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Article ; Online: Complex patterns of morphological diversity across multiple populations of an urban bird species.

Diamant, Eleanor S / Yeh, Pamela J

Evolution; international journal of organic evolution

2024

Abstract: Urbanization presents a natural evolutionary experiment because selection pressures in cities can be strongly mismatched with those found in species' historic habitats. However, some species have managed to adapt and even thrive in these novel conditions. ...

Abstract	Urbanization presents a natural evolutionary experiment because selection pressures in cities can be strongly mismatched with those found in species' historic habitats. However, some species have managed to adapt and even thrive in these novel conditions. When a species persists across multiple cities, a fundamental question arises: do we see similar traits evolve under similar novel environments? By testing if and how similar phenotypes emerge across multiple urban populations, we can begin to assess the predictability of population response to anthropogenic change. Here, we examine variation within and across multiple populations of a songbird, the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis). We measured morphological variations in juncos across urban and non-urban populations in Southern California. We investigated whether the variations we observed are due to differences in environmental conditions across cities. Bill shape differed across urban populations; Los Angeles and Santa Barbara juncos had shorter, deeper bills than non-urban juncos, but San Diego juncos did not. On the other hand, wing length decreased with the built environment, regardless of the population. Southern Californian urban juncos exhibit both similarities and differences in morphological traits. Studying multiple urban populations can help us determine the predictability of phenotypic evolutionary response to novel environments.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-05-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2036375-8
ISSN	1558-5646 ; 0014-3820
ISSN (online)	1558-5646
ISSN	0014-3820
DOI	10.1093/evolut/qpae067
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Estimating microbial population data from optical density.

Mira, Portia / Yeh, Pamela / Hall, Barry G

PloS one

2022 Volume 17, Issue 10, Page(s) e0276040

Abstract: The spectrophotometer has been used for decades to measure the density of bacterial populations as the turbidity expressed as optical density-OD. However, the OD alone is an unreliable metric and is only proportionately accurate to cell titers to about ... ...

Abstract	The spectrophotometer has been used for decades to measure the density of bacterial populations as the turbidity expressed as optical density-OD. However, the OD alone is an unreliable metric and is only proportionately accurate to cell titers to about an OD of 0.1. The relationship between OD and cell titer depends on the configuration of the spectrophotometer, the length of the light path through the culture, the size of the bacterial cells, and the cell culture density. We demonstrate the importance of plate reader calibration to identify the exact relationship between OD and cells/mL. We use four bacterial genera and two sizes of micro-titer plates (96-well and 384-well) to show that the cell/ml per unit OD depends heavily on the bacterial cell size and plate size. We applied our calibration curve to real growth curve data and conclude the cells/mL-rather than OD-is a metric that can be used to directly compare results across experiments, labs, instruments, and species.
MeSH term(s)	Bacteria ; Spectrophotometry/methods
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0276040
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Article ; Online: L-Type Calcium Channels Contribute to Ethanol-Induced Aberrant Tangential Migration of Primordial Cortical GABAergic Interneurons in the Embryonic Medial Prefrontal Cortex.

Lee, Stephanie M / Yeh, Pamela W L / Yeh, Hermes H

eNeuro

2022 Volume 9, Issue 1

Abstract: Exposure of the fetus to alcohol (ethanol) via maternal consumption during pregnancy can result in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), hallmarked by long-term physical, behavioral, and intellectual abnormalities. In our preclinical mouse model of ... ...

Abstract	Exposure of the fetus to alcohol (ethanol) via maternal consumption during pregnancy can result in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), hallmarked by long-term physical, behavioral, and intellectual abnormalities. In our preclinical mouse model of FASD, prenatal ethanol exposure disrupts tangential migration of corticopetal GABAergic interneurons (GINs) in the embryonic medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). We postulated that ethanol perturbed the normal pattern of tangential migration via enhancing GABA
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Calcium Channels, L-Type ; Cerebral Cortex ; Embryonic Development ; Ethanol/toxicity ; Female ; Interneurons ; Mice ; Prefrontal Cortex ; Pregnancy
Chemical Substances	Calcium Channels, L-Type ; Ethanol (3K9958V90M)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2800598-3
ISSN	2373-2822 ; 2373-2822
ISSN (online)	2373-2822
ISSN	2373-2822
DOI	10.1523/ENEURO.0359-21.2021
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Article ; Online: Precocious emergence of cognitive and synaptic dysfunction in 3xTg-AD mice exposed prenatally to ethanol.

