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  1. Article ; Online: Investigation and analysis of groundwater-derived damage to the Shahe ancient bridge site in Xi’an, China

    Jing Cao / Bingjie Mai / Hua Chen / Yuhu Li / Juanli Wang

    Heritage Science, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    2021  Volume 15

    Abstract: Abstract Earthen cultural ruins and their subsurface environments act as carriers or support for aboveground cultural heritage artefacts, and groundwater has been identified as the most important factor accelerating the destruction of ruins. In this ... ...

    Abstract Abstract Earthen cultural ruins and their subsurface environments act as carriers or support for aboveground cultural heritage artefacts, and groundwater has been identified as the most important factor accelerating the destruction of ruins. In this paper, a wooden structure on the site of the Xianyang Shahe ancient bridge is taken as the research object. Through geotechnical surveys and site sample analyses, the relationship between the environment and cause of damage at the site is explored. Fluctuations in groundwater level are found to affect the movement of water and salt, thereby accelerating deterioration and allowing microbes and other soil inhabitants and plants to erode the ruins. Furthermore, strong correlations are revealed between the stratigraphy of the area and both ruin status and sample analysis results. Geotechnical investigation data are used to predict the effects of various damaging factors on long-term preservation and the underlying mechanisms and to propose feasible, long-term countermeasures for preservation studies.
    Keywords Geotechnical investigation ; Groundwater ; Damage analysis ; Earthen cultural ruins ; Fine Arts ; N ; Analytical chemistry ; QD71-142
    Subject code 930
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-08-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher SpringerOpen
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article ; Online: An Essential Role of Polymeric Adhesives in the Reinforcement of Acidified Paper Relics

    Jiaojiao Liu / Huiping Xing / Yajun Zhou / Xiaolian Chao / Yuhu Li / Daodao Hu

    Polymers, Vol 14, Iss 207, p

    2022  Volume 207

    Abstract: Paper acidification causes paper relics to undergo embrittlement and decay, to form dregs, and even to break upon a single touch; therefore, reinforcement and deacidification treatments are essential steps for paper conservation and to retard the ... ...

    Abstract Paper acidification causes paper relics to undergo embrittlement and decay, to form dregs, and even to break upon a single touch; therefore, reinforcement and deacidification treatments are essential steps for paper conservation and to retard the deterioration and prolong the life of objects. Polymeric adhesives play an essential role in reinforcement and deacidification treatments, although it is not well studied. In this work, the effect of polymeric adhesives on the conservation process and their protective effects on acidified paper relics were studied. Firstly, three polymeric adhesives, including wheat starch paste, polyvinyl butyral (PVB), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), were selected as research objects. Subsequently, their effects on four popular conservation methods were further discussed, including traditional mounting, hot-melt with silk net, alcohol-soluble cotton mesh, and water-soluble cotton mesh. Additionally, as an example, the reversibility and long-term durability of water-soluble adhesive PVA-217 were assessed. Using a computer measured and controlled folding endurance tester, pendulum tensile strength tester, tear tester, burst tester, FT-IR, video optical contact angle tester, and other instruments, the conservation application of water-soluble adhesives in paper relics was evaluated. This study provides a scientific basis and experimental data for the application of polymeric adhesives in the conservation of paper relics.
    Keywords polymeric adhesives ; paper relics ; back support ; reinforcement and deacidification ; conservation ; Organic chemistry ; QD241-441
    Subject code 333
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article ; Online: A Study of Pigment, Adhesive, and Firing Temperature in Pottery Figurines Excavated from the Tomb of Qibi Ming, China

    Yanli Li / Haiqiang Guo / Ke Xiao / Panpan Liu / Xiaolian Chao / Peng Fu / Huiping Xing / Yuhu Li

    Molecules, Vol 28, Iss 23, p

    2023  Volume 7739

    Abstract: Some painted pottery figurines were excavated from the tomb of Qibi Ming of the Tang Dynasty. A series of analytical techniques were employed to understand the craftsmanship of these painted pottery figurines. The pigment, cross-section, adhesive, and ... ...

