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Article ; Online: COVID-19

Yen-Chin Liu / Rei-Lin Kuo / Shin-Ru Shih

Biomedical Journal, Vol 43, Iss 4, Pp 328-

The first documented coronavirus pandemic in history

2020 Volume 333

Abstract: The novel human coronavirus disease COVID-19 has become the fifth documented pandemic since the 1918 flu pandemic. COVID-19 was first reported in Wuhan, China, and subsequently spread worldwide. The coronavirus was officially named severe acute ... ...

Abstract	The novel human coronavirus disease COVID-19 has become the fifth documented pandemic since the 1918 flu pandemic. COVID-19 was first reported in Wuhan, China, and subsequently spread worldwide. The coronavirus was officially named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses based on phylogenetic analysis. SARS-CoV-2 is believed to be a spillover of an animal coronavirus and later adapted the ability of human-to-human transmission. Because the virus is highly contagious, it rapidly spreads and continuously evolves in the human population. In this review article, we discuss the basic properties, potential origin, and evolution of the novel human coronavirus. These factors may be critical for studies of pathogenicity, antiviral designs, and vaccine development against the virus.
Keywords	COVID-19 ; SARS-COV-2 ; Coronavirus ; Pandemic ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; covid19
Subject code	572
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: TGF-β1 in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid can be used as a biological indicator of chronic pain in patients with osteoarthritis

Yen-Chin Liu / Hung-Tsung Hsiao / Jeffrey Chi-Fei Wang / Tzu-Cheng Wen / Shiou-Lan Chen

PLoS ONE, Vol 17, Iss

2022 Volume 1

Abstract: Introduction Previous studies have demonstrated that cytokines, transforming growth factor (TGF-β1), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) can impact the intensity of pain in rodents. However, the roles of cytokines, TGF-β1 and BDNF in humans with ...

Abstract	Introduction Previous studies have demonstrated that cytokines, transforming growth factor (TGF-β1), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) can impact the intensity of pain in rodents. However, the roles of cytokines, TGF-β1 and BDNF in humans with chronic pain in osteoarthritis remains unclear, and no comparison between plasma and central cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) has been conducted. Methods Patients with osteoarthritis who were scheduled to receive spinal anesthesia were enrolled. The intensity of pain was evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS). In addition, patients with genitourinary system (GU) diseases and without obvious pain (VAS 0–1) were included as a comparison (control) group. The levels of TGF-β1, BDNF, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-8 within the CSF and plasma were collected and evaluated before surgery. Results The plasma and CSF TGF-β1 levels were significantly lower in the osteoarthritis patients with pain (VAS ≥ 3) than in the GU control patients. Downregulation of plasma BDNF was also found in osteoarthritis patients with pain. The Spearman correlation analysis showed that the VAS pain scores were significantly negatively correlated with the levels of TGF-β1 in the CSF of patients with osteoarthritis. However, there was no significant correlations between the pain scores and the levels of BDNF, TNF-α, and IL-8 in either the CSF or plasma. Conclusions TGF-β1 but not BDNF, TNF-α, or IL-8 may be an important biological indicator in the CSF of osteoarthritis patients with chronic pain.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	616 ; 610
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: TGF-β1 in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid can be used as a biological indicator of chronic pain in patients with osteoarthritis.

Yen-Chin Liu / Hung-Tsung Hsiao / Jeffrey Chi-Fei Wang / Tzu-Cheng Wen / Shiou-Lan Chen

PLoS ONE, Vol 17, Iss 1, p e

2022 Volume 0262074

Abstract	Introduction Previous studies have demonstrated that cytokines, transforming growth factor (TGF-β1), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) can impact the intensity of pain in rodents. However, the roles of cytokines, TGF-β1 and BDNF in humans with chronic pain in osteoarthritis remains unclear, and no comparison between plasma and central cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) has been conducted. Methods Patients with osteoarthritis who were scheduled to receive spinal anesthesia were enrolled. The intensity of pain was evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS). In addition, patients with genitourinary system (GU) diseases and without obvious pain (VAS 0-1) were included as a comparison (control) group. The levels of TGF-β1, BDNF, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-8 within the CSF and plasma were collected and evaluated before surgery. Results The plasma and CSF TGF-β1 levels were significantly lower in the osteoarthritis patients with pain (VAS ≥ 3) than in the GU control patients. Downregulation of plasma BDNF was also found in osteoarthritis patients with pain. The Spearman correlation analysis showed that the VAS pain scores were significantly negatively correlated with the levels of TGF-β1 in the CSF of patients with osteoarthritis. However, there was no significant correlations between the pain scores and the levels of BDNF, TNF-α, and IL-8 in either the CSF or plasma. Conclusions TGF-β1 but not BDNF, TNF-α, or IL-8 may be an important biological indicator in the CSF of osteoarthritis patients with chronic pain.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	616 ; 610
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Characterization of Inhibitory Effectiveness in Hyperpolarization-Activated Cation Currents by a Group of ent -Kaurane-Type Diterpenoids from Croton tonkinensis

