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  1. Article: Amyloid beta vaccination: reduced plaques and improved cognition.

    Younkin, S G

    Nature medicine

    2000  Volume 7, Issue 1, Page(s) 18–19

    Abstract: Studies in three different transgenic mouse models suggest that the amyloid beta-protein contributes to memory loss in Alzheimer disease. Immunization with an amyloid beta-peptide fragment reduces learning and memory impairments in mice, and this ... ...

    Abstract Studies in three different transgenic mouse models suggest that the amyloid beta-protein contributes to memory loss in Alzheimer disease. Immunization with an amyloid beta-peptide fragment reduces learning and memory impairments in mice, and this approach may eventually be used to prevent and/or treat this disease in people.
    MeSH term(s) Alzheimer Disease/therapy ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/immunology ; Animals ; Cognition Disorders/therapy ; Disease Models, Animal ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Neurofibrillary Tangles ; Vaccines/administration & dosage
    Chemical Substances Amyloid beta-Peptides ; Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2000-11-16
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1220066-9
    ISSN 1546-170X ; 1078-8956
    ISSN (online) 1546-170X
    ISSN 1078-8956
    DOI 10.1038/83929
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: The role of A beta 42 in Alzheimer's disease.

    Younkin, S G

    Journal of physiology, Paris

    1998  Volume 92, Issue 3-4, Page(s) 289–292

    Abstract: Our recent studies of plasma, fibroblasts, transfected cells and transgenic mice show that a fundamental effect of the mutations linked to familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) is to increase the extracellular concentration of A beta 42. This effect of the ... ...

    Abstract Our recent studies of plasma, fibroblasts, transfected cells and transgenic mice show that a fundamental effect of the mutations linked to familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) is to increase the extracellular concentration of A beta 42. This effect of the FAD-linked mutations is likely to be directly related to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) because A beta 42 is deposited early and selectively in the senile plaques that are an invariant feature of all forms of AD. Thus our results provide strong evidence that the FAD-linked mutations all cause AD by increasing the extracellular concentration of A beta 42 (43), thereby fostering A beta deposition, and they support the hypothesis that cerebral A beta deposition is an essential early event in the pathogenesis of all forms of AD. Interactions between the basal forebrain cholinergic system and A beta that could influence AD pathogenesis are discussed.
    MeSH term(s) Age of Onset ; Alzheimer Disease/genetics ; Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/physiology ; Animals ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Humans ; Mutation ; Peptide Fragments/physiology
    Chemical Substances Amyloid beta-Peptides ; Peptide Fragments ; amyloid beta-protein (1-42)
    Language English
    Publishing date 1998-06
    Publishing country France
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1141200-8
    ISSN 1769-7115 ; 0928-4257
    ISSN (online) 1769-7115
    ISSN 0928-4257
    DOI 10.1016/s0928-4257(98)80035-1
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article: [The AAP and PS1/2 mutations linked to early onset familial Alzheimer's disease increase the extracellular concentration and A beta 1-42 (43)].

    Younkin, S G

    Rinsho shinkeigaku = Clinical neurology

    1997  Volume 37, Issue 12, Page(s) 1099

    MeSH term(s) Alzheimer Disease/genetics ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/analysis ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins/genetics ; Mutation ; Peptide Fragments/analysis ; Presenilin-1 ; Presenilin-2
    Chemical Substances Amyloid beta-Peptides ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor ; Membrane Proteins ; PSEN1 protein, human ; PSEN2 protein, human ; Peptide Fragments ; Presenilin-1 ; Presenilin-2 ; amyloid beta-protein (1-42)
    Language Japanese
    Publishing date 1997-12
    Publishing country Japan
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 604200-4
    ISSN 1882-0654 ; 0009-918X
    ISSN (online) 1882-0654
    ISSN 0009-918X
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  4. Article: Evidence that A beta 42 is the real culprit in Alzheimer's disease.

