 as a sum of per capita gross domestic product (GDP), urban population (% of total), tertiary vs. secondary industry output ratio, non-agricultural output value (% of GDP), non-agricultural employment proportion, and the proportion of added value of manufacturing in the total added value of commodity. We measured air quality as a sum of annual SO2, NO2 and PM10 concentrations. In general, the industrialization level continuously increased while air pollution was reduced in spite of some fluctuations in China. Our results show air pollution presented N-shape relations with the industrialization level in China in the periods from 2003 to 2008, 2009 to 2013, and 2014 to 2017. Air pollution increases as the industrialization occurs but later deceases as the industrialization level improves. However, air pollution rebounds as the industrialization moves further but this rebound became weaker in recent years. With the association rule mining, we identified ranges of the six indicators for industrialization associated with good and poor air quality, respectively. Using industrialization indicators associated with poor air quality as references, we pointed out differentiated strategies for regions to coordinate the industrialization and air quality protection.
Keywords	air pollution ; air quality ; data analysis ; employment ; gross domestic product ; industrialization ; manufacturing ; mining ; nitrogen dioxide ; particulates ; sulfur dioxide ; urban population ; China
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-0915
Size	p. 564-574.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	184882-3
ISSN	1095-8630 ; 0301-4797
ISSN (online)	1095-8630
ISSN	0301-4797
DOI	10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.022
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Mining of the association rules between industrialization level and air quality to inform high-quality development in China.

Li, Tianxin / Li, Yong / An, Difei / Han, Yangwen / Xu, Shuiyang / Lu, Zhongming / Crittenden, John

Journal of environmental management

2019 Volume 246, Page(s) 564–574

Abstract	It is an urgent challenge to coordinate industrialization and air quality in China since the rapid industrialization over the past forty years caused serious air pollution. In this paper, we measured the industrialization levels of the 31 regions in China from 2003 to 2017 as a sum of per capita gross domestic product (GDP), urban population (% of total), tertiary vs. secondary industry output ratio, non-agricultural output value (% of GDP), non-agricultural employment proportion, and the proportion of added value of manufacturing in the total added value of commodity. We measured air quality as a sum of annual SO
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollutants ; Air Pollution ; China ; Industrial Development ; Particulate Matter
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants ; Particulate Matter
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-06-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	184882-3
ISSN	1095-8630 ; 0301-4797
ISSN (online)	1095-8630
ISSN	0301-4797
DOI	10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.022
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Article ; Online: Measures Undertaken in China to Avoid COVID-19 Infection: Internet-Based, Cross-Sectional Survey Study.

Huang, Yu / Wu, Qingqing / Wang, Ping / Xu, Yan / Wang, Lei / Zhao, Yusui / Yao, Dingming / Xu, Yue / Lv, Qiaohong / Xu, Shuiyang

Journal of medical Internet research

2020 Volume 22, Issue 5, Page(s) e18718

Abstract: Background: In early 2020, over 80,000 cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) were confirmed in China. Public prevention and control measures, along with efforts from all sectors of society, were undertaken to control and eliminate disease transmission. ...

Abstract	Background: In early 2020, over 80,000 cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) were confirmed in China. Public prevention and control measures, along with efforts from all sectors of society, were undertaken to control and eliminate disease transmission. Objective: This paper describes Chinese citizens' response to the epidemic, the preventive measures they implemented to avoid being infected, and the public strategies that were carried out by the government, health workers, etc. We also discuss the efficacy of these measures in controlling the epidemic in China. Methods: Information on the responses and behaviors of Chinese citizens were collected through a cross-sectional, internet-based survey using Dingxiang Doctor's public account on WeChat. Information on public strategies implemented by all sectors of society to control the epidemic and data on new COVID-19 cases were collected from the internet, mainly from government websites. Standard descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to analyze the data. Results: A total of 10,304 participants responded to the survey, with 10,198 valid responses; 74.1% (n=7557) were female and 25.9% (n=2641) were male. Overall, 98.2% (n=10,013) of participants paid high or very high attention to the epidemic, with WeChat being their main information source (n=9400, 92.2%). Over half the participants (n=5878, 57.7%) were confident that the epidemic could be curbed in China; 92.4% (n=9427) opened windows for ventilation more frequently than usual; 97.9% (n=9986) used masks in public; 95.7% (n=9759) avoided large crowds and stayed at home as much as possible; and 97.9% (n=9988) washed their hands more often than usual. Women were more likely to practice these behaviors than men (P<.001). With a series of strict public control measures, like nationwide health education campaigns, holiday extensions, the Examine and Approve Policy on the resumption of work, close management of working and living quarters, a health QR (Quick Response) code system, community screening, and social distancing policies, the number of new cases have decreased dramatically since February 12, 2020. Conclusions: The methods employed by Chinese citizens and authorities have effectively curtailed the spread of COVID-19, demonstrating that this pandemic can be brought under control as long as the right measures are taken.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; China/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Internet ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-12
Publishing country	Canada
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2028830-X
ISSN	1438-8871 ; 1438-8871
ISSN (online)	1438-8871
ISSN	1438-8871
DOI	10.2196/18718
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Concerns About Information Regarding COVID-19 on the Internet: Cross-Sectional Study.