    Abstract Some painted pottery figurines were excavated from the tomb of Qibi Ming of the Tang Dynasty. A series of analytical techniques were employed to understand the craftsmanship of these painted pottery figurines. The pigment, cross-section, adhesive, and firing temperature were analyzed using microscopy (OM), energy X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDX), micro-Raman spectroscopy, pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and a dilatometer (DIL). The results demonstrated that the surface of the pigment layers had degraded to different degrees. The pigment particles were litharge, gypsum, malachite, cinnabar, hematite, minium, white lead, and carbon black. The cross-sectional images show that the painted layer of figurines 10-0966 and 10-0678 included a pigment layer and a preparation layer. The preparation layer of both pigments was lead white. Animal glue was used as an adhesive. The firing temperature of the pottery figurines was likely 1080 °C. This study can provide more accurate information with regard to the composition of the raw materials utilized in the making of these artifacts and support the selection of appropriate substances for the purposes of conservation and restoration of the painted pottery figurines.
    Keywords painted pottery figurines ; pigment ; adhesives ; micro-Raman spectroscopy ; Py-GC/MS ; DIL ; Organic chemistry ; QD241-441
    Subject code 930
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Article ; Online: Facile and Scalable Conservation of Chinese Ancient Paintings Using Water-Borne Fluoropolymer

    Juanli Wang / Daodao Hu / Huiping Xing / Yunpeng Qi / Yuhu Li

    ACS Omega, Vol 5, Iss 51, Pp 33162-

    2020  Volume 33169

    Keywords Chemistry ; QD1-999
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-12-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher American Chemical Society
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Article ; Online: Correction to

    Jiaojiao Liu / Yuhu Li / Daodao Hu / Huiping Xing / Xiaolian Chao / Jing Cao / Zhihui Jia

    Heritage Science, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    A new method for the conservation of ancient colored paintings on ramie textiles

    2021  Volume 1

    Abstract: An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article. ...

    Abstract An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.
    Keywords Fine Arts ; N ; Analytical chemistry ; QD71-142
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-03-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher SpringerOpen
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Article ; Online: An Essential Role of Gelatin in the Formation Process of Curling in Long Historical Photos

    Jiaojiao Liu / Yuhu Li / Daodao Hu / Xiaolian Chao / Yajun Zhou / Juanli Wang

    Polymers, Vol 13, Iss 3894, p

    2021  Volume 3894

    Abstract: Curling disease in long historical photos significantly affects the presentation of cultural heritage information. However, people lack attention to the formation process and microstructural changes of photo curling. In this article, a long historical ... ...

    Abstract Curling disease in long historical photos significantly affects the presentation of cultural heritage information. However, people lack attention to the formation process and microstructural changes of photo curling. In this article, a long historical photo (1912–1949 AD) collected by the Second Historical Archives of China was taken as the research object, and the formation process and cause of the curling were further explored. Firstly, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray energy disperse spectrometer (EDS), and other instruments were used to analyze the material composition of the long historical photo. It was found that the photographic paper was made of gelatin, barium sulfate, and plant fiber layers. Then, the effects of hygrothermal environments on curling and contraction in the gelatin layer and simulated photographic paper were explored. Meanwhile, the formation process and main influence factors of the curling were preliminarily revealed. The morphological analysis by SEM was carried out to identify the inner correlation between the microstructure and curling of photos. Finally, the possible formation cause of photo curling was analyzed. This study provides a scientific basis and experimental data for the preservation and restoration of long historical photos based on gelatin.
    Keywords long historical photos ; curling ; gelatin ; paper base layer ; preservation ; Organic chemistry ; QD241-441
    Subject code 550
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-11-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  7. Article ; Online: A new reinforcement method for the conservation of fragile, double-sided, printed paper cultural relics

    Jiaojiao Liu / Huiping Xing / Juanli Wang / Jing Cao / Xiaolian Chao / Zhihui Jia / Yuhu Li

    Heritage Science, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    2021  Volume 10

    Abstract: Abstract Paper cultural relics such as double-sided printed newspapers and periodicals represent modern cultural heritage. Severe damage such as embrittlement, decay, and dreg generally occur to paper; hence, it urgently needs conservation and ... ...