    Younkin, S G

    Annals of neurology

    1995  Volume 37, Issue 3, Page(s) 287–288

    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Alzheimer Disease/etiology ; Amyloid/chemistry ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/analysis ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics ; Animals ; Apolipoproteins E/genetics ; Cerebral Cortex/chemistry ; Down Syndrome/pathology ; Humans
    Chemical Substances Amyloid ; Amyloid beta-Peptides ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor ; Apolipoproteins E
    Language English
    Publishing date 1995-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comment ; Editorial
    ZDB-ID 80362-5
    ISSN 1531-8249 ; 0364-5134
    ISSN (online) 1531-8249
    ISSN 0364-5134
    DOI 10.1002/ana.410370303
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article: The amyloid beta protein precursor mutations linked to familial Alzheimer's disease alter processing in a way that fosters amyloid deposition.

    Younkin, S G

    The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine

    1994  Volume 174, Issue 3, Page(s) 217–223

    Abstract: Normal processing of the amyloid beta protein precursor (BAPP) results in secretion of a soluble 4 kD protein essentially identical to the amyloid beta protein (A beta) that forms insoluble fibrillar deposits in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Strong evidence ... ...

    Abstract Normal processing of the amyloid beta protein precursor (BAPP) results in secretion of a soluble 4 kD protein essentially identical to the amyloid beta protein (A beta) that forms insoluble fibrillar deposits in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Strong evidence that amyloid deposition plays a critical role in the development of AD has come from the identification of familial AD (FAD) kindreds in which the AD phenotype cosegregates with mutations in the beta APP gene that are located close to the NH2 or COOH end of the A beta peptide. The location of these mutations immediately suggests that they may cause AD by altering beta APP processing in a way that is amyloidogenic. In a previous study, we found that transfected cells expressing the NH2 side mutant secrete 6-fold more 4 kD A beta than those expressing wild type beta APP or COOH side mutants. We have now shown that the mutations on the COOH side of A beta alter processing to increase secretion of the more amyloidogenic A beta 1-42 form which constitutes only a small percentage of the total 4 kD A beta produced. Thus our data show that all of the FAD-linked beta APP mutations alter beta APP processing in a way that increases the likelihood of amyloid formation.
    MeSH term(s) Aging/metabolism ; Alzheimer Disease/genetics ; Alzheimer Disease/metabolism ; Amyloid/metabolism ; Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/metabolism ; Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases ; Down Syndrome/complications ; Down Syndrome/genetics ; Down Syndrome/metabolism ; Endopeptidases/metabolism ; Humans ; Models, Neurological ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism ; Neuroblastoma/pathology ; Peptide Fragments/metabolism ; Phenotype ; Point Mutation ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Chemical Substances Amyloid ; Amyloid beta-Peptides ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor ; Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Peptide Fragments ; Recombinant Proteins ; amyloid beta-protein (1-42) ; Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases (EC 3.4.-) ; Endopeptidases (EC 3.4.-) ; Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases (EC 3.4.23.-) ; BACE1 protein, human (EC 3.4.23.46)
    Language English
    Publishing date 1994-11
    Publishing country Japan
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 123477-8
    ISSN 0040-8727
    ISSN 0040-8727
    DOI 10.1620/tjem.174.217
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article: Processing of the Alzheimer's disease beta A4 amyloid protein precursor (APP).

    Younkin, S G

    Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland)

    1991  Volume 1, Issue 4, Page(s) 253–262

    MeSH term(s) Alzheimer Disease/genetics ; Alzheimer Disease/metabolism ; Alzheimer Disease/pathology ; Amyloid/metabolism ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/metabolism ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Mutation ; Neurofibrillary Tangles/metabolism ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational
    Chemical Substances Amyloid ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor ; Membrane Proteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 1991-07
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1051484-3
    ISSN 1750-3639 ; 1015-6305
    ISSN (online) 1750-3639
    ISSN 1015-6305
    DOI 10.1111/j.1750-3639.1991.tb00668.x
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article: Presenilins as therapeutic targets for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

    Golde, T E / Younkin, S G

    Trends in molecular medicine

    2001  Volume 7, Issue 6, Page(s) 264–269

    Abstract: Studies demonstrating that accumulation and aggregation of the amyloid beta protein (Abeta) within the brain is likely to cause Alzheimer's disease (AD) have provided the rationale for therapeutic strategies aimed at influencing Abeta production, ... ...

