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Article ; Online: Collateral effects of COVID-19 stay-at-home orders on violence against women in the United States, January 2019 to December 2020

Patricia C. Lewis / Yuk Fai Cheong / Nadine J. Kaslow / Kathryn M. Yount

BMC Public Health, Vol 24, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2024 Volume 10

Abstract: Abstract Background The necessary execution of non-pharmaceutical risk-mitigation (NPRM) strategies to reduce the transmission of COVID-19 has created an unprecedented natural experiment to ascertain whether pandemic-induced social-policy interventions ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background The necessary execution of non-pharmaceutical risk-mitigation (NPRM) strategies to reduce the transmission of COVID-19 has created an unprecedented natural experiment to ascertain whether pandemic-induced social-policy interventions may elevate collateral health risks. Here, we assess the effects on violence against women (VAW) of the duration of NPRM measures that were executed through jurisdictional-level orders in the United States. We expect that stay-at-home orders, by reducing mobility and disrupting non-coresident social ties, are associated with higher incident reporting of VAW. Methods We used aggregate data from the Murder Accountability Project from January 2019 through December 2020, to estimate count models examining the effects of the duration of jurisdictional-level (N = 51) stay-at-home orders on femicide. Additionally, we used data from the National Incident-Based Reporting System to estimate a series of count models that examined the effects of the duration of jurisdictional-level (N = 26) stay-at-home orders on non-lethal violence against women, including five separate measures of intimate partner violence (IPV) and a measure of non-partner sexual violence. Results Results from the count models indicated that femicide was not associated with COVID-19 mitigation strategies when adjusted for seasonal effects. However, we found certain measures of non-lethal VAW to be significantly associated in adjusted models. Specifically, reported physical and economic IPV were positively associated with stay-at-home orders while psychological IPV and non-partner sexual violence were negatively associated with stay-at-home orders. The combination measure of all forms of IPV was positively associated with the duration of stay-at-home orders, indicating a net increase in risk of IPV during lockdowns. Conclusions The benefits of risk-mitigation strategies to reduce the health impacts directly associated with a pandemic should be weighed against their costs with respect to women’s heightened ...
Keywords	Violence against women ; COVID-19 ; Femicide ; Intimate partner violence ; Non-pharmaceutical risk mitigation strategies ; United States ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	300
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Childhood maltreatment class and sexually violent behavior among university men in Vietnam

Katherine M. Anderson / Irina Bergenfeld / Yuk Fai Cheong / Tran Hung Minh / Kathryn M. Yount

SSM: Population Health, Vol 18, Iss , Pp 101103- (2022)

2022

Abstract: Background: Sexual violence against women remains a global public health problem, with Southeast Asia having among the highest rates of violence victimization globally. Exposure to violence in adolescence--a highly prevalent experience in Vietnam--is ... ...

Abstract	Background: Sexual violence against women remains a global public health problem, with Southeast Asia having among the highest rates of violence victimization globally. Exposure to violence in adolescence--a highly prevalent experience in Vietnam--is associated with later perpetration of violence against others. However, childhood maltreatment as a latent construct is understudied, with most analyses focusing on theoretical categories, potentially missing key patterns of victimization, particularly poly-victimization. Poor understanding of these experience limits researchers’ ability to predict and intervene upon cyclical perpetration of violence. This study aims to identify latent classes of childhood maltreatment, and to test associations between class membership and sexually violent behavior during the first 12 months of university in a sample of Vietnamese men. Methods and findings: Heterosexual and bisexual men aged 18–24 matriculating into two universities in Hanoi were recruited for the randomized controlled trial of GlobalConsent, a six-module online sexual-violence prevention program. Participants (N = 793) completed a baseline survey, were randomized 1:1 to GlobalConsent or attention control, and were invited to complete post-test surveys at six-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline. Validated scales were employed to assess childhood maltreatment and past-six-month sexually violent behavior at each post-test. Latent class analysis identified four classes of childhood maltreatment: Limited-to-no, physical, physical and emotional, and poly-victimization. Associations between childhood maltreatment class and sexually violent behavior demonstrate a threshold effect, wherein poly-victimized men were significantly more likely than men in other classes to have engaged in sexually violent behavior during the 12-month follow-up period. Conclusions: There is a vital need for screening and intervention with men who have experienced childhood maltreatment in Vietnam to prevent future violence ...
Keywords	Childhood maltreatment ; Sexual violence ; Latent class analysis ; Gender based violence ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270 ; Social sciences (General) ; H1-99
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Monitoring sustainable development goal 5.2

