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  1. Article ; Online: Biocrude extraction from human-excreta-derived hydrochar for sustainable energy and agricultural applications.

    Yahav Spitzer, Reut / Belete, Yonas Zeslase / Sharon-Gojman, Revital / Posmanik, Roy / Gross, Amit

    Environmental research

    2024  Volume 247, Page(s) 118287

    Abstract: Hydrothermal carbonization may be a sustainable sanitary treatment for wet organic waste including human excreta. Human-excreta-derived hydrochar properties differ from those of typical wet biomass due to the formation of a biocrude-like phase at low ... ...

    Abstract Hydrothermal carbonization may be a sustainable sanitary treatment for wet organic waste including human excreta. Human-excreta-derived hydrochar properties differ from those of typical wet biomass due to the formation of a biocrude-like phase at low reaction temperatures. This study characterized the importance of this phase in terms of hydrochar combustion properties and potential agricultural use. Hydrothermal carbonization of raw human excreta was undertaken at 180, 210, and 240 °C, after which the biocrude phase was extracted with dichloromethane. Physicochemical properties, surface-area parameters, combustion profiles, and gas emissions of non-extracted hydrochar, biocrude, and extracted hydrochar were compared. The potential agricultural use of extracted hydrochar was assessed in germination experiments. Biocrude comprised up to 49.5% of hydrochar mass with a calorific value of >60% that of extracted hydrochar. Biocrude combustion properties were better than those of hydrochar, before and after extraction as demonstrated by higher combustion index value (S
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Carbon/chemistry ; Temperature ; Biofuels ; Cold Temperature ; Seeds
    Chemical Substances Carbon (7440-44-0) ; Biofuels
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-22
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 205699-9
    ISSN 1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
    ISSN (online) 1096-0953
    ISSN 0013-9351
    DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118287
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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 726: Show issues Location:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
    bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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  2. Article ; Online: Hydrothermal carbonization reaction severity as an indicator of human-excreta-derived hydrochar properties and it's combustion.

    Yahav Spitzer, Reut / Belete, Yonas Zeslase / Johnson, Hunter A / Kolusheva, Sofiya / Mau, Vivian / Gross, Amit

    The Science of the total environment

    2023  Volume 872, Page(s) 162176

    Abstract: Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is an emerging technology that may potentially address sanitation problems and energy scarcity. However, the significance of the parameters that govern HTC (e.g., temperature and time) is not fully understood, in ... ...

    Abstract Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is an emerging technology that may potentially address sanitation problems and energy scarcity. However, the significance of the parameters that govern HTC (e.g., temperature and time) is not fully understood, in particular for human excreta. A simplified coalification model was used to describe the 'strength' of thermal reactions by combining temperature and time into a single parameter, the severity factor. This study is the first to assess the extent to which a severity coalification model can predict the properties of human-excreta-derived hydrochar for a given severity with different combinations of reaction time and temperature. HTC experiments with raw human excreta were undertaken with 50 mL batch reactors at five different severities. Severity was established with different combinations of temperature (180 °C, 210 °C, and 240 °C) and reaction time based on the severity-factor equation. The resulting hydrochars were tested for combustion properties, and the respective gas emission as well as, physicochemical and surface area parameters. Significant correlations were found between severity and yield (R
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-11
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 121506-1
    ISSN 1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
    ISSN (online) 1879-1026
    ISSN 0048-9697
    DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162176
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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 949: Show issues Location:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
    bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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  3. Article: Using hydrothermal carbonization for sustainable treatment and reuse of human excreta

    Yahav Spitzer, Reut / Vivian Mau / Amit Gross

    Journal of cleaner production. 2018 Dec. 20, v. 205

    2018  

    Abstract: Poor sanitation due to improper treatment of human excreta, and energy scarcity are global problems with only partial solutions. Thus, feasible conversion of human excreta into safe, reusable “products” and renewable energy could be advantageous. The ... ...

    Abstract Poor sanitation due to improper treatment of human excreta, and energy scarcity are global problems with only partial solutions. Thus, feasible conversion of human excreta into safe, reusable “products” and renewable energy could be advantageous. The research objectives were to study the properties and major chemical processes occurring during hydrothermal carbonization of raw human excreta with typical solids content, as well as exploring potential use of the resulting hydrochar and aqueous phase. Human excreta (often considered as black water) were hydrothermally carbonized in a set of nine 50-mL laboratory batch reactors under a range of severities, a single parameter obtained from a coalification model that represents the combination of temperature and time. Three temperatures (180, 210 and 240 °C) and reaction times (30, 60 and 120 min) were used. The physicochemical characteristics such as yield, elemental composition, organic matter and calorific value of the hydrochar (solid phase) were studied. Aqueous phase was characterized for carbon, nitrogen, macro and micronutrients composition. In addition, the potential use of the hydrochar and aqueous phase were studied. There was high correlation between severity factor and carbon content (R² = 0.95) and calorific value (R² = 0.89). Hydrochar yield decreased with increasing severity from 69 to 56%. Calorific values increased from 24.7 to 27.6 MJ/kg, falling within the calorific range of sub-bituminous coal. The aqueous phase demonstrated high nitrogen concentration, reaching up to 8178 mg/L total nitrogen, while N:P:K ratios were similar to those of commercial fertilizers. Pilot scale experiments resembled the results found in laboratory scale experiments for both hydrochar and aqueous phase and fitted the regression curves obtained from the severity factor. It is postulated that hydrothermal carbonization of human excreta could potentially serve as a sustainable sanitation technology with a closed-loop cycle approach while recovering energy and nutrients.
    Keywords carbon ; coal ; elemental composition ; energy ; excreta ; fertilizers ; humans ; hydrochars ; hydrothermal carbonization ; laboratory experimentation ; models ; nitrogen ; nutrients ; organic matter ; physicochemical properties ; renewable energy sources ; sanitation ; temperature ; total nitrogen
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2018-1220
    Size p. 955-963.
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    ISSN 0959-6526
    DOI 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.126
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  4. Article ; Online: Hydrothermal carbonization of anaerobic digestate and manure from a dairy farm on energy recovery and the fate of nutrients.

