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  1. Article ; Online: Application of a Tissue Clearing Method for the Analysis of Dopaminergic Axonal Projections.

    Yamauchi, Kenta / Takahashi, Megumu / Hioki, Hiroyuki

    Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)

    2021  Volume 2322, Page(s) 141–150

    Abstract: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized with the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Quantitative analysis of neuronal loss including neuronal processes, axons and ... ...

    Abstract Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized with the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Quantitative analysis of neuronal loss including neuronal processes, axons and dendrites, would advance the understanding of the pathogenesis of PD. ScaleS, an aqueous tissue clearing method, provides stable tissue preservation while maintaining potent clearing capability, allowing quantitative three-dimensional (3D) imaging of biological tissues. In this chapter, we describe detailed procedures for 3D imaging of brain slice tissues with ScaleS technique. These include brain slice preparation, tissue clarification, chemical and immunohistochemical labeling (ChemScale and AbScale), and observation of labeled tissues using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM).
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Axons/metabolism ; Axons/pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Dopaminergic Neurons/metabolism ; Dopaminergic Neurons/pathology ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods ; Mice ; Microscopy, Confocal/methods ; Parkinson Disease/metabolism ; Parkinson Disease/pathology ; Substantia Nigra/metabolism ; Substantia Nigra/pathology
    Chemical Substances Dopamine (VTD58H1Z2X)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 1940-6029
    ISSN (online) 1940-6029
    DOI 10.1007/978-1-0716-1495-2_14
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: A tissue clearing method for neuronal imaging from mesoscopic to microscopic scales

    Yamauchi, Kenta / Okamoto, Shinichiro / Takahashi, Megumu / Koike, Masato / Furuta, Takahiro / Hioki, Hiroyuki

    Journal of visualized experiments. 2022 May 10, , no. 183

    2022  

    Abstract: A detailed protocol is provided here to visualize neuronal structures from mesoscopic to microscopic levels in brain tissues. Neuronal structures ranging from neural circuits to subcellular neuronal structures are visualized in mouse brain slices ... ...

    Abstract A detailed protocol is provided here to visualize neuronal structures from mesoscopic to microscopic levels in brain tissues. Neuronal structures ranging from neural circuits to subcellular neuronal structures are visualized in mouse brain slices optically cleared with ScaleSF. This clearing method is a modified version of ScaleS and is a hydrophilic tissue clearing method for tissue slices that achieves potent clearing capability as well as a high-level of preservation of fluorescence signals and structural integrity. A customizable three dimensional (3D)-printed imaging chamber is designed for reliable mounting of cleared brain tissues. Mouse brains injected with an adeno-associated virus vector carrying enhanced green fluorescent protein gene were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and cut into slices of 1-mm thickness with a vibrating tissue slicer. The brain slices were cleared by following the clearing protocol, which include sequential incubations in three solutions, namely, ScaleS0 solution, phosphate buffer saline (–), and ScaleS4 solution, for a total of 10.5–14.5 h. The cleared brain slices were mounted on the imaging chamber and embedded in 1.5% agarose gel dissolved in ScaleS4D25(0) solution. The 3D image acquisition of the slices was carried out using a confocal laser scanning microscope equipped with a multi-immersion objective lens of a long working distance. Beginning with mesoscopic neuronal imaging, we succeeded in visualizing fine subcellular neuronal structures, such as dendritic spines and axonal boutons, in the optically cleared brain slices. This protocol would facilitate understanding of neuronal structures from circuit to subcellular component scales.
    Keywords Dependoparvovirus ; agarose ; brain ; fluorescence ; gels ; genes ; green fluorescent protein ; hydrophilicity ; mice ; neurons ; phosphates
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-0510
    Size p. e63941.
    Publishing place Journal of Visualized Experiments
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2259946-0
    ISSN 1940-087X
    ISSN 1940-087X
    DOI 10.3791/63941
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  3. Article ; Online: Protocol for multi-scale light microscopy/electron microscopy neuronal imaging in mouse brain tissue.