Ping-Chung Kuo / Yen-Chin Liu / Yi-Ching Lo / Sheng-Nan Wu

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 21, Iss 4, p

2020 Volume 1268

Abstract: Croton is an extensive flowering plant genus in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. Three croton compounds with the common ent -kaurane skeleton have been purified from Croton tonkinensis . Methods: We examined any modifications of croton components (i.e., ...

Abstract	Croton is an extensive flowering plant genus in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. Three croton compounds with the common ent -kaurane skeleton have been purified from Croton tonkinensis . Methods: We examined any modifications of croton components (i.e., croton-01 [ ent -18-acetoxy-7α-hydroxykaur-16-en-15-one], croton-02 [ ent -7α,14β-dihydroxykaur-16-en-15-one] and croton-03 [ ent -1β-acetoxy-7α,14β-dihydroxykaur-16-en-15-one] on either hyperpolarization-activated cation current ( I h ) or erg -mediated K + current identified in pituitary tumor (GH 3 ) cells and in rat insulin-secreting (INS-1) cells via patch-clamp methods. Results: Addition of croton-01, croton-02, or croton-03 effectively and differentially depressed I h amplitude. Croton-03 (3 μM) shifted the activation curve of I h to a more negative potential by approximately 11 mV. The voltage-dependent hysteresis of I h was also diminished by croton-03 administration. Croton-03-induced depression of I h could not be attenuated by SQ-22536 (10 μM), an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, but indeed reversed by oxaliplatin (10 μM). The I h in INS-1 cells was also depressed effectively by croton-03. Conclusion: Our study highlights the evidence that these ent -kaurane diterpenoids might conceivably perturb these ionic currents through which they have high influence on the functional activities of endocrine or neuroendocrine cells.
Keywords	croton ; pituitary cell ; pancreatic β-cell ; hyperpolarization-activated cation current ; erg -mediated k + current ; membrane potential ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Subject code	290
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Population-Based Study on the All-Cause and Cause-Specific Risks of Mortality among Long-Term Opioid Analgesics Users without Cancer in Taiwan

Po-Feng Lee / Chung-Yi Li / Yen-Chin Liu / Chang-Ta Chiu / Wen-Hsuan Hou

Healthcare, Vol 9, Iss 1402, p

2021 Volume 1402

Abstract: 1) Background: The prevalence of opioid use in Taiwan increased by 41% between 2002 and 2014. However, little is known regarding the risk of mortality among long-term opioid analgesics users who do not have cancer. This study investigated this mortality ...

Abstract	(1) Background: The prevalence of opioid use in Taiwan increased by 41% between 2002 and 2014. However, little is known regarding the risk of mortality among long-term opioid analgesics users who do not have cancer. This study investigated this mortality risk with an emphasis on the calendar year and patients’ age and sex. (2) Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 12,990 adult individuals without cancer who were long-term users of opioid analgesics and were randomly selected from the data set of Taiwan’s National Health Insurance program from 2000 to 2012. They were then followed up through 2013. Information on the underlying causes of death was retrieved from the Taiwan Death Registry. Age, sex, and calendar year-standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) of all-cause and cause-specific mortality were calculated with reference to those of the general population. (3) Results: With up to 14 years of follow-up, 558 individuals had all-cause mortality in 48,020 person-years (cumulative mortality: 4.3%, mortality rate: 11.62 per 1000 person-years). Compared with the general population, the all-cause SMR of 4.30 (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 3.95–4.66) was significantly higher: it was higher in men than in women, declined with calendar year and age, and was significantly higher for both natural (4.15, 95% CI: 3.78–4.53) and unnatural (5.04, 95% CI: 3.88–6.45) causes. (4) Conclusions: Long-term opioid analgesics use among individuals without cancer in Taiwan was associated with a significantly increased risk of mortality. The notably increased mortality in younger adults warrants attention. Strategies to reduce long-term opioid analgesics use, especially their overuse or misuse, are in an urgent need.
Keywords	prescription opioids ; mortality ; standardized mortality ratio ; underlying cause of death ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	310
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Long-Term High-Fat Diet Consumption Depletes Glial Cells and Tyrosine Hydroxylase–Containing Neurons in the Brain of Middle-Aged Rats

Mei-Chuan Chou / Hsiang-Chun Lee / Yen-Chin Liu / Patrick Szu-Ying Yen / Ching-Kuan Liu / Chu-Huang Chen / Tzu-Han Hsieh / Shiou-Lan Chen

Cells, Vol 11, Iss 295, p

2022 Volume 295

Abstract: Epidemiologic studies have indicated that dyslipidemia may facilitate the progression of neuronal degeneration. However, the effects of chronic dyslipidemia on brain function, especially in older individuals, remain unclear. In this study, middle-aged 37- ...

