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Article ; Online: Juvenile ocular myasthenia gravis: a report of two cases.

Gabbard, Ryan / Yi, Richard / Pratt, James / Chang, Kenneth / Keck, Katie

2024 Volume 30, Issue 1, Page(s) 15–18

Abstract: We report 2 cases of pediatric ocular myasthenia gravis. The first case was a 7-year-old girl who presented with bilateral ophthalmoplegia and ptosis that correlated with the onset of upper respiratory symptoms. Neuroimaging and acetylcholine receptor ... ...

Abstract	We report 2 cases of pediatric ocular myasthenia gravis. The first case was a 7-year-old girl who presented with bilateral ophthalmoplegia and ptosis that correlated with the onset of upper respiratory symptoms. Neuroimaging and acetylcholine receptor antibody testing were unremarkable. The ice pack test was positive. Symptoms greatly improved with pyridostigmine, with full resolution of ophthalmoplegia achieved by 8-month follow-up. The second case was a 4-year-old girl who presented emergently with ptosis and bilateral ophthalmoplegia. Acetylcholine receptor antibodies testing was positive. The patient was started on pyridostigmine and intravenous immunoglobulin and is scheduled to follow-up with pediatric ophthalmology in the outpatient setting.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Child ; Humans ; Child, Preschool ; Pyridostigmine Bromide/therapeutic use ; Myasthenia Gravis/complications ; Myasthenia Gravis/diagnosis ; Blepharoptosis/diagnosis ; Blepharoptosis/etiology ; Ophthalmoplegia/diagnosis ; Ophthalmoplegia/etiology ; Receptors, Cholinergic ; Autoantibodies
Chemical Substances	Pyridostigmine Bromide (KVI301NA53) ; Receptors, Cholinergic ; Autoantibodies
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Case Reports
ZDB-ID	2030129-7
ISSN	1542-8958 ; 1542-8958
ISSN (online)	1542-8958
ISSN	1542-8958
DOI	10.5693/djo.02.2023.09.002
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Article ; Online: Engagement in types of activities and frequency of alcohol use in a national sample of United States adolescents.

Sutton, Cassandra A / Grandfield, Elizabeth / Yi, Richard / Fazzino, Tera L

PloS one

2023 Volume 18, Issue 9, Page(s) e0291257

Abstract: Objective: Adolescents with fewer sources of environmental reinforcement may be at risk for alcohol use. Behavioral economic theories posit that engagement in some activities may facilitate alcohol use, whereas other activities may be incompatible with ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Adolescents with fewer sources of environmental reinforcement may be at risk for alcohol use. Behavioral economic theories posit that engagement in some activities may facilitate alcohol use, whereas other activities may be incompatible with use and reduce likelihood of alcohol use. It is unclear which types of activities may facilitate or may be incompatible with alcohol use in adolescence. Using a national sample of adolescents, the current study examined differences in engagement with types of activities that may be incompatible with alcohol use, compared among adolescents who endorsed alcohol use, and adolescents who did not. Method: Data from the 2019 Monitoring the Future (MTF) study (N = 4626) were analyzed. Potentially incompatible and facilitating activities, and alcohol-involved activities were identified from pre-existing survey measures. Confirmatory factor analysis, measurement invariance, and structural equation modeling were used to examine patterns in activity engagement among those who endorsed alcohol use and those who did not. Results: Participants who did not endorse alcohol use reported higher engagement in activities that may be incompatible with alcohol use, including enjoyment from school and going to the mall (p < .001). Participants who endorsed alcohol use reported higher engagement in activities that may facilitate alcohol use (p < .001), such as spending time with friends and attending parties. Facilitating activities (β = 0.15, p < .001) and alcohol-involved activities (β = 0.70, p < .001) were positively associated with alcohol use frequency. Observed effect sizes were small in magnitude for all findings. Conclusions: The findings support the premise of behavioral economic theory, suggesting some activities may serve as protective factors against alcohol use frequency while other activities may facilitate alcohol use among adolescents. National surveys may consider adding specific measure of activity engagement to identify activities that may be incompatible with alcohol use among adolescents.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Adolescent ; Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology ; Economics, Behavioral ; Ethanol ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Friends
Chemical Substances	Ethanol (3K9958V90M)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0291257
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Article ; Online: A Preliminary Experimental Study of Self-Objectification and Risky Sex Behavior Among a University Sample of Cisgender Women in the U.S.