Kathryn M. Yount / Irina Bergenfeld / Nishat Mhamud / Cari Jo Clark / Nadine J. Kaslow / Yuk Fai Cheong

PLoS ONE, Vol 17, Iss

Cross-country cross-time invariance of measures for intimate partner violence

2022 Volume 6

Abstract: Background The persistence and impacts of violence against women motivated Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5.2 to end such violence. Global psychometric assessment of cross-country, cross-time invariance of items measuring intimate partner violence ( ... ...

Abstract	Background The persistence and impacts of violence against women motivated Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5.2 to end such violence. Global psychometric assessment of cross-country, cross-time invariance of items measuring intimate partner violence (IPV) is needed to confirm their utility for comparing and monitoring national trends. Methods Analyses of seven physical-IPV items included 377,500 ever-partnered women across 20 countries (44 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)). Analyses of five controlling-behaviors items included 371,846 women across 19 countries (42 DHS). We performed multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) to assess within-country, cross-time invariance of each item set. Pooled analyses tested cross-country, cross-time invariance using DHSs that showed configural invariance in country-level multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFAs). Alignment optimization tested approximate invariance of each item set in the pooled sample of all datasets, and in the subset of countries showing metric invariance over at least two repeated cross-sectional surveys in country-level MGCFAs. Results In country-level MGCFAs, physical-IPV items and controlling-behaviors items functioned equivalently in repeated survey administrations in 12 and 11 countries, respectively. In MGCFA testing cross-country, cross-time invariance in pooled samples, neither item set was strictly equivalent; however, the physical-IPV items were approximately invariant. Controlling-behaviors items did not show approximate cross-country and cross-time invariance in the full sample or the sub-sample showing country-level metric invariance. Conclusion Physical-IPV items approached approximate invariance across 20 countries and were approximately invariant in 11 countries with repeated cross-sectional surveys. Controlling-behaviors items were cross-time invariant within 11 countries but did not show cross-country, cross-time approximate invariance. Currently, the physical-IPV item set is more robust for monitoring ...
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	337
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Community gender systems and a daughter's risk of female genital mutilation/cutting

Kathryn M Yount / Yuk Fai Cheong / Rose Grace Grose / Sarah R Hayford

PLoS ONE, Vol 15, Iss 3, p e

Multilevel findings from Egypt.

2020 Volume 0229917

Abstract: We tested a feminist social-ecological model to understand community influences on daughters' experience of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGMC) in Egypt, where over 90% of women ages 15-49 are cut. FGMC has potential adverse effects on demographic ... ...

Abstract	We tested a feminist social-ecological model to understand community influences on daughters' experience of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGMC) in Egypt, where over 90% of women ages 15-49 are cut. FGMC has potential adverse effects on demographic and health outcomes and has been defined as a human-rights violation. However, an integrated multilevel-level framework is lacking. We theorized that a more favorable community-level gender system, including stronger gender norms opposing FGMC and expanded extra-familial opportunities for women in the village or neighborhood, would be associated with a daughter's lower risk of FGMC and would strengthen the negative association of a mother's opposition to FGMC with her daughter's risk of cutting. Using a national sample of 14,171 mother-daughter dyads from the 2014 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey, we estimated multilevel discrete-time hazard models to test these relationships. Community gender norms opposing FGMC had significant direct, negative associations with the hazard that a daughter was cut, but women's opportunities outside the family did not. Maternal opposition to FGMC was negatively associated with cutting a daughter, and these associations were stronger where community opposition to FGMC and opportunities for women were greater. Results provided good support for a gender-systems framework of the multilevel influences on FGMC. Integrated, multilevel interventions that address gender norms about FGMC and structural opportunities for women in the community, as well as beliefs about the practice among the mothers of at-risk daughters, may be needed for sustainable declines in the practice.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	300
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Qualitative endline results of the tipping point project to prevent child, early and forced marriage in Nepal