Abstract	Epidemiologic studies have indicated that dyslipidemia may facilitate the progression of neuronal degeneration. However, the effects of chronic dyslipidemia on brain function, especially in older individuals, remain unclear. In this study, middle-aged 37-week-old male Wistar-Kyoto rats were fed a normal diet (ND) or a 45% high-fat diet (HFD) for 30 weeks (i.e., until 67 weeks of age). To study the effects of chronic dyslipidemia on the brain, we analyzed spontaneous locomotor activity, cognitive function, and brain tissues in both groups of rats after 30 weeks. Compared with age-matched rats fed a ND, Wistar-Kyoto rats fed a HFD had dyslipidemia and showed decreased movement but normal recognition of a novel object. In our brain analyses, we observed a significant decrease in astrocytes and tyrosine hydroxylase–containing neurons in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus of rats fed a HFD compared with rats fed a ND. However, hippocampal pyramidal neurons were not affected. Our findings indicate that the long-term consumption of a HFD may cause lipid metabolism overload in the brain and damage to glial cells. The decrease in astrocytes may lead to reduced protection of the brain and affect the survival of tyrosine hydroxylase–containing neurons but not pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus.
Keywords	lipids ; locomotor activity ; cognitive function ; dopamine neuron ; glial cell ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The analgesic effect of propofol associated with the inhibition of hypoxia inducible factor and inflammasome in complex regional pain syndrome

Hung-Tsung Hsiao / Yuan-Yuarn Liu / Jeffrey Chi-Fei Wang / Ya-Chi Lin / Yen-Chin Liu

Journal of Biomedical Science, Vol 26, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2019 Volume 11

Abstract: Abstract Background Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is related to microcirculation impairment caused by tissue hypoxia and peripheral cytokine overproduction in the affected human limb and chronic post-ischemic pain (CPIP) is considered as an ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is related to microcirculation impairment caused by tissue hypoxia and peripheral cytokine overproduction in the affected human limb and chronic post-ischemic pain (CPIP) is considered as an animal model for this intractable disease. Previous studies suggest that the pathogenesis of CPIP involves the hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and an exaggerated regional inflammatory and free radical response. The inhibition of HIF-1α is known to relieve CPIP. So, propofol, as a free radical scavenger, is very likely to be beneficial in terms of relieving CPIP. Methods We set up a CPIP model using the hindpaw of mice. We administered propofol (10 mg/kg) just after the reperfusion period (early stage) and also on the second day (late stage), as treatment. The analysis evaluated the expression of HIF-1α, free radicals, and inflammasome. Results Propofol administration produced obvious analgesia in both mechanical and thermal evaluation in the early stage of CPIP (2 h after reperfusion). Only a mild analgesic effect was found in the late stage (48 h later after reperfusion). In the early stage, the expression of HIF-1α and the inflammasome marker (NALP1) along with caspase-1 were suppressed by propofol. The free radical level also decreased in the propofol group. But those molecular changes were not founded in the late stage of CPIP. Conclusion Our data demonstrated that propofol produces mice analgesia in the early stage of CPIP and this effect is associated with inhibition of free radical, hypoxia inducible factor and inflammasome.
Keywords	Propofol ; Chronic post-ischemic pain ; Free radical ; Hypoxic induced factor-1 ; Inflammasome ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator of 5000 Hz frequency provides better analgesia than that of 100 Hz frequency in mice muscle pain model

Hung-Tsung Hsiao / Hsiao-Jung Chien / Ya-Chi Lin / Yen-Chin Liu

Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, Vol 33, Iss 4, Pp 165-

2017 Volume 170

Abstract: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulators (TENSs) have been proved to be effective in muscle pain management for several decades. However, there is no consensus for the optimal TENS program. Previous research demonstrated that a 100 Hz TENS (L-TENS) ... ...