Ingram, Katherine M / Collado, Anahi / Felton, Julia W / Yi, Richard

Archives of sexual behavior

2023 Volume 52, Issue 4, Page(s) 1643–1651

Abstract: Self-objectification is associated with a number of negative mental and behavioral outcomes. Though previous research has established associations between self-objectification and risky sex, no study to date has examined whether self-objectification ... ...

Abstract	Self-objectification is associated with a number of negative mental and behavioral outcomes. Though previous research has established associations between self-objectification and risky sex, no study to date has examined whether self-objectification affects propensity to engage in risky sex. The current research employed an experimental design to examine the effect of heightened self-objectification on a laboratory analog of risky sex (n = 181). We observed that when college-attending women experienced a heightened state of self-objectification, they were more likely to engage in sex without a condom and less likely to wait to use a condom with a highly desirable partner. Given the frequency of intended and unintended objectifying messages that young women face, this increase in willingness to engage in risky sex behavior represents a consequential health concern.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Female ; Universities ; Sexual Behavior ; Condoms ; Risk-Taking ; Students
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	184221-3
ISSN	1573-2800 ; 0004-0002
ISSN (online)	1573-2800
ISSN	0004-0002
DOI	10.1007/s10508-022-02510-5
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Article ; Online: Art-delivered episodic future thinking reduces delay discounting: A phase IIa proof-of-concept trial.

Hudson, Jennifer E / Grunevski, Sergej / Sebelius, John / Yi, Richard

Journal of substance use and addiction treatment

2023 Volume 158, Page(s) 209255

Abstract: Introduction: High rates of delay discounting (DD), or the preference for immediate rewards over delayed rewards, is associated with substance use disorder (SUD). Lower rates of DD predict better treatment outcomes, and thus strategies that reduce DD ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: High rates of delay discounting (DD), or the preference for immediate rewards over delayed rewards, is associated with substance use disorder (SUD). Lower rates of DD predict better treatment outcomes, and thus strategies that reduce DD may support SUD recovery. The process of vividly imagining a future event, known as episodic future thinking (EFT), may be a particularly viable approach to reduce DD. Some limited research has examined delivery of EFT in treatment settings, using verbal prompts that are typical of studies in non-treatment settings. We propose that the creation of visual art represents a unique alignment of the purpose of EFT with an innovative delivery modality in treatment settings. Methods: This single arm, proof-of-concept trial evaluated art-delivered EFT (ArtEFT) to reduce DD in a sample of women (N = 39) in a residential SUD treatment center. Participants engaged in a single, 1-h ArtEFT session during which they engaged in EFT and created a visual representation using art materials. The study collected DD measures for hypothetical money ($50 and $1000 magnitude conditions) before and after ArtEFT. Results: Using area-under-the-curve (AUC Conclusion: This study reveals promising preliminary indicators that art may be an effective modality to deliver EFT, with particular advantages for implementation given the popularity of art programming in SUD treatment programs.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Female ; Delay Discounting ; Thinking ; Reward ; Forecasting
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Clinical Trial, Phase II ; Journal Article
ISSN	2949-8759
ISSN (online)	2949-8759
DOI	10.1016/j.josat.2023.209255
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Article: Are You Sure: Preference and Ambivalence in Delay Discounting.

Grunevski, Sergej / Smith, Aaron P / Yi, Richard

Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience

2022 Volume 15, Page(s) 782991

Abstract: Delay discounting (DD) research has become ubiquitous due to its robust associations with clinical outcomes. Typical DD tasks involve multiple trials in which participants indicate preference between smaller, sooner and larger, later rewards. Scoring of ... ...