    Belete, Yonas Zeslase / Mau, Vivian / Yahav Spitzer, Reut / Posmanik, Roy / Jassby, David / Iddya, Arpita / Kassem, Nazih / Tester, Jefferson W / Gross, Amit

    Bioresource technology

    2021  Volume 333, Page(s) 125164

    Abstract: Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of raw and anaerobically digested (AD) manure with either water or whey was studied, with the goal of recovering energy and nutrients. Specifically, the impacts of HTC reaction temperature (180-240 °C), solid feedstock, ... ...

    Abstract Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of raw and anaerobically digested (AD) manure with either water or whey was studied, with the goal of recovering energy and nutrients. Specifically, the impacts of HTC reaction temperature (180-240 °C), solid feedstock, and type of liquid on hydrochar quality and aqueous phase properties were tested. Of the hydrochars produced, the calorific value of whey-based hydrochar was the highest, (19.4 and 16.0 MJ/kg for manure and digestate, respectively). Overall, the net energy gain was higher for HTC of manure with whey (7.4-8.3 MJ/kg dry feedstock) and water (4.4-5.1 MJ/kg) compared to the combined AD-HTC process with whey (4.4-5.3 MJ/kg) and water (2.3-2.9 MJ/kg). Digestate-derived hydrochar contained up to 1.8% P, higher than manure-derived hydrochar (≤1.5%). Using whey as a liquid for HTC increased the aqueous-phase N-P-K concentrations up to 3,200, 410, and 7,900 mg/L, respectively, suggesting its potential use as a liquid fertilizer.
    MeSH term(s) Anaerobiosis ; Carbon ; Farms ; Manure ; Nutrients ; Temperature
    Chemical Substances Manure ; Carbon (7440-44-0)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-18
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1065195-0
    ISSN 1873-2976 ; 0960-8524
    ISSN (online) 1873-2976
    ISSN 0960-8524
    DOI 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125164
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    In stock of ZB MED Bonn / Germany

    Z 3258: Show issues

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  5. Article: Hydrothermal carbonization of anaerobic digestate and manure from a dairy farm on energy recovery and the fate of nutrients

    Belete, Yonas Zeslase / Mau, Vivian / Yahav Spitzer, Reut / Posmanik, Roy / Jassby, David / Iddya, Arpita / Kassem, Nazih / Tester, Jefferson W / Gross, Amit

    Bioresource technology. 2021 Aug., v. 333

    2021  

    Abstract: Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of raw and anaerobically digested (AD) manure with either water or whey was studied, with the goal of recovering energy and nutrients. Specifically, the impacts of HTC reaction temperature (180–240 °C), solid feedstock, ... ...

    Abstract Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of raw and anaerobically digested (AD) manure with either water or whey was studied, with the goal of recovering energy and nutrients. Specifically, the impacts of HTC reaction temperature (180–240 °C), solid feedstock, and type of liquid on hydrochar quality and aqueous phase properties were tested. Of the hydrochars produced, the calorific value of whey-based hydrochar was the highest, (19.4 and 16.0 MJ/kg for manure and digestate, respectively). Overall, the net energy gain was higher for HTC of manure with whey (7.4–8.3 MJ/kg dry feedstock) and water (4.4–5.1 MJ/kg) compared to the combined AD-HTC process with whey (4.4–5.3 MJ/kg) and water (2.3–2.9 MJ/kg). Digestate-derived hydrochar contained up to 1.8% P, higher than manure-derived hydrochar (≤1.5%). Using whey as a liquid for HTC increased the aqueous-phase N-P-K concentrations up to 3,200, 410, and 7,900 mg/L, respectively, suggesting its potential use as a liquid fertilizer.
    Keywords dairy farming ; energy ; energy recovery ; hydrochars ; hydrothermal carbonization ; liquid fertilizers ; liquids ; temperature ; whey
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2021-08
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note NAL-AP-2-clean
    ZDB-ID 1065195-0
    ISSN 1873-2976 ; 0960-8524
    ISSN (online) 1873-2976
    ISSN 0960-8524
    DOI 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125164
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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    In stock of ZB MED Bonn / Germany

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