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Article ; Online: A survey of white spot lesion prevention and resolution in the US dental school curricula.

Chauncey, Robert T / Yu, Qingzhao / Armbruster, Paul C / Ballard, Richard W

2023 Volume 87, Issue 11, Page(s) 1552–1558

Abstract: Purpose/objectives: White spot lesions (WSLs) are opaque white lesions on smooth tooth surfaces as a result of demineralization. Proven methods of prevention and resolution of these lesions are available yet the incidence rate, especially in orthodontic ...

Abstract	Purpose/objectives: White spot lesions (WSLs) are opaque white lesions on smooth tooth surfaces as a result of demineralization. Proven methods of prevention and resolution of these lesions are available yet the incidence rate, especially in orthodontic patients, is still high. Perhaps the way dental schools are educating students on the topic is insufficient. The purpose of this study was to determine if and how predoctoral dental students are taught about the prevention and resolution of WSLs. Methods: An electronic survey was developed and sent out to each of the 66 accredited dental schools in the United States and Puerto Rico. The survey consisted of 13 questions and inquired about whether the school includes instruction of WSLs in its predoctoral curriculum. If the school indicated instruction WSLs was in the predoctoral curriculum, further questions were asked pertaining to the content and method of the instruction. Demographic data was also gathered from each institution. Results: Twenty-eight of the 66 schools responded for a 42% response rate. Eighty-two percent of schools indicated they were teaching about prevention of WSLs, while 50% indicated they were teaching about resolution, or treatment, of WSLs. The most commonly taught methods were patient education, over-the-counter fluoride mouthrinse, toothpaste, or gel, and high fluoride content toothpaste. Conclusion: The majority of responding dental schools are at least including some instruction of WSLs in the predoctoral curriculum. Many of the known prevention and treatment measures available, however, are not routinely taught.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; United States ; Fluorides ; Schools, Dental ; Toothpastes ; Education, Dental/methods ; Curriculum ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Dental Caries
Chemical Substances	Fluorides (Q80VPU408O) ; Toothpastes
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	410579-5
ISSN	1930-7837 ; 0022-0337
ISSN (online)	1930-7837
ISSN	0022-0337
DOI	10.1002/jdd.13313
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Article ; Online: Third-variable effect analysis with multilevel additive models.

Yu, Qingzhao / Li, Bin

PloS one

2020 Volume 15, Issue 10, Page(s) e0241072

Abstract: Third-variable effect refers to the effect transmitted by third-variables that intervene in the relationship between an exposure and a response variable. Third-variable effect analysis has been broadly studied in many fields. However, it remains a ... ...

Abstract	Third-variable effect refers to the effect transmitted by third-variables that intervene in the relationship between an exposure and a response variable. Third-variable effect analysis has been broadly studied in many fields. However, it remains a challenge for researchers to differentiate indirect effect of individual factor from multiple third-variables, especially when the involving variables are of hierarchical structure. Yu et al. (2014) defined third-variable effects that were consistent for all different types of response (categorical or continuous), exposure, or third-variables. With these definitions, multiple third-variables can be considered simultaneously, and the indirect effects carried by individual third-variables can be separated from the total effect. In this paper, we extend the definitions of third-variable effects to multilevel data structures, where multilevel additive models are adapted to model the variable relationships. And then third-variable effects can be estimated at different levels. Moreover, transformations on variables are allowed to present nonlinear relationships among variables. We compile an R package mlma, to carry out the proposed multilevel third-variable analysis. Simulations show that the proposed method can effectively differentiate and estimate third-variable effects from different levels. Further, we implement the method to explore the racial disparity in body mass index accounting for both environmental and individual level risk factors.
MeSH term(s)	Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Multilevel Analysis ; Software
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0241072
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Article: A Multivariate Multiple Third-Variable Effect Analysis with an Application to Explore Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Obesity.

Yu, Qingzhao / Li, Bin

Journal of applied statistics

2020 Volume 48, Issue 4, Page(s) 750–764

Abstract: Third-Variable effect refers to the intervening effect from a third variable (called mediators or confounders) to the observed relationship between an exposure and an outcome. The general multiple third-variable effect analysis method (TVEA) allows ... ...

