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  1. Article: Dual Deep CNN for Tumor Brain Classification.

    Al-Zoghby, Aya M / Al-Awadly, Esraa Mohamed K / Moawad, Ahmad / Yehia, Noura / Ebada, Ahmed Ismail

    Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)

    2023  Volume 13, Issue 12

    Abstract: Brain tumor (BT) is a serious issue and potentially deadly disease that receives much attention. However, early detection and identification of tumor type and location are crucial for effective treatment and saving lives. Manual diagnoses are time- ... ...

    Abstract Brain tumor (BT) is a serious issue and potentially deadly disease that receives much attention. However, early detection and identification of tumor type and location are crucial for effective treatment and saving lives. Manual diagnoses are time-consuming and depend on radiologist experts; the increasing number of new cases of brain tumors makes it difficult to process massive and large amounts of data rapidly, as time is a critical factor in patients' lives. Hence, artificial intelligence (AI) is vital for understanding disease and its various types. Several studies proposed different techniques for BT detection and classification. These studies are on machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL). The ML-based method requires handcrafted or automatic feature extraction algorithms; however, DL becomes superior in self-learning and robust in classification and recognition tasks. This research focuses on classifying three types of tumors using MRI imaging: meningioma, glioma, and pituitary tumors. The proposed DCTN model depends on dual convolutional neural networks with VGG-16 architecture concatenated with custom CNN (convolutional neural networks) architecture. After conducting approximately 22 experiments with different architectures and models, our model reached 100% accuracy during training and 99% during testing. The proposed methodology obtained the highest possible improvement over existing research studies. The solution provides a revolution for healthcare providers that can be used as a different disease classification in the future and save human lives.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-13
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2662336-5
    ISSN 2075-4418
    ISSN 2075-4418
    DOI 10.3390/diagnostics13122050
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Toward New AQP4 Inhibitors: ORI-TRN-002.

    Thormann, Michael / Traube, Nadine / Yehia, Nasser / Koestler, Roland / Galabova, Gergana / MacAulay, Nanna / Toft-Bertelsen, Trine L

    International journal of molecular sciences

    2024  Volume 25, Issue 2

    Abstract: Cerebral edema is a life-threatening condition that can cause permanent brain damage or death if left untreated. Existing therapies aim at mitigating the associated elevated intracranial pressure, yet they primarily alleviate pressure rather than prevent ...

    Abstract Cerebral edema is a life-threatening condition that can cause permanent brain damage or death if left untreated. Existing therapies aim at mitigating the associated elevated intracranial pressure, yet they primarily alleviate pressure rather than prevent edema formation. Prophylactic anti-edema therapy necessitates novel drugs targeting edema formation. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4), an abundantly expressed water pore in mammalian glia and ependymal cells, has been proposed to be involved in cerebral edema formation. A series of novel compounds have been tested for their potential inhibitory effects on AQP4. However, selectivity, toxicity, functional inhibition, sustained therapeutic concentration, and delivery into the central nervous system are major challenges. Employing extensive density-functional theory (DFT) calculations, we identified a previously unreported thermodynamically stable tautomer of the recently identified AQP4-specific inhibitor TGN-020 (2-(nicotinamide)-1,3,4-thiadiazol). This novel form, featuring a distinct hydrogen-bonding pattern, served as a template for a COSMOsim-3D-based virtual screen of proprietary compounds from Origenis™. The screening identified ORI-TRN-002, an electronic homologue of TGN-020, demonstrating high solubility and low protein binding. Evaluating ORI-TRN-002 on AQP4-expressing
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Aquaporin 4/antagonists & inhibitors ; Brain Edema ; Edema ; Niacinamide/analogs & derivatives ; Thiadiazoles
    Chemical Substances 2-(nicotinamide)-1,3,4-thiadiazole ; Aquaporin 4 ; Niacinamide (25X51I8RD4) ; Thiadiazoles
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-11
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2019364-6
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    ISSN (online) 1422-0067
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    DOI 10.3390/ijms25020924
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Dual Circulation of Duck Hepatitis A Virus Genotypes 1 and 3 in Egypt.

    Yehia, Nahed / Erfan, Ahmed M / Omar, Sabry E / Soliman, Mohamed A

    Avian diseases

    2021  Volume 65, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–9

    Abstract: Duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV) causes acute hepatitis and mortality, resulting in high economic losses in the duck farm industry. The current study describes the outbreak of DHAV in vaccinated duck farms in North Egypt during 2019 and molecular ... ...