    Abstract Abstract Paper cultural relics such as double-sided printed newspapers and periodicals represent modern cultural heritage. Severe damage such as embrittlement, decay, and dreg generally occur to paper; hence, it urgently needs conservation and restoration. Therefore, herein, a new reinforcement method for the fragile double-sided printed paper cultural relics is proposed with cotton mesh and adhesive PVA217 as reinforcement materials. Using a computer measured and controlled folding endurance tester, a pendulum tensile strength tester, pH meter, pulp viscosimeter, and other instruments, the physical properties of newspaper samples before and after aging were evaluated. In addition, the mechanical properties, chromatic aberration and surface morphology of simulated samples before and after the cotton mesh reinforcement and Japanese washi paper reinforcement were assessed. The experimental results indicate that this new reinforcement method could effectively improve the physical strength, chromatic aberration and durability of the simulated samples. Widespread applications of this cotton mesh reinforcement method for the reinforcement and protection of the red revolutionary cultural relics such as double-sided printed newspaper and periodicals during the Republic of China era are foreseeable.
    Keywords Double-sided printing ; Paper cultural relics ; Cotton mesh ; Restoration and reinforcement ; Japanese washi paper ; Fine Arts ; N ; Analytical chemistry ; QD71-142
    Subject code 629
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-10-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher SpringerOpen
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  8. Article ; Online: A new method for the conservation of ancient colored paintings on ramie textiles

    Jiaojiao Liu / Yuhu Li / Daodao Hu / Huiping Xing / Xiaolian Chao / Jing Cao / Zhihui Jia

    Heritage Science, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    2021  Volume 10

    Abstract: Abstract Textiles are valuable cultural heritage items that are susceptible to several degradation processes due to their sensitive nature, such as the case of ancient ma colored-paintings. Therefore, it is important to take measures to protect the ... ...

    Abstract Abstract Textiles are valuable cultural heritage items that are susceptible to several degradation processes due to their sensitive nature, such as the case of ancient ma colored-paintings. Therefore, it is important to take measures to protect the precious ma artifacts. Generally, ″ma″ includes ramie, hemp, flax, oil flax, kenaf, jute, and so on. In this paper, an examination and analysis of a painted ma textile were the first step in proposing an appropriate conservation treatment. Standard fiber and light microscopy were used to identify the fiber type of the painted ma textile. Moreover, custom-made reinforcement materials and technology were introduced with the principles of compatibility, durability and reversibility. The properties of tensile strength, aging resistance and color alteration of the new material to be added were studied before and after dry heat aging, wet heat aging and UV light aging. After systematic examination and evaluation of the painted ma textile and reinforcement materials, the optimal conservation treatment was established, and exhibition method was established. Our work presents a new method for the conservation of ancient Chinese painted ramie textiles that would promote the protection of these valuable artifacts.
    Keywords Painted textiles ; Ramie fiber ; Conservation methods ; Reinforcement ; Cultural relic ; Fine Arts ; N ; Analytical chemistry ; QD71-142
    Subject code 930
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher SpringerOpen
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  9. Article ; Online: Microscopic Imaging Technology Assisted Dynamic Monitoring and Restoration of Micron-Level Cracks in the Painted Layer of Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the Western Han Dynasty

    Juanli Wang / Jiaxin Li / Xiaolian Chao / Youlu Chen / Yongsheng Huang / Bingjie Mai / Yuhu Li / Jing Cao

    Polymers, Vol 14, Iss 760, p

    2022  Volume 760

    Abstract: Cracks are one of the most common issues affecting colored pottery relics; these can be divided into macroscopic cracks, recognizable by the human eye, and micron cracks, which cannot be observed by the naked eye. The gradual development of micron cracks ...