Abstract	Third-Variable effect refers to the intervening effect from a third variable (called mediators or confounders) to the observed relationship between an exposure and an outcome. The general multiple third-variable effect analysis method (TVEA) allows consideration of multiple mediators/confounders (MC) simultaneously and the use of linear and non-linear predictive models for estimating MC effects. Previous studies have found that compared with non-Hispanic White population, Blacks and Hispanic Whites suffered disproportionally more with obesity and related chronic diseases. In this paper, we extend the general TVEA to deal with multivariate/multicategorical predictors and multivariate response variables. We designed algorithms and an R package for this extension and applied MMA on the NHANES data to identify MCs and quantify the indirect effect of each MC in explaining both racial and ethnic disparities in obesity and the body mass index (BMI) simultaneously. We considered a number of socio-demographic variables, individual factors, and environmental variables as potential MCs and found that some of the ethnic/racial differences in obesity and BMI were explained by the included variables.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-03-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1476802-1
ISSN	1360-0532 ; 0266-4763
ISSN (online)	1360-0532
ISSN	0266-4763
DOI	10.1080/02664763.2020.1738359
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Article: Inference on moderation effect with third-variable effect analysis - application to explore the trend of racial disparity in oncotype dx test for breast cancer treatment.

Yu, Qingzhao / Zhang, Lu / Wu, Xiaocheng / Li, Bin

Journal of applied statistics

2021 Volume 49, Issue 15, Page(s) 3958–3975

Abstract: Third variable effect refers to the effect from a third variable that explains an observed relationship between an exposure and an outcome. Depending on whether there is causal relationship, typically, a third variable takes the format of a mediator or a ...

Abstract	Third variable effect refers to the effect from a third variable that explains an observed relationship between an exposure and an outcome. Depending on whether there is causal relationship, typically, a third variable takes the format of a mediator or a confounder. A moderation effect is a special case of the third-variable effect, where the moderator and other variables have an interactive effect on the outcome. In this paper, we extend the R package 'mma' for moderation analysis so that third-variable effects can be reported at different levels of the moderator. The proposed moderation analysis use tree-structured models to automatically detect moderation effects and can handle both categorical and numerical moderators. We propose algorithms and graphical methods for making inference on moderation effects and illustrate the method under different scenarios of moderation effects. Finally, we apply the proposed method to explore the trend of racial disparities in the use of Oncotype DX recurrence tests among breast cancer patients. We found that the unexplained racial differences in using the tests have decreased from 2010 to 2015.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-27
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1476802-1
ISSN	1360-0532 ; 0266-4763
ISSN (online)	1360-0532
ISSN	0266-4763
DOI	10.1080/02664763.2021.1968358
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Article ; Online: Medicaid Expansion Increases Access for Rural and Impoverished Patients with Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma in Southern States.

Venkatesh, Hemanth / Li, Tingting / Yu, Qingzhao / Wu, Xiao-Cheng / Yi, Yong / Hsieh, Mei-Chin / Chu, Quyen D

Annals of surgical oncology

2024 Volume 31, Issue 5, Page(s) 2925–2931

Abstract: Introduction: Medicaid expansion (ME) impacted patients when assessed at a national level. However, of the 32 states in which Medicaid expansion occurred, only 3 were Southern states. Whether results apply to Southern states that share similar ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Medicaid expansion (ME) impacted patients when assessed at a national level. However, of the 32 states in which Medicaid expansion occurred, only 3 were Southern states. Whether results apply to Southern states that share similar geopolitical perspectives remains elusive. We aimed to assess the impact of ME on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) treatment in eight Southern states in the USA. Patients and methods: We identified uninsured or Medicaid patients (age 40-64 years) diagnosed with PDAC between 2011 and 2018 in Southern states from the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries-Cancer in North America (NAACCR-CiNA) research dataset. Medicaid-expanded states (MES; Louisiana, Kentucky, and Arkansas) were compared with non-MES (NMES; Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Texas, and Oklahoma) using multivariate logistic regression. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Among 3036 patients, MES significantly increased odds of Medicaid insurance by 36%, and increased proportions of insured Black patients by 3.7%, rural patients by 3.8%, and impoverished patients by 18.4%. After adjusting for age, race, rural-urban status, poverty status, and summary stage, the odds of receiving radiation therapy decreased by 26% for each year of expansion in expanded states (P = 0.01). Last, ME did not result in a significant difference between MES and NMES in diagnosing early stage disease (P = 0.98) nor in receipt of chemotherapy or surgery (P = 0.23 and P = 0.63, respectively). Conclusions: ME in Southern states increased insurance access to traditionally underserved groups. Interestingly, ME decreased the odds of receiving radiation therapy yearly and had no significant impact on receipt of chemotherapy or surgery.
MeSH term(s)	United States/epidemiology ; Humans ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Medicaid ; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ; Insurance Coverage ; Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/epidemiology ; Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/therapy ; Pancreatic Neoplasms/epidemiology ; Pancreatic Neoplasms/therapy
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1200469-8
ISSN	1534-4681 ; 1068-9265
ISSN (online)	1534-4681
ISSN	1068-9265
DOI	10.1245/s10434-024-15039-9
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Article ; Online: Inclusion of binary proxy variables in logistic regression improves treatment effect estimation in observational studies in the presence of binary unmeasured confounding variables.