    Abstract Duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV) causes acute hepatitis and mortality, resulting in high economic losses in the duck farm industry. The current study describes the outbreak of DHAV in vaccinated duck farms in North Egypt during 2019 and molecular characterization of the 3' untranslated region (UTR) and viral protein VP1 genes. The 30 samples were collected from 7- to 28-day-old commercial Pekin ducks that showed a history of nervous signs and sudden deaths and were on farms in 6 governorates. DHAV was typed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for 3' UTR and VP1 genes and revealed 20 positive farms, with the first detection of DHAV genotype 3 (DHAV-3) in 18 samples and the classic DHAV-1 in 2 samples. The phylogenetic analysis of VP1 and 3' UTR genes of the nine selected strains representative of six governorates revealed that seven strains were clustered with DHAV-3 Chinese and Korean-Vietnamese strains within different subgroups with 92.4%-93.7% amino acid identity; such strains were distinguishable from the vaccine strain of DHAV-1 used in Egypt with 74.4% amino acid identity. The other strains were closely related to the DHAV-1 Asian strain and the vaccine strain used in Egypt with 98.7%-99.6% amino acid identity for the VP1 gene with different clustering than that of recently isolated DHAV-1 Egyptian strains. The VP1 gene of DHAV-3 had 1 hypervariable region (HVR) with 10 amino acid mutations compared with DHAV3/DN2/Vietnam/2011, but DHAV-1 had 3 HVRs with 1 amino acid mutation in HVRII compared with the DHAV-1 vaccine strain. In conclusion, a new introduction of DHAV-3 with the classical DHAV-1 was recorded in Pekin duck farms in North Egypt that is genetically distant from the vaccinal strain.
    MeSH term(s) Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Ducks ; Egypt/epidemiology ; Genotype ; Hepatitis Virus, Duck/genetics ; Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/epidemiology ; Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/virology ; Phylogeny ; Picornaviridae Infections/epidemiology ; Picornaviridae Infections/veterinary ; Picornaviridae Infections/virology ; Poultry Diseases/epidemiology ; Poultry Diseases/virology ; Prevalence ; Sequence Alignment/veterinary
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-08-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 40871-2
    ISSN 1938-4351 ; 0005-2086
    ISSN (online) 1938-4351
    ISSN 0005-2086
    DOI 10.1637/aviandiseases-D-20-00075
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Current situation and genomic characterization of fowlpox virus in lower Egypt during 2022

    Yehia, Nahed / Elsayed, Sabry / Al-Saeed, Fatimah A. / Ahmed, Ahmed Ezzat / El-Tarabily, Khaled A. / El-Saadony, Mohamed T. / Abdelhalim, Ahmed

    Poultry Science. 2023 May 03, p. 102769

    2023  , Page(s) 102769

    Abstract: A total of 45 samples of vaccinated and nonvaccinated layer chickens were collected from farms in the Egyptian governorates of Sharquia, Ismalia, Monofia, Gharbia, Kafer Elsheikh, Qalibia, and Dakhlia in the year 2022. They exhibited nodular lesions on ... ...

    Abstract A total of 45 samples of vaccinated and nonvaccinated layer chickens were collected from farms in the Egyptian governorates of Sharquia, Ismalia, Monofia, Gharbia, Kafer Elsheikh, Qalibia, and Dakhlia in the year 2022. They exhibited nodular lesions on their combs, mouth corners, and eyelids, suggesting they were infected with pox disease, which was associated with a 3 to 5% mortality rate. The samples were grown on the chorioallantoic-membrane of embryonated chicken eggs to ensure their viability. In both vaccinated and nonvaccinated farms, 35 of 45 virus isolates were confirmed positive via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of fpv167 (P4b). Based on the amplicon length of the fpv167 gene locus, 6 strains from various Egyptian governorates were chosen for sequencing and genetic characterization. When the fowlpox-AN1, AN4, and AN5 strains were compared to commercial vaccine strains HP1-444-(FP9) and TKPV13401, they had 98.6% identity, whereas the fowlpox strains AN2, AN3, and AN6 had 100% identity. This mutation research showed that the fowlpox strains AN1, AN4, and AN5 had acquired novel mutations: AN1 had R201G and T204A, while AN4 and AN5 had L141F and H157P. Further investigation is required to evaluate the efficacy of the complete genome sequence and the currently available vaccine.
    Keywords Fowlpox virus ; chickens ; chorioallantoic membrane ; fowl pox ; genes ; genomics ; loci ; mortality ; mouth ; mutation ; nucleotide sequences ; polymerase chain reaction ; vaccines ; viability ; viruses ; Egypt ; fowlpox ; molecular characterization ; p4b gene ; poultry ; viral mutation
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2023-0503
    Size p. 102769
    Publishing place Elsevier Inc.
    Document type Article ; Online
    Note Pre-press version ; Use and reproduction
    ZDB-ID 242586-5
    ISSN 1525-3171 ; 0032-5791
    ISSN (online) 1525-3171
    ISSN 0032-5791
    DOI 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102769
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  5. Article: Genetic variability of the

