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Book ; Online ; E-Book: Myelin

Zalc, Bernard / Rosier, Florence / Cory, Robert N.

the brain's supercharger

2018

Title translation	La myéline, le turbo du cerveau
Author's details	Bernard Zalc, Florence Rosier ; translated by Robert N. Cory
Keywords	Myelin sheath ; Myelin sheath/Diseases ; Neurophysiology
Subject code	612.8
Language	English
Size	1 Online-Ressource (xiv, 308 Seiten), Illustrationen
Publisher	Oxford University Press
Publishing place	New York, NY
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Book ; Online ; E-Book
Note	"French Edition © ODILE JACOB, 2016.". - "French Title: Le Myéline, le turbo du cerveau, by Bernard Zalc and Florence Rosier"
Remark	Zugriff für angemeldete ZB MED-Nutzerinnen und -Nutzer
HBZ-ID	HT019805782
ISBN	978-0-19-068610-9 ; 9780190686093 ; 0-19-068610-3 ; 019068609X
Database	ZB MED Catalogue: Medicine, Health, Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

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Article ; Online: One hundred and fifty years ago Charcot reported multiple sclerosis as a new neurological disease.

Zalc, Bernard

Brain : a journal of neurology

2018 Volume 141, Issue 12, Page(s) 3482–3488

MeSH term(s)	Brain/pathology ; History, 19th Century ; Humans ; Male ; Multiple Sclerosis/history ; Multiple Sclerosis/pathology ; Neurology/history
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-11-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Biography ; Historical Article ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	80072-7
ISSN	1460-2156 ; 0006-8950
ISSN (online)	1460-2156
ISSN	0006-8950
DOI	10.1093/brain/awy287
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Article ; Online: Live-Imaging of Myelin in Animal Models and in Human.

Zalc, Bernard

Brain plasticity (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

2016 Volume 2, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–2

Language	English
Publishing date	2016-12-21
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	2827963-3
ISSN	2213-6312 ; 2213-6304
ISSN (online)	2213-6312
ISSN	2213-6304
DOI	10.3233/BPL-169001
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Article ; Online: Endogenous clues promoting remyelination in multiple sclerosis.

Lubetzki, Catherine / Zalc, Bernard / Kremer, David / Küry, Patrick

Current opinion in neurology

2022 Volume 35, Issue 3, Page(s) 307–312

Abstract: Purpose of review: The introduction some 30 years ago of β-interferon, followed by a panel of immunomodulators and immunosuppressants has led to a remarkable improvement in the management of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Despite these noticeable ... ...

Abstract	Purpose of review: The introduction some 30 years ago of β-interferon, followed by a panel of immunomodulators and immunosuppressants has led to a remarkable improvement in the management of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Despite these noticeable progresses, which lower the number of relapses and thereby ameliorate patients' quality of life, preventing long-term progression of disability is still an unmet need, highlighting the necessity to develop therapeutic strategies aimed at repairing demyelinated lesions and protecting axons from degeneration. The capacity of human brain to self-regenerate demyelinated lesion has opened a field of research aimed at fostering this endogenous potential. Recent findings: The pioneer electron microscopic evidence by Périer and Grégoire [Périer O, Grégoire A. Electron microscopic features of multiple sclerosis lesions. Brain 1965; 88:937-952] suggesting the capacity of human brain to self-regenerate demyelinated lesion has opened a field of research aimed at fostering this endogenous potential. Here we review some recently identified mechanisms involved in the remyelination process, focusing on the role of electrical activity and the involvement of innate immune cells. We then provide an update on current strategies promoting endogenous myelin repair. Summary: Identification of therapeutic targets for remyelination has opened an active therapeutic field in MS. Although still in early phase trials, with heterogenous efficacy, the door for myelin regeneration in MS is now opened.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy ; Myelin Sheath/pathology ; Oligodendroglia/pathology ; Quality of Life ; Remyelination
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1182686-1
ISSN	1473-6551 ; 1350-7540
ISSN (online)	1473-6551
ISSN	1350-7540
DOI	10.1097/WCO.0000000000001064
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Article ; Online: Remyelination: a brief history.

Lubetzki, Catherine / Zalc, Bernard

The Lancet. Neurology

2020 Volume 19, Issue 8, Page(s) 649

Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2081241-3
ISSN	1474-4465 ; 1474-4422
ISSN (online)	1474-4465
ISSN	1474-4422
DOI	10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30209-X
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Article ; Online: Conditional Demyelination and Remyelination in a Transgenic Xenopus laevis.