Rosenbaum, Cornelius / Yu, Qingzhao / Buzhardt, Sarah / Sutton, Elizabeth / Chapple, Andrew G

Pharmaceutical statistics

2023 Volume 22, Issue 6, Page(s) 995–1015

Abstract: We present a simulation study and application that shows inclusion of binary proxy variables related to binary unmeasured confounders improves the estimate of a related treatment effect in binary logistic regression. The simulation study included 60,000 ... ...

Abstract	We present a simulation study and application that shows inclusion of binary proxy variables related to binary unmeasured confounders improves the estimate of a related treatment effect in binary logistic regression. The simulation study included 60,000 randomly generated parameter scenarios of sample size 10,000 across six different simulation structures. We assessed bias by comparing the probability of finding the expected treatment effect relative to the modeled treatment effect with and without the proxy variable. Inclusion of a proxy variable in the logistic regression model significantly reduced the bias of the treatment or exposure effect when compared to logistic regression without the proxy variable. Including proxy variables in the logistic regression model improves the estimation of the treatment effect at weak, moderate, and strong association with unmeasured confounders and the outcome, treatment, or proxy variables. Comparative advantages held for weakly and strongly collapsible situations, as the number of unmeasured confounders increased, and as the number of proxy variables adjusted for increased.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Logistic Models ; Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic ; Computer Simulation ; Bias ; Sample Size
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2083706-9
ISSN	1539-1612 ; 1539-1604
ISSN (online)	1539-1612
ISSN	1539-1604
DOI	10.1002/pst.2323
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Article: Using SAS Macros for Multiple Mediation Analysis in R.

Fisher, Paige / Cao, Wentao / Yu, Qingzhao

Journal of open research software

2020 Volume 8, Issue 1

Abstract: Mediation analysis refers to the process of making inferences on effects of third variables that intervene in the relationship between an exposure and response variable. The relationships among variables can be modelled by generalized linear models (GLM). ...

Abstract	Mediation analysis refers to the process of making inferences on effects of third variables that intervene in the relationship between an exposure and response variable. The relationships among variables can be modelled by generalized linear models (GLM). However, GLM are not sufficient to describe relationships among variables when there are nonlinear relationships and potential interaction effects. A general mediation analysis method was developed using not only GLMs, but also multiple additive regression trees and smoothing splines by Yu and Li (2017). The method is implemented in the R package,
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2740435-3
ISSN	2049-9647
ISSN	2049-9647
DOI	10.5334/jors.277
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Article ; Online: Blood pressure monitoring following individual carpules of anesthetic utilizing computer-controlled anesthetic delivery.

Soileau, Kristi M / DeGenova, Adam E / Yu, Qingzhao

BDJ open

2020 Volume 6, Issue 1, Page(s) 21

Abstract: To date, no study has evaluated blood pressure following administration of each carpule given for dental procedures using a computerized dental anesthesia system. Blood pressures taken prior to performing invasive periodontal procedures were compared ... ...

Abstract	To date, no study has evaluated blood pressure following administration of each carpule given for dental procedures using a computerized dental anesthesia system. Blood pressures taken prior to performing invasive periodontal procedures were compared with those readings measured following delivery of each of up to three consecutive carpules of Marcaine or Xylocaine in varying order. Pressure differences were also adjusted for age, sex, race, and whether a prescribed anxiolytic was taken beforehand. Neither systolic nor diastolic blood pressures changed significantly as compared to initial blood pressure readings. However, compared with Whites, Hispanics, and Middle Easterners, Blacks had significantly higher systolic pressure at the third carpule delivery, the cause being unknown. Blood pressure in patients being anesthetized for root planing and various periodontal surgical procedures will not increase significantly when administering up to three carpules, whether Marcaine or Xylocaine, in varying order, using controlled flow dental anesthesia, and this method may be preferable to syringes in managing dental procedural stress.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2056-807X
ISSN (online)	2056-807X
DOI	10.1038/s41405-020-00049-y
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Article ; Online: Management of facial cellulitis of odontogenic origin in a paediatric hospital.