    Yamauchi, Kenta / Furuta, Takahiro / Okamoto, Shinichiro / Takahashi, Megumu / Koike, Masato / Hioki, Hiroyuki

    STAR protocols

    2022  Volume 3, Issue 3, Page(s) 101508

    Abstract: An imaging technique across multiple spatial scales is required for extracting structural information on neurons with processes of meter scale length and specialized nanoscale structures. Here, we present a protocol combining multi-scale light microscopy ...

    Abstract An imaging technique across multiple spatial scales is required for extracting structural information on neurons with processes of meter scale length and specialized nanoscale structures. Here, we present a protocol combining multi-scale light microscopy (LM) with electron microscopy (EM) in mouse brain tissue. We describe tissue slice preparation and LM/EM dual labeling with EGFP-APEX2 fusion protein. We then detail Sca
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Brain ; Mice ; Microscopy, Electron ; Neurons
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-18
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 2666-1667
    ISSN (online) 2666-1667
    DOI 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101508
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: A Tissue Clearing Method for Neuronal Imaging from Mesoscopic to Microscopic Scales.

    Yamauchi, Kenta / Okamoto, Shinichiro / Takahashi, Megumu / Koike, Masato / Furuta, Takahiro / Hioki, Hiroyuki

    Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE

    2022  , Issue 183

    Abstract: A detailed protocol is provided here to visualize neuronal structures from mesoscopic to microscopic levels in brain tissues. Neuronal structures ranging from neural circuits to subcellular neuronal structures are visualized in mouse brain slices ... ...

    Abstract A detailed protocol is provided here to visualize neuronal structures from mesoscopic to microscopic levels in brain tissues. Neuronal structures ranging from neural circuits to subcellular neuronal structures are visualized in mouse brain slices optically cleared with ScaleSF. This clearing method is a modified version of ScaleS and is a hydrophilic tissue clearing method for tissue slices that achieves potent clearing capability as well as a high-level of preservation of fluorescence signals and structural integrity. A customizable three dimensional (3D)-printed imaging chamber is designed for reliable mounting of cleared brain tissues. Mouse brains injected with an adeno-associated virus vector carrying enhanced green fluorescent protein gene were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and cut into slices of 1-mm thickness with a vibrating tissue slicer. The brain slices were cleared by following the clearing protocol, which include sequential incubations in three solutions, namely, ScaleS0 solution, phosphate buffer saline (-), and ScaleS4 solution, for a total of 10.5-14.5 h. The cleared brain slices were mounted on the imaging chamber and embedded in 1.5% agarose gel dissolved in ScaleS4D25(0) solution. The 3D image acquisition of the slices was carried out using a confocal laser scanning microscope equipped with a multi-immersion objective lens of a long working distance. Beginning with mesoscopic neuronal imaging, we succeeded in visualizing fine subcellular neuronal structures, such as dendritic spines and axonal boutons, in the optically cleared brain slices. This protocol would facilitate understanding of neuronal structures from circuit to subcellular component scales.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Brain/metabolism ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods ; Mice ; Microscopy, Confocal/methods ; Neurons
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Video-Audio Media ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2259946-0
    ISSN 1940-087X ; 1940-087X
    ISSN (online) 1940-087X
    ISSN 1940-087X
    DOI 10.3791/63941
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Specific AAV2/PHP.eB-mediated gene transduction of CA2 pyramidal cells via injection into the lateral ventricle.

    Okamoto, Kazuki / Kamikubo, Yuji / Yamauchi, Kenta / Okamoto, Shinichiro / Takahashi, Megumu / Ishida, Yoko / Koike, Masato / Ikegaya, Yuji / Sakurai, Takashi / Hioki, Hiroyuki

    Scientific reports

    2023  Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 323

    Abstract: Given its limited accessibility, the CA2 area has been less investigated compared to other subregions of the hippocampus. While the development of transgenic mice expressing Cre recombinase in the CA2 has revealed unique features of this area, the use of ...