Abstract	Delay discounting (DD) research has become ubiquitous due to its robust associations with clinical outcomes. Typical DD tasks involve multiple trials in which participants indicate preference between smaller, sooner and larger, later rewards. Scoring of these binary choice tasks has not considered trial-level ambivalence as a possible decision-making construct. The present study explored the extent to which trial-level ambivalence varied within-individual using an established assessment of DD (the Monetary Choice Questionnaire). Results indicate that degree of ambivalence peaks around the trials associated with the DD rate. Moreover, ambivalence is associated with a diminished impact of reward delay differences on choice, where greater delay differences decrease the odds of choosing the larger, later rewards. Taken together, we believe ambivalence to be a relevant construct for research on intertemporal decision making, and it may be particularly useful in the study of manipulations on individual rates of DD.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-24
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2452960-6
ISSN	1662-5153
ISSN	1662-5153
DOI	10.3389/fnbeh.2021.782991
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Article ; Online: Valuation of future alcohol in cross-commodity delay discounting is associated with alcohol misuse/consequences.

Taylor, Hailey / Smith, Aaron P / Yi, Richard

Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors

2022 Volume 37, Issue 1, Page(s) 166–176

Abstract: Objective: Delay discounting (DD) refers to the reduction in reward value as a function of its delay, and individuals who misuse alcohol typically exhibit high rates of DD, which may reflect a general preference for immediate outcomes. This ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Delay discounting (DD) refers to the reduction in reward value as a function of its delay, and individuals who misuse alcohol typically exhibit high rates of DD, which may reflect a general preference for immediate outcomes. This interpretation is based on studies utilizing single-commodity DD tasks where the same commodity is available immediately and following a delay. Cross-commodity DD tasks require individuals to choose between different commodities at varying delays and may provide the potential to further illuminate intertemporal preference associated with alcohol misuse. The present study examined associations between single-commodity and cross-commodity DD rates with alcohol use metrics among young adults. Method: DD by young adults ( Results: Results support the hypothesis, as past 30-day consumption and AUDIT scores were positively associated with rate of DD in the immediate alcohol versus delayed money task and negatively associated with rate of DD in the immediate money versus delayed alcohol task. Moreover, we found the immediate money versus delayed alcohol task provided unique explanatory power for individual alcohol use. Conclusions: The observed associations indicate that willingness to invest in future access to alcohol may be associated with elevated alcohol use and related consequences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Young Adult ; Humans ; Male ; Female ; Delay Discounting ; Alcoholism ; Reward ; Alcohol Drinking
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2101111-4
ISSN	1939-1501 ; 0893-164X
ISSN (online)	1939-1501
ISSN	0893-164X
DOI	10.1037/adb0000863
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Article ; Online: Single- and Cross-Commodity Delay Discounting of Cannabis.

Foxx, Ricarda K / Taylor, Hailey / Castro, Michelle / Smith, Aaron P / Yurasek, Ali M / Yi, Richard

Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs

2023 Volume 84, Issue 1, Page(s) 58–66

Abstract: Objective: Despite extensive literature that has identified high rates of delay discounting as a behavioral correlate of substance misuse, associations of cannabis use measures and delay discounting are less consistent. Furthermore, there is very ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Despite extensive literature that has identified high rates of delay discounting as a behavioral correlate of substance misuse, associations of cannabis use measures and delay discounting are less consistent. Furthermore, there is very limited research examining cannabis use using cross-commodity delay discounting tasks, where the immediate and delayed outcomes are different commodities. Method: Using conventional single-commodity delay discounting tasks for money and cannabis outcomes as well as cross-commodity delay discounting tasks (i.e., cannabis now vs. money later, money now vs. cannabis later), we examined associations of delay discounting rates with cannabis use frequency, cannabis use disorder symptom count, cannabis-related problems, and craving among young adult cannabis users ( Results: Although associations between cannabis use measures and rates of delay discounting in single-commodity conditions were modest, significant associations were observed with delay discounting rates in cross-commodity conditions. Of note, regression and model comparison analyses generally showed positive associations of cannabis measures with immediate cannabis versus delayed money delay discounting rates, and negative associations of cannabis measures with immediate money versus delayed cannabis delay discounting rates. Conclusions: The results suggest that problematic cannabis use may not be strictly associated with the inability to wait for delayed outcomes, as suggested by previous research implementing single-commodity delay discounting tasks, but also with a willingness to wait for delayed access to cannabis.
MeSH term(s)	Young Adult ; Humans ; Adult ; Delay Discounting ; Cannabis ; Reward
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2266450-6
ISSN	1938-4114 ; 1934-2683 ; 1937-1888 ; 0096-882X
ISSN (online)	1938-4114 ; 1934-2683
ISSN	1937-1888 ; 0096-882X
DOI	10.15288/jsad.21-00321
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Article ; Online: A pilot trial of behavioural activation with a contingency management component: Preliminary examination of changes in smoking and alternative rewards among low-income individuals.

Collado, Anahi / Felton, Julia W / Bounoua, Nadia / Tormohlen, Kayla / Yi, Richard

International journal of psychology : Journal international de psychologie

2023 Volume 58, Issue 5, Page(s) 449–455

Abstract: The heaviest smoking and burden of tobacco-related illness occurs among low-income individuals. Using a behavioural economics framework, this non-randomised pilot study examined the preliminary efficacy of behavioural activation (BA) with a contingency ... ...

Abstract	The heaviest smoking and burden of tobacco-related illness occurs among low-income individuals. Using a behavioural economics framework, this non-randomised pilot study examined the preliminary efficacy of behavioural activation (BA) with a contingency management (CM) component designed to encourage continued use of BA skills and reductions in cigarettes smoked. Eighty-four participants were recruited from a community centre. Data were collected at the start of every other group and at four different follow-up time points. Domains assessed included number of cigarettes smoked, activity level, and environmental rewards (i.e. alternative environmental reinforcers). Over time, cigarette smoking decreased (p < .001), environmental reward increased (p = .03), and reward probability and activity level were associated over time with cigarette smoking (p ≤ .03) above and beyond the effect of nicotine dependence. The continued use of BA skills was associated with greater environmental rewards (p = .04). While further research is needed to replicate this work, results suggest initial evidence for the utility of this intervention in a traditionally underserved community.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Behavior Therapy ; Pilot Projects ; Reward ; Smoking ; Smoking Cessation/methods
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Clinical Trial ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1480995-3
ISSN	1464-066X ; 0020-7594
ISSN (online)	1464-066X
ISSN	0020-7594
DOI	10.1002/ijop.12920
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Article ; Online: Delay discounting and substance use treatment outcomes: A systematic review focused on treatment outcomes and discounting methodology.

Exum, Alexis C / Sutton, Cassandra A / Bellitti, Joseph S / Yi, Richard / Fazzino, Tera L