    Yehia, Nahed / El-Sayed, Hemat S / Omar, Sabry E / Amer, Fatma

    Veterinary world

    2020  Volume 13, Issue 6, Page(s) 1065–1072

    Abstract: Aim: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of layer flock tumor disease in Lower Egypt during the period of 2018-2019 and to undertake molecular characterization and determine the genetic diversity of all identified viruses.: Materials and ... ...

    Abstract Aim: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of layer flock tumor disease in Lower Egypt during the period of 2018-2019 and to undertake molecular characterization and determine the genetic diversity of all identified viruses.
    Materials and methods: Forty samples were collected from layer chicken located in six governorates of Lower Egypt during the period of 2018-2019. Samples were taken from tumors in different organs. Tumor tissues were identified by histopathological sectioning and then further confirmed by a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Finally, genetic evolution of
    Results: All the study samples were negative for Marek's disease virus, reticuloendotheliosis virus, ALV (A,B,C and D) and 20 samples were positive for ALV-J in backyard in six governrates. Sequencing of ALV-J
    Conclusion: The ALV-J virus was the main cause of neoplastic disease in layer chickens from Lower Egypt in the period of 2018-2019. We found that the genetic evolution of ALV-J
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-06-12
    Publishing country India
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2456277-4
    ISSN 2231-0916 ; 0972-8988
    ISSN (online) 2231-0916
    ISSN 0972-8988
    DOI 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1065-1072
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Genetic variability of avian influenza virus subtype H5N8 in Egypt in 2017 and 2018.

    Yehia, Nahed / Hassan, Wafaa M M / Sedeek, Ahmed / Elhusseiny, Mohamed H

    Archives of virology

    2020  Volume 165, Issue 6, Page(s) 1357–1366

    Abstract: Since the incursion of avian influenza virus subtype H5N8 in Egypt in late 2016, it has spread rapidly, causing severe losses in poultry production. Multiple introductions of different reassorted strains were observed in 2017. In this study, a genetic ... ...

    Abstract Since the incursion of avian influenza virus subtype H5N8 in Egypt in late 2016, it has spread rapidly, causing severe losses in poultry production. Multiple introductions of different reassorted strains were observed in 2017. In this study, a genetic characterization of the HA gene was carried out with 31 isolates selected from different governorates and sectors. Fifteen isolates were selected for NA gene sequence analysis. The HA and NA genes were divided into two subgroups (I and II) with positive selection pressure identified at positions 174 and 29, respectively. The HA gene contained two novel mutations in the antigenic sites, A and E. The HA nucleotide sequence identity ranged from 77 to 90% with different vaccine seeds. Full-genome sequence analysis was carried out for eight viruses, representing different governorates and sectors, to identify the predominant reassorted strain in Egypt. All viruses were similar to a reassorted strain of clade 2.3.4.4b that has been identified in Germany, among other countries. Analysis of these viruses revealed mutations specific to Egyptian strains and not the original virus characterized in 2017 (A/duck/Egypt/F446/2017), with a novel antiviral resistance marker, V27A, indicating resistance to amantadine in the M2 protein of two strains. The results indicate increased variability of circulating H5N8 viruses compared to earlier viruses sequenced in 2016 and 2017. The predominant reassorted virus circulating in 2017 and 2018 originated from an early 2017 strain. It is important to continue this surveillance of avian influenza viruses to monitor the evolution of circulating viruses.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Birds/virology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Egypt/epidemiology ; Genes, Viral ; Genotype ; Geography, Medical ; Influenza A Virus, H5N8 Subtype/classification ; Influenza A Virus, H5N8 Subtype/genetics ; Influenza in Birds/epidemiology ; Influenza in Birds/virology ; Phylogeny ; Poultry/virology ; Poultry Diseases/epidemiology ; Poultry Diseases/virology ; RNA, Viral ; Reassortant Viruses
    Chemical Substances RNA, Viral
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-04-13
    Publishing country Austria
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 7491-3
    ISSN 1432-8798 ; 0304-8608
    ISSN (online) 1432-8798
    ISSN 0304-8608
    DOI 10.1007/s00705-020-04621-7
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article: Genetic evolution of Marek's disease virus in vaccinated poultry farms.