    Abstract Given its limited accessibility, the CA2 area has been less investigated compared to other subregions of the hippocampus. While the development of transgenic mice expressing Cre recombinase in the CA2 has revealed unique features of this area, the use of mouse lines has several limitations, such as lack of specificity. Therefore, a specific gene delivery system is required. Here, we confirmed that the AAV-PHP.eB capsid preferably infected CA2 pyramidal cells following retro-orbital injection and demonstrated that the specificity was substantially higher after injection into the lateral ventricle. In addition, a tropism for the CA2 area was observed in organotypic slice cultures. Combined injection into the lateral ventricle and stereotaxic injection into the CA2 area specifically introduced the transgene into CA2 pyramidal cells, enabling us to perform targeted patch-clamp recordings and optogenetic manipulation. These results suggest that AAV-PHP.eB is a versatile tool for specific gene transduction in CA2 pyramidal cells.
    MeSH term(s) Mice ; Animals ; Transduction, Genetic ; Lateral Ventricles ; Genetic Vectors/genetics ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; Mice, Transgenic ; Pyramidal Cells ; Dependovirus/genetics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-06
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-022-27372-8
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Excitatory cortical neurons with multipolar shape establish neuronal polarity by forming a tangentially oriented axon in the intermediate zone.

    Hatanaka, Yumiko / Yamauchi, Kenta

    Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)

    2013  Volume 23, Issue 1, Page(s) 105–113

    Abstract: The formation of axon-dendrite polarity is crucial for neuron to make the proper information flow within the brain. Although the processes of neuronal polarity formation have been extensively studied using neurons in dissociated culture, the ... ...

    Abstract The formation of axon-dendrite polarity is crucial for neuron to make the proper information flow within the brain. Although the processes of neuronal polarity formation have been extensively studied using neurons in dissociated culture, the corresponding developmental processes in vivo are still unclear. Here, we illuminate the initial steps of morphological polarization of excitatory cortical neurons in situ, by sparsely labeling their neuroepithelial progenitors using in utero electroporation and then examining their neuronal progeny in brain sections and in slice cultures. Morphological analysis showed that an axon-like long tangential process formed in progeny cells in the intermediate zone (IZ). Time-lapse imaging analysis using slice culture revealed that progeny cells with multipolar shape, after alternately extending and retracting their short processes for several hours, suddenly elongated a long process tangentially. These cells then transformed into a bipolar shape, extending a pia-directed leading process, and migrated radially leaving the tangential process behind, which gave rise to an "L-shaped" axon. Our findings suggest that neuronal polarity in these cells is established de novo from a nonpolarized stage in vivo and indicate that excitatory cortical neurons with multipolar shape in the IZ initiate axon outgrowth before radial migration into the cortical plate.
    MeSH term(s) Aging/pathology ; Animals ; Axons/ultrastructure ; Cell Size ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology ; Dendrites/ultrastructure ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Morphogenesis/physiology ; Neurons/cytology ; Synapses/ultrastructure
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1077450-6
    ISSN 1460-2199 ; 1047-3211
    ISSN (online) 1460-2199
    ISSN 1047-3211
    DOI 10.1093/cercor/bhr383
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Cortical Divergent Projections in Mice Originate from Two Sequentially Generated, Distinct Populations of Excitatory Cortical Neurons with Different Initial Axonal Outgrowth Characteristics.

    Hatanaka, Yumiko / Namikawa, Tomohiro / Yamauchi, Kenta / Kawaguchi, Yasuo

    Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)

    2016  Volume 26, Issue 5, Page(s) 2257–2270

    Abstract: Excitatory cortical neurons project to various subcortical and intracortical regions, and exhibit diversity in their axonal connections. Although this diversity may develop from primary axons, how many types of axons initially occur remains unknown. ... ...