Cari Jo Clark / Kayla Jashinsky / Emma Renz / Irina Bergenfeld / Robert L. Durr / Yuk Fai Cheong / Sadhvi Kalra / Anne Laterra / Kathryn M. Yount

Global Public Health, Vol 18, Iss

2023 Volume 1

Abstract: ABSTRACTCurrently, Nepal is not on track to meet Sustainable Development Goal 5.3 – the elimination of harmful practices, including child, early and forced marriage by the year 2030. Evidence on what works to prevent child, early and forced marriage ... ...

Abstract	ABSTRACTCurrently, Nepal is not on track to meet Sustainable Development Goal 5.3 – the elimination of harmful practices, including child, early and forced marriage by the year 2030. Evidence on what works to prevent child, early and forced marriage often is inattentive to contextual factors that influence intervention effectiveness. This study presents qualitative results of a mixed-methods evaluation of CARE’s Tipping Point Program to prevent child, early and forced marriage in Nepal, interrogating the perceived benefits of the programme and elucidating contextual features that enhance or detract from programme benefit. Baseline data included interviews with adolescent girls (N = 20), boys (N = 10), adult community leaders (N = 8) and focus group discussions (FGDs) with girls (N = 8 groups; 48 individuals), boys (N = 8 groups; 47 individuals) and parents (N = 16 groups; 95 individuals). Using thematic analysis and structured comparisons by time, gender, district, caste/community, stakeholder type and arm, we found diverse programme participation, but widespread improvements in knowledge across several domains, with behavioural changes concentrated among participants with stronger participation and pre-programme characteristics suggestive of low risk of child marriage. Findings underscore the need to address structural barriers to prevent child marriage and the challenges of attributing programme benefit amidst a dynamic social context.
Keywords	Prevention ; child marriage ; trial ; qualitative ; context ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Taylor & Francis Group
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Journal ; Article ; Online: Women’s agency in Egypt

Rania Salem / Yuk Fai Cheong / Stephanie S. Miedema / Kathryn M. Yount

construction and validation of a multidimensional scale in rural Minya

2020

Abstract: Background: Measurement of women’s agency in specific sociocultural conditions, particularly in Middle Eastern settings, has received limited attention, making its usefulness as an outcome or predictor of gender equality unclear. Aims: This study aimed ... ...

Abstract	Background: Measurement of women’s agency in specific sociocultural conditions, particularly in Middle Eastern settings, has received limited attention, making its usefulness as an outcome or predictor of gender equality unclear. Aims: This study aimed to construct and validate a multidimensional and context-specific scale of women’s agency in rural Minya, Egypt. Methods: Using data from 608 ever-married women in 2012, confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis were used to construct a scale measuring women’s agency in rural Minya. The scale was validated through exploratory structural equation models. Results: The 21-item model consisted of three factors (decision-making, freedom of movement and gender role attitudes), each corresponding to a previously-theorized domain of women’s agency. The three factors were positively correlated, supporting women’s agency as a multidimensional, context-specific construct. The strongest correlation was between decision-making and freedom of movement (0.410), and then between freedom of movement and gender attitudes (0.307); the weakest correlation was between decision-making and gender attitudes (0.211). Although we hypothesized that each domain would be positively associated with age, only decision-making was significantly and positively associated with women’s age. Conclusion: Similarities between the items used here and a study at the national level in Egypt suggest these indicators could be used in various Egyptian settings to monitor progress on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5 on empowering women and girls, and to assess the effect of policies and programmes. Future research should build on the findings to identify the best observable indicators of women’s agency in Egypt and elsewhere. 652 659
Keywords	Human Rights ; Empowerment ; Factor Analysis ; Statistical ; Rural Population ; Organizations ; Women
Language	English
Publisher	World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
Document type	Journal ; Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Preventing sexual violence in college men