    Yehia, Nahed / El-Sayed, Hemat S / Omar, Sabry E / Erfan, Ahmed / Amer, Fatma

    Veterinary world

    2021  Volume 14, Issue 5, Page(s) 1342–1353

    Abstract: Background and aim: The Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a neoplastic disease causing serious economic losses in poultry production. This study aimed to investigate MDV occurrence in poultry flocks in the Lower Egypt during the 2020 breakout and ... ...

    Abstract Background and aim: The Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a neoplastic disease causing serious economic losses in poultry production. This study aimed to investigate MDV occurrence in poultry flocks in the Lower Egypt during the 2020 breakout and genetically characterized
    Materials and methods: Forty samples were collected from different breeds from eight Egyptian governorates in 2020. All flocks had received a bivalent vaccine (herpesvirus of turkey FC-126 + Rispens CVI988). However, weight loss, emaciation, reduced egg production, paralysis, and rough/raised feather follicles occurred. Samples were collected from feather follicles, liver, spleen, and nerve tissue for diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction. MDV genetic characterization was then performed by sequencing the
    Results: A total of 28 samples were positive for MDV field strains, while two were related to MDV vaccinal strains. All samples tested negative for ALV (A, B, C, D, and J) and REV. Phylogenetic analysis of the
    Conclusion: Further studies should evaluate the protection contributed by current vaccines used in Egypt.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-28
    Publishing country India
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2456277-4
    ISSN 2231-0916 ; 0972-8988
    ISSN (online) 2231-0916
    ISSN 0972-8988
    DOI 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1342-1353
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article: Dual Circulation of Duck Hepatitis A Virus Genotypes 1 and 3 in Egypt

    Yehia, Nahed / Erfan, Ahmed M / Omar, Sabry E / Soliman, Mohamed A

    Avian diseases. 2020 Aug. 20, v. 65, no. 1

    2020  

    Abstract: Duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV) causes acute hepatitis and mortality, resulting in high economic losses in the duck farm industry. The current study describes the outbreak of DHAV in vaccinated duck farms in North Egypt during 2019 and molecular ... ...

    Abstract Duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV) causes acute hepatitis and mortality, resulting in high economic losses in the duck farm industry. The current study describes the outbreak of DHAV in vaccinated duck farms in North Egypt during 2019 and molecular characterization of the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) and viral protein VP1 genes. The 30 samples were collected from 7- to 28-day-old commercial Pekin ducks that showed a history of nervous signs and sudden deaths and were on farms in 6 governorates. DHAV was typed by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for 3′ UTR and VP1 genes and revealed 20 positive farms, with the first detection of DHAV genotype 3 (DHAV-3) in 18 samples and the classic DHAV-1 in 2 samples. The phylogenetic analysis of VP1 and 3′ UTR genes of the nine selected strains representative of six governorates revealed that seven strains were clustered with DHAV-3 Chinese and Korean-Vietnamese strains within different subgroups with 92.4%–93.7% amino acid identity; such strains were distinguishable from the vaccine strain of DHAV-1 used in Egypt with 74.4% amino acid identity. The other strains were closely related to the DHAV-1 Asian strain and the vaccine strain used in Egypt with 98.7%–99.6% amino acid identity for the VP1 gene with different clustering than that of recently isolated DHAV-1 Egyptian strains. The VP1 gene of DHAV-3 had 1 hypervariable region (HVR) with 10 amino acid mutations compared with DHAV3/DN2/Vietnam/2011, but DHAV-1 had 3 HVRs with 1 amino acid mutation in HVRII compared with the DHAV-1 vaccine strain. In conclusion, a new introduction of DHAV-3 with the classical DHAV-1 was recorded in Pekin duck farms in North Egypt that is genetically distant from the vaccinal strain.
    Keywords Avihepatovirus A ; Pekin ; amino acids ; ducks ; farms ; genes ; genotype ; hepatitis ; industry ; mortality ; mutation ; phylogeny ; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ; vaccines ; Egypt
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2020-0820
    Size p. 1-9.
    Publishing place American Association of Avian Pathologists Inc
    Document type Article
    Note NAL-AP-2-clean
    ZDB-ID 40871-2
    ISSN 1938-4351 ; 0005-2086
    ISSN (online) 1938-4351
    ISSN 0005-2086
    DOI 10.1637/aviandiseases-D-20-00075
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  9. Article: Genetic variability of avian influenza virus subtype H5N8 in Egypt in 2017 and 2018

    Yehia, Nahed / Hassan, Wafaa M. M / Sedeek, Ahmed / Elhusseiny, Mohamed H

    Archives of virology. 2020 June, v. 165, no. 6

    2020  

    Abstract: Since the incursion of avian influenza virus subtype H5N8 in Egypt in late 2016, it has spread rapidly, causing severe losses in poultry production. Multiple introductions of different reassorted strains were observed in 2017. In this study, a genetic ... ...