    Abstract Excitatory cortical neurons project to various subcortical and intracortical regions, and exhibit diversity in their axonal connections. Although this diversity may develop from primary axons, how many types of axons initially occur remains unknown. Using a sparse-labeling in utero electroporation method, we investigated the axonal outgrowth of these neurons in mice and correlated the data with axonal projections in adults. Examination of lateral cortex neurons labeled during the main period of cortical neurogenesis (E11.5-E15.5) indicated that axonal outgrowth commonly occurs in the intermediate zone. Conversely, the axonal direction varied; neurons labeled before E12.5 and the earliest cortical plate neurons labeled at E12.5 projected laterally, whereas neurons labeled thereafter projected medially. The expression of Ctip2 and Satb2 and the layer destinations of these neurons support the view that lateral and medial projection neurons are groups of prospective subcortical and callosal projection neurons, respectively. Consistently, birthdating experiments demonstrated that presumptive lateral projection neurons were generated earlier than medial projection neurons, even within the same layer. These results suggest that the divergent axonal connections of excitatory cortical neurons begin from two types of primary axons, which originate from two sequentially generated distinct subpopulations: early-born lateral (subcortical) and later-born medial (callosal) projection neuron groups.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Axons/physiology ; Cerebral Cortex/embryology ; Cerebral Cortex/metabolism ; Cerebral Cortex/physiology ; Electroporation ; Matrix Attachment Region Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Mice ; Neural Pathways/embryology ; Neural Pathways/metabolism ; Neural Pathways/physiology ; Neurogenesis ; Neurons/metabolism ; Neurons/physiology ; Repressor Proteins ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins
    Chemical Substances Bcl11b protein, mouse ; Matrix Attachment Region Binding Proteins ; Repressor Proteins ; SATB2 protein, mouse ; Transcription Factors ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1077450-6
    ISSN 1460-2199 ; 1047-3211
    ISSN (online) 1460-2199
    ISSN 1047-3211
    DOI 10.1093/cercor/bhv077
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Fluorochromized tyramide-glucose oxidase as a multiplex fluorescent tyramide signal amplification system for histochemical analysis.

    Yamauchi, Kenta / Okamoto, Shinichiro / Ishida, Yoko / Konno, Kohtarou / Hoshino, Kisara / Furuta, Takahiro / Takahashi, Megumu / Koike, Masato / Isa, Kaoru / Watanabe, Masahiko / Isa, Tadashi / Hioki, Hiroyuki

    Scientific reports

    2022  Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 14807

    Abstract: Tyramide signal amplification (TSA) is a highly sensitive method for histochemical analysis. Previously, we reported a TSA system, biotinyl tyramine-glucose oxidase (BT-GO), for bright-filed imaging. Here, we develop fluorochromized tyramide-glucose ... ...

    Abstract Tyramide signal amplification (TSA) is a highly sensitive method for histochemical analysis. Previously, we reported a TSA system, biotinyl tyramine-glucose oxidase (BT-GO), for bright-filed imaging. Here, we develop fluorochromized tyramide-glucose oxidase (FT-GO) as a multiplex fluorescent TSA system. FT-GO involves peroxidase-catalyzed deposition of fluorochromized tyramide (FT) with hydrogen peroxide produced by enzymatic reaction between glucose and glucose oxidase. We showed that FT-GO enhanced immunofluorescence signals while maintaining low background signals. Compared with indirect immunofluorescence detections, FT-GO demonstrated a more widespread distribution of monoaminergic projection systems in mouse and marmoset brains. For multiplex labeling with FT-GO, we quenched antibody-conjugated peroxidase using sodium azide. We applied FT-GO to multiplex fluorescent in situ hybridization, and succeeded in labeling neocortical interneuron subtypes by coupling with immunofluorescence. FT-GO immunofluorescence further increased the detectability of an adeno-associated virus tracer. Given its simplicity and a staining with a high signal-to-noise ratio, FT-GO would provide a versatile platform for histochemical analysis.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Coloring Agents ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Glucose Oxidase ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence/methods ; Mice ; Peroxidases
    Chemical Substances Coloring Agents ; Glucose Oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4) ; Peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-09-12
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-022-19085-9
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Preferential arborization of dendrites and axons of parvalbumin- and somatostatin-positive GABAergic neurons within subregions of the mouse claustrum.