Kathryn M. Yount / Tran Hung Minh / Quach Thu Trang / Yuk Fai Cheong / Irina Bergenfeld / Jessica M. Sales

BMC Public Health, Vol 20, Iss 1, Pp 1-

a randomized-controlled trial of GlobalConsent

2020 Volume 19

Abstract: Abstract Background Sexual violence—any sexual act committed against a person without freely given consent—disproportionately affects women. Women’s first experiences of sexual violence often occur in adolescence. In Asia and the Pacific, 14% of sexually ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Sexual violence—any sexual act committed against a person without freely given consent—disproportionately affects women. Women’s first experiences of sexual violence often occur in adolescence. In Asia and the Pacific, 14% of sexually experienced adolescent girls report forced sexual debut. Early prevention with men that integrates a bystander framework is one way to address attitudes and behavior while reducing potential resistance to participation. Methods This paper describes a study protocol to adapt RealConsent for use in Vietnam and to test the impact of the adapted program—GlobalConsent—on cognitive/attitudinal/affective mediators, and in turn, on sexual violence perpetration and prosocial bystander behavior. RealConsent is a six-session, web-based educational entertainment program designed to prevent sexual violence perpetration and to enhance prosocial bystander behavior in young men. The program has reduced the incidence of sexual violence among men attending an urban, public university in the Southeastern United States. We used formative qualitative research and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Map of the Adaptation Process to adapt RealConsent. We conducted semi-structured interviews with college men (n = 12) and women (n = 9) to understand the social context of sexual violence. We conducted focus group discussions with university men and stakeholders (n = 14) to elicit feedback on the original program. From these data, we created scripts in storyboard format of the adapted program. We worked closely with a small group of university men to elicit feedback on the storyboards and to refine them for acceptability and production. We are testing the final program—GlobalConsent—in a randomized controlled trial in heterosexual or bisexual freshmen men 18–24 years attending two universities in Hanoi. We are testing the impact of GlobalConsent (n = 400 planned), relative to a health-education attention control condition we developed (n = 400 planned), on ...
Keywords	Behavioral change communication ; Bystander self-efficacy ; Bystander behavior ; Campus sexual assault ; Educational entertainment (edutainment) ; Sexual violence ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Intimate partner violence in Nepal

Cari Jo Clark / Yuk Fai Cheong / Jhumka Gupta / Gemma Ferguson / Binita Shrestha / Prabin Nanicha Shrestha / Kathryn M. Yount

SSM: Population Health, Vol 9, Iss , Pp - (2019)

Latent patterns and association with depressive symptoms

2019

Abstract: Existing data suggest that there are distinct patterns (or classes) of intimate partner violence (IPV) experience that depart from dichotomous categorizations used to monitor progress toward Sustainable Development Goal 5.2. Less is known about the ... ...

Abstract	Existing data suggest that there are distinct patterns (or classes) of intimate partner violence (IPV) experience that depart from dichotomous categorizations used to monitor progress toward Sustainable Development Goal 5.2. Less is known about the patterning of IPV in non-Western settings. This study estimates distinct classes of IPV experience in Nepal and examines potential community-level variability in these classes and in the association between IPV class and depressive symptoms. This study used data collected in 2016 from a random sample of Nepalese married women of reproductive age (N = 1440) living in 72 communities in three districts (Nawalparasi, Chitwan, and Kapilvastu). We used fixed effects and random effects latent class models of 2 through 6 classes. We fit a negative binomial regression model adjusted for relevant confounders to examine the relationship of the latent IPV classes with depressive symptoms. A four-class model was the best fitting. It included a “low exposure” class (77.36% of the sample) characterized by a low probability of experiencing any form of IPV, a “sexual violence” class (9.03% of the sample) characterized by a high probability of experiencing a form of sexual violence, a “moderate violence” class (6.60% of the sample) characterized by modest probabilities of experiencing less severe emotional and physical IPV, and a “systematic violence” class (7.01% of the sample) characterized by a high probability of being exposed to all forms of IPV. Adding random effects did not improve model fit, suggesting no community-level variations in classes. Relative to membership in the low exposure class, membership in all other classes was associated with a higher count of depressive symptoms. Those in the systematic class had a mean weighted symptom count 2.29 times that of the low exposure group. Classes of IPV exposure must be identified to ensure that surveillance and programming are attuned to women's experiences of violence. Keywords: Intimate partner violence, IPV, Domestic ...
Keywords	Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270 ; Social sciences (General) ; H1-99
Subject code	310
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Impact evaluation of the Care Tipping Point Initiative in Nepal