    Abstract Since the incursion of avian influenza virus subtype H5N8 in Egypt in late 2016, it has spread rapidly, causing severe losses in poultry production. Multiple introductions of different reassorted strains were observed in 2017. In this study, a genetic characterization of the HA gene was carried out with 31 isolates selected from different governorates and sectors. Fifteen isolates were selected for NA gene sequence analysis. The HA and NA genes were divided into two subgroups (I and II) with positive selection pressure identified at positions 174 and 29, respectively. The HA gene contained two novel mutations in the antigenic sites, A and E. The HA nucleotide sequence identity ranged from 77 to 90% with different vaccine seeds. Full-genome sequence analysis was carried out for eight viruses, representing different governorates and sectors, to identify the predominant reassorted strain in Egypt. All viruses were similar to a reassorted strain of clade 2.3.4.4b that has been identified in Germany, among other countries. Analysis of these viruses revealed mutations specific to Egyptian strains and not the original virus characterized in 2017 (A/duck/Egypt/F446/2017), with a novel antiviral resistance marker, V27A, indicating resistance to amantadine in the M2 protein of two strains. The results indicate increased variability of circulating H5N8 viruses compared to earlier viruses sequenced in 2016 and 2017. The predominant reassorted virus circulating in 2017 and 2018 originated from an early 2017 strain. It is important to continue this surveillance of avian influenza viruses to monitor the evolution of circulating viruses.
    Keywords Influenza A virus ; avian influenza ; ducks ; genes ; genetic variation ; monitoring ; nucleotide sequences ; poultry production ; selection pressure ; sequence analysis ; vaccines ; virology ; viruses ; Egypt ; Germany
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2020-06
    Size p. 1357-1366.
    Publishing place Springer Vienna
    Document type Article
    Note NAL-AP-2-clean
    ZDB-ID 7491-3
    ISSN 1432-8798 ; 0304-8608
    ISSN (online) 1432-8798
    ISSN 0304-8608
    DOI 10.1007/s00705-020-04621-7
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  10. Article: Reverse Transcription Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay for Rapid Detection of Avian Influenza Virus H9N2 HA Gene

    Yehia, Nahed / Eldemery, Fatma / Arafa, Abdel-Satar / Abd El Wahed, Ahmed / El Sanousi, Ahmed / Weidmann, Manfred / Shalaby, Mohamed

    Veterinary sciences. 2021 July 16, v. 8, no. 7

    2021  

    Abstract: The H9N2 subtype of avian influenza A virus (aIAV) is circulating among birds worldwide, leading to severe economic losses. H9N2 cocirculation with other highly pathogenic aIAVs has the potential to contribute to the rise of new strains with pandemic ... ...

    Abstract The H9N2 subtype of avian influenza A virus (aIAV) is circulating among birds worldwide, leading to severe economic losses. H9N2 cocirculation with other highly pathogenic aIAVs has the potential to contribute to the rise of new strains with pandemic potential. Therefore, rapid detection of H9 aIAVs infection is crucial to control virus spread. A qualitative reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) assay for the detection of aIAV subtype H9N2 was developed. All results were compared to the gold standard (real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)). The RT-RPA assay was designed to detect the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of H9N2 by testing three pairs of primers and a probe. A serial concentration between 10⁶ and 10⁰ EID₅₀ (50% embryo infective dose)/mL was applied to calculate the analytical sensitivity. The H9 RT-RPA assay was highly sensitive as the lowest concentration point of a standard range at one EID₅₀/mL was detected after 5 to 8 min. The H9N2 RT-RPA assay was highly specific as nucleic acid extracted from H9 negative samples and from other avian pathogens were not cross detected. The diagnostic sensitivity when testing clinical samples was 100% for RT-RPA and RT-PCR. In conclusion, H9N2 RT-RPA is a rapid sensitive and specific assay that easily operable in a portable device for field diagnosis of aIAV H9N2.
    Keywords Influenza A virus ; birds ; detection limit ; diagnostic sensitivity ; genes ; hemagglutinins ; nucleic acids ; pandemic ; portable equipment ; rapid methods ; recombinase polymerase amplification ; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ; viruses
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2021-0716
    Publishing place Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2768971-2
    ISSN 2306-7381
    ISSN 2306-7381
    DOI 10.3390/vetsci8070134
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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