Ritwik, Priyanshi / Fallahi, Susan / Yu, Qingzhao

International journal of paediatric dentistry

2020 Volume 30, Issue 4, Page(s) 483–488

Abstract: Background: Facial cellulitis of odontogenic origin (FCOO) can lead to systemic complications in children. Research on factors leading to improvement of outcomes is limited.: Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate patient characteristics, ... ...

Abstract	Background: Facial cellulitis of odontogenic origin (FCOO) can lead to systemic complications in children. Research on factors leading to improvement of outcomes is limited. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate patient characteristics, treatment modalities (antibiotics and route of administration), length of stay in the hospital, time till definitive treatment, and factors related to early treatment of FCOO. Design: A retrospective review was performed to identify children presenting to the emergency department of a paediatric hospital with FCOO over a 5-year period. Data were extracted from records of included patients. Results: Sixty-four records were included for analysis with mean age of 8.19 ± 4.5 years. Significantly more patients received clindamycin (79.7%) than penicillin-based antibiotic (18.8%) with P < .0001. Forty-four (68.8%) children were admitted to the hospital and received parenteral clindamycin. The average hospital stay was 2.5 ± 1.2 days, and average days till dental treatment was 5.2 ± 8.9 days. Children who received intravenous antibiotic or had a primary tooth involved received dental treatment sooner, with P = .0036 and P = .03, respectively. Conclusions: Oral antibiotics were prescribed for children who were discharged from the emergency department. Children who received intravenous antibiotics or had an infected primary tooth received early definitive treatment.
MeSH term(s)	Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Cellulitis/drug therapy ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Face ; Hospitals, Pediatric ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1070942-3
ISSN	1365-263X ; 0960-7439
ISSN (online)	1365-263X
ISSN	0960-7439
DOI	10.1111/ipd.12613
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Article ; Online: Nickel and chromium ion release from coated and uncoated orthodontic archwires under different pH levels and exposure times.

Laird, Camille / Xu, Xiaoming / Yu, Qingzhao / Armbruster, Paul / Ballard, Richard

Journal of oral biosciences

2021 Volume 63, Issue 4, Page(s) 450–454

Abstract: Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine and compare nickel and chromium ion release from traditional stainless steel and nickel titanium wires and newer esthetic archwires under different pH conditions, for different time intervals.: ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine and compare nickel and chromium ion release from traditional stainless steel and nickel titanium wires and newer esthetic archwires under different pH conditions, for different time intervals. Methods: Ten pieces of 10-mm segments of five different orthodontic archwires were submerged in buffer solutions of pH 4.0, 5.5, and 7.0, for 4 and 13 weeks. The sample solutions were analyzed using ICP-MS. First, the results were analyzed by three-way ANOVA to determine any significant differences in metal concentration (ppb) between the different groups. Then, a post-hoc multiple pairwise comparison by Tukey's Studentized Range (HSD) Test was conducted to further compare the different materials and pH conditions. Results: For nickel, uncoated NiTi had the highest nickel ion release (ppb), while AO Iconix had the lowest average nickel ion release, with a significant difference (p < 0.0001). The average nickel release increased with time and decreased with pH. For chromium, materials with uncoated stainless steel had the highest average chromium ion release, whereas AO Iconix had the lowest average chromium ion release, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.0001). Chromium ion release increased with time and decreased with pH. Conclusions: There were significant differences in metal ion release between different pH conditions, materials, and time points. The metal ion release increased with increase in time and decrease in pH. Overall, the coated archwires showed less metal ion release than the uncoated wires.
MeSH term(s)	Chromium ; Dental Alloys ; Esthetics, Dental ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Nickel ; Orthodontic Wires
Chemical Substances	Dental Alloys ; Chromium (0R0008Q3JB) ; Nickel (7OV03QG267)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-02
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2218267-6
ISSN	1880-3865 ; 1349-0079
ISSN (online)	1880-3865
ISSN	1349-0079
DOI	10.1016/j.job.2021.10.007
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