Journal of substance use and addiction treatment

2023 Volume 149, Page(s) 209037

Abstract: Introduction: Delay discounting-the tendency to choose small, immediate rewards over larger, delayed rewards-is robustly associated with substance use. Delay discounting may present challenges in treatment for substance use disorders, as individuals ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Delay discounting-the tendency to choose small, immediate rewards over larger, delayed rewards-is robustly associated with substance use. Delay discounting may present challenges in treatment for substance use disorders, as individuals with elevated discounting may struggle to wait for the long-term rewards that come from abstinence, which may yield poorer treatment outcomes. However, evidence on the role of discounting in treatment outcomes has been inconsistent. The study conducted a systematic review of the literature to characterize the prospective effects of delay discounting measured pre-treatment on substance use treatment outcomes, with a focus on characterizing findings across: 1) type of treatment outcome and 2) methodology used to assess and characterize discounting. Method: A systematic literature search identified N = 17 studies that examined the association between delay discounting at treatment entry (pre-treatment) and substance use treatment outcomes. Findings were reported across the following substance use treatment outcomes: abstinence, relapse, use frequency and related problems, and treatment adherence. Findings regarding discounting methodology were reported by type of discounting measure (adjusting choice task, fixed choice task, or experiential task) and parameter used to characterize discounting (k, log transformed k (lnk), and area under the curve). Results: Delay discounting at treatment entry was not consistently associated with substance use treatment outcomes when examined across all studies overall (47 %) or by treatment outcome (0-40 % for most outcomes). The majority of studies (64 %) that used an adjusting choice, computer-based task reported a significant association between discounting and treatment outcomes, whereas few studies that used a fixed choice or experiential task reported significant associations with treatment outcomes (0-25 %). Most studies (71 %) that used the lnk parameter to characterize discounting reported significant associations between discounting and a range of treatment outcomes. In contrast, few studies that used k or AUC (25-33 %) reported significant associations between discounting and treatment outcomes. Conclusion: When examined overall and by treatment outcome, evidence did not consistently indicate that delay discounting was prospectively associated with substance use treatment outcomes. However, delay discounting at treatment entry was more commonly associated with a variety of poorer treatment outcomes when researchers used more fine-grained methods to characterize discounting.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Delay Discounting ; Substance-Related Disorders/therapy ; Reward ; Treatment Outcome ; Treatment Adherence and Compliance
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Systematic Review ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ISSN	2949-8759
ISSN (online)	2949-8759
DOI	10.1016/j.josat.2023.209037
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Article ; Online: Working Memory Training Reduces Cigarette Smoking Among Low-Income Individuals With Elevated Delay Discounting.

Collado, Anahi / Felton, Julia / Grunevski, Sergej / Doran, Kelly / Yi, Richard

Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco

2022 Volume 24, Issue 6, Page(s) 890–896

Abstract: Introduction: The competing neurobehavioral decision systems theory conceptualizes addictive behavior, such as cigarette smoking, as arising from the imbalance between stronger impulsive relative to weaker executive decision processes. Working memory ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: The competing neurobehavioral decision systems theory conceptualizes addictive behavior, such as cigarette smoking, as arising from the imbalance between stronger impulsive relative to weaker executive decision processes. Working memory trainings may enhance executive decision processes, yet few studies have evaluated its efficacy on substance misuse, with mixed evidence. The current study is the first to evaluate the efficacy of a working memory training on cigarette smoking. We consider the moderating role of delay discounting (DD), or the preference for smaller, immediately available rewards relative to larger, delayed rewards, which has been associated with smoking onset, progression, and resumption. The investigation focuses on individuals living in high-poverty, low-resource environments due high burden of tobacco-related disease they experience. Aims and methods: The study utilized a subset of data (N = 177 individuals who smoke) generated from a randomized clinical trial that is evaluating the efficacy of working memory training for improving health-related outcomes. Participants were randomized to complete up to 15 sessions of the active, working memory training or a control training. Results: Findings showed that among participants who were randomized to the working memory condition, those with higher rates of baseline DD demonstrated decreases in cigarette smoking (p = .05). Conversely, individuals randomized to the control condition, who had higher rates of baseline DD exhibited increases in cigarette smoking (p = .025). Conclusions: Results suggest that DD may be an important indicator of working memory training outcomes and a possible approach for effectively targeting treatments in the future. Implications: DD is important indicator of working memory training outcomes on cigarette smoking. The findings suggest the possibility to effectively target treatments considering the impact of DD. Given that rates of DD tend to be higher among individuals from low-resource communities, and that computer-based working memory training programs are relatively low-cost and scalable, these findings suggest this approach may have specific utility for adults at heightened risk for cigarette use.This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier NCT03501706).
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Cigarette Smoking/therapy ; Delay Discounting ; Humans ; Learning ; Memory, Short-Term ; Reward ; Nicotiana
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1452315-2
ISSN	1469-994X ; 1462-2203
ISSN (online)	1469-994X
ISSN	1462-2203
DOI	10.1093/ntr/ntac005
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