Abstract	Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulators (TENSs) have been proved to be effective in muscle pain management for several decades. However, there is no consensus for the optimal TENS program. Previous research demonstrated that a 100 Hz TENS (L-TENS) provided better analgesia than a conventional TENS (< 5 Hz). However, no research compared a higher-frequency (> 100 Hz) TENS with a 100 Hz TENS. We used a 5000 Hz (5 kHz) frequency TENS (M-TENS) and an L-TENS to compare analgesic effect on a mice skin/muscle incision retraction model. Three groups of mice were used (sham, L-TENS, and M-TENS) and applied with different TENS programs on Day 4 after the mice skin/muscle incision retraction model; TENS therapy was continued as 20 min/d for 3 days. Mice analgesic effects were measured via Von Frey microfilaments with the up–down method. After therapy, mice spinal cord dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) were harvested for cytokine evaluation (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β) with the Western blotting method. Our data demonstrated that the M-TENS produced better analgesia than the L-TENS. Cytokine in the spinal cord or DRG all expressed lower than that of the sham group. However, there is no difference in both cytokine levels between TENSs of different frequencies in the spinal cord and DRG. We concluded that the M-TENS produced faster and better mechanical analgesia than the L-TENS in the mice skin/muscle incision retraction model. Those behavior differences were not in accordance with cytokine changes in the spinal cord or DRG.
Keywords	Cytokine ; Skin/muscle incision and retraction ; Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Wiley
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Gender Differences in Depression and Sex Hormones among Patients Receiving Long-Term Opioid Treatment for Chronic Noncancer Pain in Taiwan—A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study

Shung-Tai Ho / Tso-Chou Lin / Chun-Chang Yeh / Kuang-I Cheng / Wei-Zen Sun / Chun-Sung Sung / Yeong-Ray Wen / Yi-Jer Hsieh / Po-Kai Wang / Yen-Chin Liu / Yu-Chuan Tsai

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 7837, p

2021 Volume 7837

Abstract: Background: Long-term use of opioids for chronic noncancer pain is associated with sex hormone disturbances. The interferences with sex hormones, sexual function, and depression were investigated in patients with chronic noncancer pain. Methods: A cross- ... ...

Abstract	Background: Long-term use of opioids for chronic noncancer pain is associated with sex hormone disturbances. The interferences with sex hormones, sexual function, and depression were investigated in patients with chronic noncancer pain. Methods: A cross-sectional multicenter survey was conducted on 170 officially registered outpatients receiving long-term opioid treatment in nine medical centers in Taiwan between October 2018 and July 2019. Serum sex hormone levels were examined after the collection of self-administered questionnaires containing the Taiwanese version of the Brief Pain Inventory, depressive status, and sexual function interference. Results: Among 117 (68.8%) questionnaire responses from 170 enrolled outpatients, 38 women and 62 men completed the sex hormone tests, among whom only 23 (23%) had previously received blood hormone tests. Low serum total testosterone levels were detected in 34 (89.5%) women (<30 ng/dL) and 31 (50%) men (<300 ng/dL). Over 60% of women and men reported reduced sexual desire and function despite a nearly 50% reduction in pain intensity and daily function interference over the previous week after opioid treatment. Women generally had higher risks of a depression diagnosis ( p = 0.034) and severe depressive symptoms ( p = 0.003) and nonsignificantly lower opioid treatment duration (median 81 vs. 120 months) and morphine milligram equivalent (median 134 vs. 165 mg/day) compared with men. Conclusions: This survey demonstrated the high prevalence of depression diagnosis, low sex hormone levels, and reduced sexual function among Taiwanese patients with chronic noncancer pain receiving prolonged opioid therapy. Regular hypogonadal screenings are recommended for further management.
Keywords	chronic pain ; opioid ; gender difference ; depression ; sex hormone ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	150
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: An NS-segment exonic splicing enhancer regulates influenza A virus replication in mammalian cells

Xiaofeng Huang / Min Zheng / Pui Wang / Bobo Wing-Yee Mok / Siwen Liu / Siu-Ying Lau / Pin Chen / Yen-Chin Liu / Honglian Liu / Yixin Chen / Wenjun Song / Kwok-Yung Yuen / Honglin Chen

Nature Communications, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2017 Volume 15

Abstract: Some circulating avian influenza A viruses can infect humans, but the mechanism enabling species jump is poorly understood. Here, Huanget al. identify a nucleotide in NEP of avian H7N9 viruses that affects splicing efficiency of the NS segment and ... ...

Abstract	Some circulating avian influenza A viruses can infect humans, but the mechanism enabling species jump is poorly understood. Here, Huanget al. identify a nucleotide in NEP of avian H7N9 viruses that affects splicing efficiency of the NS segment and supports virus replication in avian and mammalian cells.
Keywords	Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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