Tousley, Adelaide R / Yeh, Pamela W L / Yeh, Hermes H

Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.)

2022 Volume 107, Page(s) 56–72

Abstract: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, affecting approximately 50 million people worldwide. Early life risk factors for AD, including prenatal exposures, remain underexplored. Exposure of the fetus to alcohol (ethanol) is not ... ...

Abstract	Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, affecting approximately 50 million people worldwide. Early life risk factors for AD, including prenatal exposures, remain underexplored. Exposure of the fetus to alcohol (ethanol) is not uncommon during pregnancy, and may result in physical, behavioral, and cognitive changes that are first detected during childhood but result in lifelong challenges. Whether or not prenatal ethanol exposure may contribute to Alzheimer's disease risk is not yet known. Here we exposed a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (3xTg-AD), bearing three dementia-associated transgenes, presenilin1 (PS1M146V), human amyloid precursor protein (APPSwe), and human tau (TauP301S), to ethanol on gestational days 13.5-16.5 using an established binge-type maternal ethanol exposure paradigm. We sought to investigate whether prenatal ethanol exposure resulted in a precocious onset or increased severity of AD progression, or both. We found that a brief binge-type gestational exposure to ethanol during a period of peak neuronal migration to the developing cortex resulted in an earlier onset of spatial memory deficits and behavioral inflexibility in the progeny, as assessed by performance on the modified Barnes maze task. The observed cognitive changes coincided with alterations to both GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic transmission in layer V/VI neurons, diminished GABAergic interneurons, and increased β-amyloid accumulation in the medial prefrontal cortex. These findings provide the first preclinical evidence for prenatal ethanol exposure as a potential factor for modifying the onset of AD-like behavioral dysfunction and set the groundwork for more comprehensive investigations into the underpinnings of AD-like cognitive changes in individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Female ; Humans ; Mice ; Pregnancy ; Alzheimer Disease/chemically induced ; Alzheimer Disease/genetics ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics ; Cognition/drug effects ; Disease Models, Animal ; Ethanol/toxicity ; Mice, Transgenic ; Neurons/drug effects ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/chemically induced ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/genetics
Chemical Substances	Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor ; Ethanol (3K9958V90M) ; MAPT protein, human ; presenilin 1, mouse ; APP protein, human
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	605912-0
ISSN	1873-6823 ; 0741-8329
ISSN (online)	1873-6823
ISSN	0741-8329
DOI	10.1016/j.alcohol.2022.08.003
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Article ; Online: Phenotypic plasticity in the anthropause: does reduced human activity impact novel nesting behaviour in an urban bird?

Bressler, Samuel A. / Diamant, Eleanor S. / Cen, Christina / Yeh, Pamela J.

Animal Behaviour.

2023

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic temporarily transformed urban ecosystems by restricting public human activity to only the most essential societal functions, even as other landscape level factors such as the built environment remained unchanged. In so doing, it ... ...

Abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic temporarily transformed urban ecosystems by restricting public human activity to only the most essential societal functions, even as other landscape level factors such as the built environment remained unchanged. In so doing, it provided a unique opportunity to experimentally answer questions about the role of human disturbance in driving behavioural adaptation in urban wildlife. We compared nesting data collected on an urban dark-eyed junco, Junco hyemalis, population nesting on the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), U.S.A. campus during the 2021 nesting season, when the campus restrictions were in effect, to a similar data set collected in 2019, before the pandemic, in order to examine (1) whether urban dark-eyed juncos on the UCLA campus altered their use of novel off-ground and artificial nesting sites in response to reduced human activity and (2) whether reduced human activity impacted nesting success. We found that after a >80% reduction in human activity, junco nesting success during the COVID-19 pandemic modestly increased compared to prepandemic levels. However, nest site selection remained unchanged. Our findings suggest that the landscape of the built environment or urban predators, rather than disturbance by human activity, drives novel nest site selection in urban birds.
Keywords	COVID-19 infection ; Junco hyemalis ; animal behavior ; anthropogenic activities ; birds ; data collection ; humans ; landscapes ; nesting sites ; pandemic ; phenotypic plasticity ; wildlife ; California ; COVID-19 ; dark-eyed junco ; human disturbance ; urban adaptation ; urbanization
Language	English
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	281-1
ISSN	0003-3472
ISSN	0003-3472
DOI	10.1016/j.anbehav.2023.06.010
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Urban junco flight initiation distances correlate with approach velocities of anthropogenic sounds

Lukas, Kara / Stansell, Hayley M. / Yeh, Pamela J. / Nonacs, Peter

Ethology Ecology & Evolution. 2023 Mar. 04, v. 35, no. 2 p.134-144

2023

Abstract: Urban-dwelling birds face novel visual cues and soundscapes. To thrive in these challenging environments, individuals must correctly identify and calibrate threats posed by humans and their activities. We showed that Dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) ... ...

Abstract	Urban-dwelling birds face novel visual cues and soundscapes. To thrive in these challenging environments, individuals must correctly identify and calibrate threats posed by humans and their activities. We showed that Dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) residing in an urban habitat responded differently to the sounds that approaching people and objects make. A person approached juncos simultaneously playing the sounds of object types that normally move at different relative velocities: faster (bicycles), intermediate (skateboards and scooters), or slower (people walking). Juncos responded at significantly greater distances and moved further in relation to what sound cues would normally imply about the velocity of approach. Absolute stimulus volume was not a significant predictor of response across object type. The responses occurred without the presence of visual cues, suggesting that an auditory cue alone and without visual confirmation can produce an appropriate response. Overall, this shows that this population of urban juncos has the ability to respond appropriately to novel anthropogenic sound cues. The question remains as to how universal such abilities are across species, different urban situations, and in natural habitats.
Keywords	Junco hyemalis ; animal behavior ; evolution ; face ; flight ; habitats ; people ; urban ecology ; flight initiation distance ; auditory cues ; risk ; multimodal signals
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0304
Size	p. 134-144.
Publishing place	Taylor & Francis
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2111736-6
ISSN	1828-7131 ; 0394-9370
ISSN (online)	1828-7131
ISSN	0394-9370
DOI	10.1080/03949370.2021.2024263
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Behavioural plasticity and the anthropause: an urban bird becomes less aggressive

Walters, Marlene / Diamant, Eleanor S. / Wong, Felisha / Cen, Christina / Yeh, Pamela J.

Animal Behaviour. 2023 June, v. 200 p.71-80

2023

Abstract: Urban areas often impose strong, novel selection pressures on wildlife. Phenotypic plasticity, including behavioural plasticity, is an important mechanism helping organisms establish populations in novel environments. Behavioural plasticity can be ... ...

Abstract	Urban areas often impose strong, novel selection pressures on wildlife. Phenotypic plasticity, including behavioural plasticity, is an important mechanism helping organisms establish populations in novel environments. Behavioural plasticity can be difficult to study in urban wildlife because many urban environmental variables are challenging to isolate and manipulate experimentally. We took advantage of the COVID-19 lockdowns to assess whether urban birds expressed territorial aggression differently when relieved from frequent encounters with humans. We used simulated territorial intrusions to measure the behavioural responses of resident dark-eyed juncos, Junco hyemalis, on an urban college campus in Los Angeles, U.S.A. We found that the population overall displayed significantly reduced movement and singing behaviour associated with territorial aggression in a pandemic year (2021) compared to a typical year (2019). Furthermore, individuals measured in both 2019 and 2021 had significantly reduced responses in 2021, demonstrating that individual birds maintained behavioural plasticity in these traits. Our results show that human disturbance likely has a significant effect on the expression of behaviours associated with territorial aggression in urban birds.
Keywords	Junco hyemalis ; aggression ; animal behavior ; anthropogenic activities ; birds ; pandemic ; phenotypic plasticity ; wildlife ; anthropause ; behavioural plasticity ; human activity ; human disturbance ; stressor ; territorial aggression ; urbanization
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-06
Size	p. 71-80.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Use and reproduction
ZDB-ID	281-1
ISSN	0003-3472
ISSN	0003-3472
DOI	10.1016/j.anbehav.2023.02.005
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Novelist Cormac McCarthy's tips on how to write a great science paper.