    Takahashi, Megumu / Kobayashi, Tomoyo / Mizuma, Haruhi / Yamauchi, Kenta / Okamoto, Shinichiro / Okamoto, Kazuki / Ishida, Yoko / Koike, Masato / Watanabe, Masahiko / Isa, Tadashi / Hioki, Hiroyuki

    Neuroscience research

    2022  Volume 190, Page(s) 92–106

    Abstract: The claustrum coordinates the activities of individual cortical areas through abundant reciprocal connections with the cerebral cortex. Although these excitatory connections have been extensively investigated in three subregions of the claustrum-core ... ...

    Abstract The claustrum coordinates the activities of individual cortical areas through abundant reciprocal connections with the cerebral cortex. Although these excitatory connections have been extensively investigated in three subregions of the claustrum-core region and dorsal and ventral shell regions-the contribution of GABAergic neurons to the circuitry in each subregion remains unclear. Here, we examined the distribution of GABAergic neurons and their dendritic and axonal arborizations in each subregion. Combining in situ hybridization with immunofluorescence histochemistry showed that approximately 10% of neuronal nuclei-positive cells expressed glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 mRNA across the claustral subregions. Approximately 20%, 30%, and 10% of GABAergic neurons were immunoreactive for parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SOM), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, respectively, in each subregion, and these neurochemical markers showed little overlap with each other. We then reconstructed PV and SOM neurons labeled with adeno-associated virus vectors. The dendrites and axons of PV and SOM neurons were preferentially localized to their respective subregions where their cell bodies were located. Furthermore, the axons were preferentially extended in a rostrocaudal direction, whereas the dendrites were relatively isotropic. The present findings suggest that claustral PV and SOM neurons might execute information processing separately within the core and shell regions.
    MeSH term(s) Mice ; Animals ; Parvalbumins/metabolism ; Claustrum/metabolism ; Axons/metabolism ; GABAergic Neurons/metabolism ; Somatostatin/metabolism ; Dendrites/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Parvalbumins ; Somatostatin (51110-01-1)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-26
    Publishing country Ireland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 605842-5
    ISSN 1872-8111 ; 0168-0102 ; 0921-8696
    ISSN (online) 1872-8111
    ISSN 0168-0102 ; 0921-8696
    DOI 10.1016/j.neures.2022.11.008
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Exclusive labeling of direct and indirect pathway neurons in the mouse neostriatum by an adeno-associated virus vector with Cre/lox system.

    Okamoto, Shinichiro / Yamauchi, Kenta / Sohn, Jaerin / Takahashi, Megumu / Ishida, Yoko / Furuta, Takahiro / Koike, Masato / Fujiyama, Fumino / Hioki, Hiroyuki

    STAR protocols

    2020  Volume 2, Issue 1, Page(s) 100230

    Abstract: We developed an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector-based technique to label mouse neostriatal neurons comprising direct and indirect pathways with different fluorescent proteins and analyze their axonal projections. The AAV vector expresses GFP or RFP ... ...

    Abstract We developed an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector-based technique to label mouse neostriatal neurons comprising direct and indirect pathways with different fluorescent proteins and analyze their axonal projections. The AAV vector expresses GFP or RFP in the presence or absence of Cre recombinase and should be useful for labeling two cell populations exclusively dependent on its expression. Here, we describe the AAV vector design, stereotaxic injection of the AAV vector, and a highly sensitive immunoperoxidase method for axon visualization. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Okamoto et al. (2020).
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Dependovirus ; Genetic Vectors ; Integrases/biosynthesis ; Integrases/genetics ; Mice ; Neostriatum/cytology ; Neostriatum/metabolism ; Neural Pathways/cytology ; Neural Pathways/metabolism ; Neurons/cytology ; Neurons/metabolism ; Transduction, Genetic
    Chemical Substances Cre recombinase (EC 2.7.7.-) ; Integrases (EC 2.7.7.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-12-18
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 2666-1667
    ISSN (online) 2666-1667
    DOI 10.1016/j.xpro.2020.100230
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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