    Abstract Studies demonstrating that accumulation and aggregation of the amyloid beta protein (Abeta) within the brain is likely to cause Alzheimer's disease (AD) have provided the rationale for therapeutic strategies aimed at influencing Abeta production, aggregation and clearance. gamma-secretase catalyzes the final cleavage that releases the Abeta from its precursor; therefore, it is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of AD. Recent data show that the polytopic membrane proteins presenilin 1 and presenilin 2 are either catalytic components or essential co-factors of a membrane-bound proteolytic complex that possesses gamma-secretase activity. Although recent findings demonstrating that gamma-secretase inhibitors bind directly to presenilins (PSs) further support a catalytic role for PSs in gamma-secretase cleavage, additional studies are still needed to clarify the role of PSs in gamma-secretase cleavage and the use of targeting PSs to reduce Abeta production.
    MeSH term(s) Alzheimer Disease/therapy ; Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/metabolism ; Animals ; Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases ; Catalysis ; Endopeptidases/metabolism ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins/genetics ; Membrane Proteins/immunology ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Presenilin-1 ; Presenilin-2
    Chemical Substances Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor ; Membrane Proteins ; PSEN1 protein, human ; PSEN2 protein, human ; Presenilin-1 ; Presenilin-2 ; Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases (EC 3.4.-) ; Endopeptidases (EC 3.4.-) ; Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases (EC 3.4.23.-) ; BACE1 protein, human (EC 3.4.23.46)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2001-05-17
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2036490-8
    ISSN 1471-499X ; 1471-4914
    ISSN (online) 1471-499X
    ISSN 1471-4914
    DOI 10.1016/s1471-4914(01)02064-0
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  8. Article: Mayo and the mouse.

    Younkin, S G / Stoddard, S

    Nature

    2000  Volume 404, Issue 6780, Page(s) 809

    MeSH term(s) Alzheimer Disease ; Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Licensure ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Organizations, Nonprofit ; Patents as Topic ; Technology Transfer
    Language English
    Publishing date 2000-04-20
    Publishing country England
    Document type Comment ; Letter
    ZDB-ID 120714-3
    ISSN 1476-4687 ; 0028-0836
    ISSN (online) 1476-4687
    ISSN 0028-0836
    DOI 10.1038/35009257
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  9. Article: Biochemical detection of Abeta isoforms: implications for pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

    Golde, T E / Eckman, C B / Younkin, S G

    Biochimica et biophysica acta

    1999  Volume 1502, Issue 1, Page(s) 172–187

    Abstract: Prior to the identification of the various abnormal proteins deposited as fibrillar aggregates in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, there was tremendous controversy over the importance of the various lesions with respect to primacy in the pathology of ... ...