Savage, Van / Yeh, Pamela

Nature

2019 Volume 574, Issue 7778, Page(s) 441–442

Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	News
ZDB-ID	120714-3
ISSN	1476-4687 ; 0028-0836
ISSN (online)	1476-4687
ISSN	0028-0836
DOI	10.1038/d41586-019-02918-5
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Article: No evidence of repeated song divergence across multiple urban and non-urban populations of dark-eyed juncos (

Wong, Felisha / Diamant, Eleanor S / Walters, Marlene / Yeh, Pamela J

Royal Society open science

2022 Volume 9, Issue 8, Page(s) 220178

Abstract: Urbanization can affect species communication by introducing new selection pressures, such as noise pollution and different environmental transmission properties. These selection pressures can trigger divergence between urban and non-urban populations. ... ...

Abstract	Urbanization can affect species communication by introducing new selection pressures, such as noise pollution and different environmental transmission properties. These selection pressures can trigger divergence between urban and non-urban populations. Songbirds rely on vocalizations to defend territories and attract mates. Urban songbirds have been shown in some species and some populations to increase the frequencies, reduce the length and change other temporal features of their songs. This study compares songs from four urban and three non-urban populations of dark-eyed juncos (
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-17
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2787755-3
ISSN	2054-5703
ISSN	2054-5703
DOI	10.1098/rsos.220178
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Article ; Online: Urban birds become less fearful following COVID-19 reopenings.

Diamant, Eleanor S / MacGregor-Fors, Ian / Blumstein, Daniel T / Yeh, Pamela J

Proceedings. Biological sciences

2023 Volume 290, Issue 2005, Page(s) 20231338

Abstract: Following the COVID-19 pandemic, many people around the world stayed home, drastically altering human activity in cities. This exceptional moment provided researchers the opportunity to test how urban animals respond to human disturbance, in some cases ... ...

Abstract	Following the COVID-19 pandemic, many people around the world stayed home, drastically altering human activity in cities. This exceptional moment provided researchers the opportunity to test how urban animals respond to human disturbance, in some cases testing fundamental questions on the mechanistic impact of urban behaviours on animal behaviour. However, at the end of this 'anthropause', human activity returned to cities. How might each of these strong shifts affect wildlife in the short and long term? We focused on fear response, a trait essential to tolerating urban life. We measured flight initiation distance-at both individual and population levels-for an urban bird before, during and after the anthropause to examine if birds experienced longer-term changes after a year and a half of lowered human presence. Dark-eyed juncos did not change fear levels during the anthropause, but they became drastically less fearful afterwards. These surprising and counterintuitive findings, made possible by following the behaviour of individuals over time, has led to a novel understanding that fear response can be driven by plasticity, yet not habituation-like processes. The pandemic-caused changes in human activity have shown that there is great complexity in how humans modify a behavioural trait fundamental to urban tolerance in animals.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Pandemics ; COVID-19 ; Birds ; Animals, Wild ; Fear
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	209242-6
ISSN	1471-2954 ; 0080-4649 ; 0962-8452 ; 0950-1193
ISSN (online)	1471-2954
ISSN	0080-4649 ; 0962-8452 ; 0950-1193
DOI	10.1098/rspb.2023.1338
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