Cari Jo Clark / Ruchira T Naved / Kathryn M Yount / Kausar Parvin / Irina Bergenfeld / Zara Khan / Yuk Fai Cheong / Sadhvi Kalra / Sudhindra Sharma / Shuvechha Ghimire / Mahfuz Al Mamun / Aloka Talukder / Anne Laterra / Anne Sprinkel / Shikha Sunuwar / Rajan Subedi / Dipendra Raj Sharma / Tirzah Brown / Hiranya Baral /

Suvechha Ghimire / Digvijay Mishra / Sandeep Thapa / Santosh Kumar Karki / Akriti Rana / Pankaj Pokhrel / Prakriti Adhikary / Tikaram Basnet / Nishu Aryal / Ram Ishwor Yadav / Mamta Hamal / Sarala Regmi / Anil Chaudhary / Dilmaya Dhakal / Gajendra Prasad Sah / Barsha Glan / Nischal Raj Dawadi

BMJ Open, Vol 11, Iss

study protocol for a mixed-methods cluster randomised controlled trial

2021 Volume 7

Abstract: Introduction Girl child, early and forced marriage (CEFM) persists in South Asia, with long-term consequences for girls. CARE’s Tipping Point Initiative (TPI) addresses the causes of CEFM by challenging repressive gender norms and inequalities. The TPI ... ...

Abstract	Introduction Girl child, early and forced marriage (CEFM) persists in South Asia, with long-term consequences for girls. CARE’s Tipping Point Initiative (TPI) addresses the causes of CEFM by challenging repressive gender norms and inequalities. The TPI engages different participant groups on programmatic topics and supports community dialogue to build girls’ agency, shift inequitable power relations, and change community norms sustaining CEFM.Methods/analysis The Nepal TPI impact evaluation has an integrated, mixed-methods design. The quantitative evaluation is a three-arm, cluster randomised controlled trial (control; Tipping Point Programme (TPP); TPP+ with emphasised social norms change). Fifty-four clusters of ~200 households were selected from two districts (27:27) with probability proportional to size and randomised. A household census ascertained eligible study participants, including unmarried girls and boys 12–16 years (1242:1242) and women and men 25+ years (270:270). Baseline participation was 1134 girls, 1154 boys, 270 women and 270 men. Questionnaires covered agency; social networks/norms; and discrimination/violence. Thirty in-depth interviews, 8 key-informant interviews and 32 focus group discussions were held across eight TPP/TPP+ clusters. Guides covered gender roles/aspirations; marriage decisions; girls’ safety/mobility; collective action; perceived shifts in child marriage; and norms about girls. Monitoring involves qualitative interviews, focus groups and session/event observations over two visits. Qualitative analyses follow a modified grounded theory approach. Quantitative analyses apply intention to treat, regression-based difference-in-difference strategies to assess impacts on primary (married, marriage hazard) and secondary outcomes, targeted endline tracing and regression-based methods to address potential selection bias.Ethics/dissemination The Nepal Social Welfare Council approved CARE Nepal to operate in the study districts. Emory (IRB00109419) and the Nepal Health Research Council ...
Keywords	Medicine ; R
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMJ Publishing Group
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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