Zhao, Yusui / Xu, Shuiyang / Wang, Lei / Huang, Yu / Xu, Yue / Xu, Yan / Lv, Qiaohong / Wang, Zhen / Wu, Qingqing

Journal of medical Internet research

2020 Volume 22, Issue 11, Page(s) e20487

Abstract: Background: Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the Chinese government and the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention have released COVID-19-related information to the public through various channels to raise their concern level of the pandemic, ... ...

Abstract	Background: Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the Chinese government and the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention have released COVID-19-related information to the public through various channels to raise their concern level of the pandemic, increase their knowledge of disease prevention, and ensure the uptake of proper preventive practices. Objective: Our objectives were to determine Chinese netizens' concerns related to COVID-19 and the relationship between their concerns and information on the internet. We also aimed to elucidate the association between individuals' levels of concern, knowledge, and behaviors related to COVID-19. Methods: The questionnaire, which consisted of 15 closed-ended questions, was designed to investigate Chinese netizens' knowledge about COVID-19. The self-selection online survey method of nonprobability sampling was used to recruit participants through Dingxiangyisheng WeChat (a public, medical, and health service platform in China) accounts. Standard descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to analyze the data. Results: In total, 10,304 respondents were surveyed on the internet (response rate=1.75%; 10,304/590,000). Nearly all (n=9803, 95.30%) participants were concerned about "confirmed cases" of COVID-19, and 87.70% (n=9036) received information about the outbreak through social media websites. There were significant differences in participants' concerns by sex (P=.02), age (P<.001), educational attainment (P=.001), and occupation (P<.001). All knowledge questions and preventive practices were associated with concerns about COVID-19. The results of the multivariate logistic regression indicated that participants' sex, educational attainment, occupation and employment status, knowledge acquisition, and concern level were significantly associated with the practice of proper preventive behaviors. Conclusions: This study elucidated Chinese netizens' concerns, information sources, and preventive behaviors related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Sex, educational attainment, occupation and employment status, knowledge acquisition, and level of concern were key factors associated with proper preventive behaviors. This offers a theoretical basis for the government to provide targeted disease prevention and control information to the public.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; China ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Disease Outbreaks/statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity ; Social Media/standards ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-09
Publishing country	Canada
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2028830-X
ISSN	1438-8871 ; 1439-4456
ISSN (online)	1438-8871
ISSN	1439-4456
DOI	10.2196/20487
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Association between secondhand smoke exposure at home and cigarette gifting and sharing in Zhejiang, China: a repeat cross-sectional study.

Xu, Yue / Xu, ShuiYang / Wu, QingQing / Guo, YuJie

BMJ open

2016 Volume 6, Issue 3, Page(s) e010058

Abstract: Objectives: The aims of the current study were to assess the prevalence of household cigarette gifting and sharing, and to evaluate the relationship between secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure, and cigarette gifting and sharing, in Zhejiang, China.: ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: The aims of the current study were to assess the prevalence of household cigarette gifting and sharing, and to evaluate the relationship between secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure, and cigarette gifting and sharing, in Zhejiang, China. Design: A repeat cross-sectional design. Setting: 10 sites in 5 cities in Zhejiang, China. Participants: Two surveys were conducted with adults in Zhejiang, China, in 2010 (N=2112) and 2012 (N=2279), respectively. At both waves, the same questionnaire was used; respondents were asked questions on residence, number of family smokers, indoor smoking rules, household income and cigarette gifting and sharing. Results: The findings revealed that more than half of respondents' families (54.50% in 2010, 52.79% in 2012) reported exposure to SHS. Many families (54.73% in 2010, 47.04% in 2012) shared cigarettes with others, and a minority (14.91% in 2010, 14.17% in 2012) reported their family giving cigarettes as a gift. There was a significant decrease in cigarette sharing from 2010 to 2012, irrespective of household with SHS exposure status; and the cigarette gifting was significantly decreased in household without SHS exposure. Conclusions: Compared to households without SHS exposure, the prevalence of cigarette gifting and sharing in households with SHS exposure was more obvious. Encouraging and promoting a smoke-free household environment is necessary to change public smoking customs in Zhejiang, China.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; China/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Environmental Exposure/prevention & control ; Environmental Exposure/statistics & numerical data ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; Gift Giving ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Smoking/adverse effects ; Smoking/epidemiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Tobacco Products ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution/prevention & control ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution/statistics & numerical data
Chemical Substances	Tobacco Smoke Pollution
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-03-03
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2747269-3
ISSN	2044-6055 ; 2044-6055 ; 2053-3624
ISSN (online)	2044-6055
ISSN	2044-6055 ; 2053-3624
DOI	10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010058
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