    Abstract Cracks are one of the most common issues affecting colored pottery relics; these can be divided into macroscopic cracks, recognizable by the human eye, and micron cracks, which cannot be observed by the naked eye. The gradual development of micron cracks eventually leads to large-scale cracks and the shedding of the coating layer. The repair of such micron cracks poses a key technical difficulty in restoring painted pottery remnants from the Western Han Dynasty. We attempt to solve this problem by reporting on a method that entails the use of a water-borne fluoropolymer material as the adhesive agent, as well as ultra-depth-of-field, digital microscopic imaging technology to build an operating platform for an optical imaging monitoring system. By making simulated ceramic samples, we systematically investigated the influences of water-borne fluoropolymer on chromaticity, adhesion, contact angle, surface morphology, and thermal stability of the paint layer. The results indicate that the color of the painted layer, when treated with the water-borne fluoropolymer, did not change, and the adhesion and contact angle of the painted layer were improved. Additionally, the outcomes of the SEM analysis show that the adhesion and hydrophobicity of the painted layer were improved because the water-borne fluoropolymer filled up the porous structure of the painted layer and covered the pigment particles. These findings demonstrate that aqueous, water-borne fluoropolymer can be used as an adhesive agent for micron cracks. Meanwhile, via the operating platform of the optical imaging monitoring system, the micron cracks of the painted terracotta warriors and horses from the Western Han Dynasty were successfully repaired using the water-borne fluoropolymer. The results imply that the microstructure, size, and geometric spaces of the cracks can be obtained directly utilizing microscopic imaging technology. The dynamic monitoring and imaging system described above can be employed to assist prosthetists in visualizing micro-repair ...
    Keywords terracotta warriors and horses ; micron cracks of the painted layer ; microscopic imaging technology ; dynamic monitoring ; restoration ; Organic chemistry ; QD241-441
    Subject code 500
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  10. Article ; Online: Analysis and appraisal of fascine in Shahe ancient bridge ruins, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China

    Bingjie Mai / Naiming Liu / JiaoJiao Liu / Dan Liu / Jin Li / Juanli Wang / Aidong Chen / Jing Cao / Yuhu Li

    Heritage Science, Vol 10, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    2022  Volume 12

    Abstract: Abstract Flood control initiated Chinese civilization. Chinese civilization has a long history, and Chinese ancestors invented “aquatic engineering technology” for flood control and water management, including the Fascine body, as early as two thousand ... ...

    Abstract Abstract Flood control initiated Chinese civilization. Chinese civilization has a long history, and Chinese ancestors invented “aquatic engineering technology” for flood control and water management, including the Fascine body, as early as two thousand years ago. The Fascine body is a structure used to protect the bank and prevent breaching of an ancient Chinese flood control project. Excavation of the Shahe ancient bridge ruins in Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province, China led to discovery of a Fascine body structure. Through 14C dating, fibre, slice observations, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analyses and SEM energy spectrum analyses of the fascine material, microbes in the structure and the surrounding soil were identified, the dominant microbial community was analyzed, and microbial diseases were controlled in a targeted manner. Research on the fascine bank ruins identified the width and length boundaries of the Shahe ancient bridge, determined the exact age of the Shahe ancient bridge, provided important materials for research on ancient bridges, river embankments and other ruins, and provided important clues for the traffic and layout around Chang’an during the Qin and Han Dynasties of Chinese history.
    Keywords Shahe ancient bridge ; Fascine bank ; Flood protection ; Fascine body ; Fine Arts ; N ; Analytical chemistry ; QD71-142
    Subject code 930
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher SpringerOpen
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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