    Abstract Prior to the identification of the various abnormal proteins deposited as fibrillar aggregates in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, there was tremendous controversy over the importance of the various lesions with respect to primacy in the pathology of AD. Nevertheless, based on analogy to systemic amyloidosis, many investigators believed that the amyloid deposits in AD played a causal role and that characterization of these deposits would hold the key to understanding this complex disease. Indeed, in retrospect, it was the initial biochemical purifications of the approximately 4 kDa amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) from amyloid deposits in the mid 1980s that launched a new era of AD research (Glenner and Wong, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 122 (1984) 1121-1135; Wong et al., Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 82 (1985) 8729 8732; and Masters et al., Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 82 (1985) 4245-4249). Subsequent studies of the biology of Abeta together with genetic studies of AD have all supported the hypothesis that altered Abeta metabolism leading to aggregation plays a causal role in AD. Although there remains controversy as to whether Abeta deposited as classic amyloid or a smaller, aggregated, form causes AD, the relevance of studying the amyloid deposits has certainly been proven. Despite the significant advances in our understanding of the role of Abeta in AD pathogenesis, many important aspects of Abeta biology remain a mystery. This review will highlight those aspects of Abeta biology that have led to our increased understanding of the pathogenesis of AD as well as areas which warrant additional study.
    MeSH term(s) Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis ; Alzheimer Disease/etiology ; Alzheimer Disease/therapy ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/analysis ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/genetics ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism ; Animals ; Biomarkers/analysis ; Brain/metabolism ; Brain Chemistry ; Cell Line ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Humans ; Mass Spectrometry ; Membrane Proteins/analysis ; Membrane Proteins/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Peptide Fragments/analysis ; Peptide Fragments/genetics ; Presenilin-1 ; Presenilin-2 ; Protein Isoforms/analysis
    Chemical Substances Amyloid beta-Peptides ; Biomarkers ; Membrane Proteins ; PSEN1 protein, human ; PSEN2 protein, human ; Peptide Fragments ; Presenilin-1 ; Presenilin-2 ; Protein Isoforms ; amyloid beta-protein (1-42)
    Language English
    Publishing date 1999-04-19
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 60-7
    ISSN 1879-2596 ; 1879-260X ; 1872-8006 ; 1879-2642 ; 1879-2618 ; 1879-2650 ; 0006-3002 ; 0005-2728 ; 0005-2736 ; 0304-4165 ; 0167-4838 ; 1388-1981 ; 0167-4889 ; 0167-4781 ; 0304-419X ; 1570-9639 ; 0925-4439 ; 1874-9399
    ISSN (online) 1879-2596 ; 1879-260X ; 1872-8006 ; 1879-2642 ; 1879-2618 ; 1879-2650
    ISSN 0006-3002 ; 0005-2728 ; 0005-2736 ; 0304-4165 ; 0167-4838 ; 1388-1981 ; 0167-4889 ; 0167-4781 ; 0304-419X ; 1570-9639 ; 0925-4439 ; 1874-9399
    DOI 10.1016/s0925-4439(00)00043-0
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article: An analysis of the role of calcium in facilitation at the frog neuromuscular junction.

    Younkin, S G

    The Journal of physiology

    1974  Volume 237, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–14

    Abstract: 1. Under appropriate conditions stimulation of the neuromuscular junction by a single impulse or a brief train causes subsequent impulses to release increased amounts of transmitter. It has been proposed that this facilitation of transmitter release is ... ...

    Abstract 1. Under appropriate conditions stimulation of the neuromuscular junction by a single impulse or a brief train causes subsequent impulses to release increased amounts of transmitter. It has been proposed that this facilitation of transmitter release is due to calcium which remains on release sites following the conditioning stimuli. This residual calcium hypothesis is examined in frog cutaneous pectoris muscle in the present study.2. The second component of facilitation is shown to depend on the amount of calcium present during tetanization as required by the residual calcium hypothesis.3. The quantitative behaviour of the facilitation accompanying tetani of a number of frequencies and durations is found to be consistent with the residual calcium hypothesis.4. Quantitative analysis of facilitation leads to a description of the time course of removal of calcium from release sites which is discussed.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Anura ; Calcium/physiology ; Electric Stimulation ; Electrophysiology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Iontophoresis ; Muscle Contraction ; Neural Conduction ; Neuromuscular Junction/physiology ; Pectoralis Muscles/innervation ; Rana pipiens
    Chemical Substances Calcium (SY7Q814VUP)
    Language English
    Publishing date 1974-02
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 3115-x
    ISSN 1469-7793 ; 0022-3751
    ISSN (online) 1469-7793
    ISSN 0022-3751
    DOI 10.1113/jphysiol.1974.sp010466
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