Mannioui, Abdelkrim / Zalc, Bernard

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)

2019 Volume 1936, Page(s) 239–248

Abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the first cause of acquired disability progression in the young adult. Pathology of MS associates inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. The development of immunotherapies, by reducing the relapse rate, has ... ...

Abstract	Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the first cause of acquired disability progression in the young adult. Pathology of MS associates inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. The development of immunotherapies, by reducing the relapse rate, has profoundly impacted short-term prognosis and patients' quality of life. These anti-inflammatory medications, however, have not proven to be sufficient to prevent long-term disability progression, resulting from axonal transection and neuronal damage, consequences of prolonged demyelination. Promoting remyelination is therefore a key therapeutic strategy to limit handicap progression, and represent the major therapeutic challenge in MS. Here we present a simple, rapid, and cost-effective experimental model developed in Xenopus laevis to screen in vivo molecules promoting remyelination.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified/growth & development ; Disease Models, Animal ; Disease Progression ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Female ; Male ; Metronidazole/adverse effects ; Multiple Sclerosis/chemically induced ; Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy ; Myelin Basic Protein/genetics ; Nitroreductases/genetics ; Nitroreductases/metabolism ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Remyelination/drug effects ; Small Molecule Libraries/pharmacology ; Xenopus laevis/genetics
Chemical Substances	Myelin Basic Protein ; Small Molecule Libraries ; Metronidazole (140QMO216E) ; Nitroreductases (EC 1.7.-)
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-02-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1940-6029
ISSN (online)	1940-6029
DOI	10.1007/978-1-4939-9072-6_14
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Article ; Online: Evolution of glial wrapping: A new hypothesis.

Rey, Simone / Zalc, Bernard / Klämbt, Christian

Developmental neurobiology

2020 Volume 81, Issue 5, Page(s) 453–463

Abstract: Animals are able to move and react in numerous ways to external stimuli. Thus, environmental stimuli need to be detected, information must be processed and finally an output decision must be transmitted to the musculature to get the animal moving. All ... ...

Abstract	Animals are able to move and react in numerous ways to external stimuli. Thus, environmental stimuli need to be detected, information must be processed and finally an output decision must be transmitted to the musculature to get the animal moving. All these processes depend on the nervous system which comprises an intricate neuronal network and many glial cells. In the last decades, a neurono-centric view on nervous system function channeled most of the scientific interest toward the analysis of neurons and neuronal functions. Neurons appeared early in animal evolution and the main principles of neuronal function from synaptic transmission to propagation of action potentials are conserved during evolution. In contrast, not much is known on the evolution of glial cells that were initially considered merely as static support cells. Although it is now accepted that glial cells have an equally important contribution as their neuronal counterpart to nervous system function, their evolutionary origin is unknown. Did glial cells appear several times during evolution? What were the first roles glial cells had to fulfil in the nervous system? What triggered the formation of the amazing diversity of glial morphologies and functions? Is there a possible mechanism that might explain the appearance of complex structures such as myelin in vertebrates? Here, we postulate a common evolutionary origin of glia and depict a number of selective forces that might have paved the way from a simple supporting cell to a wrapping and myelin forming glial cell.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Myelin Sheath ; Neuroglia/physiology ; Neurons ; Synaptic Transmission
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-03-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	2256184-5
ISSN	1932-846X ; 1097-4695 ; 1932-8451 ; 0022-3034
ISSN (online)	1932-846X ; 1097-4695
ISSN	1932-8451 ; 0022-3034
DOI	10.1002/dneu.22739
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Article ; Online: Monitoring recovery after CNS demyelination, a novel tool to de-risk pro-remyelinating strategies.

Henriet, Esther / Martin, Elodie M / Jubin, Pauline / Langui, Dominique / Mannioui, Abdelkrim / Stankoff, Bruno / Lubetzki, Catherine / Khakhalin, Arseny / Zalc, Bernard

Brain : a journal of neurology

2023 Volume 146, Issue 6, Page(s) 2453–2463

Abstract: In multiple sclerosis, while remarkable progress has been accomplished to control the inflammatory component of the disease, repair of demyelinated lesions is still an unmet need. Despite encouraging results generated in experimental models, several ... ...

Abstract	In multiple sclerosis, while remarkable progress has been accomplished to control the inflammatory component of the disease, repair of demyelinated lesions is still an unmet need. Despite encouraging results generated in experimental models, several candidates favouring or promoting remyelination have not reached the expected outcomes in clinical trials. One possible reason for these failures is that, in most cases, during preclinical testing, efficacy was evaluated on histology only, while functional recovery had not been assessed. We have generated a Xenopus laevis transgenic model Tg(mbp:GFP-NTR) of conditional demyelination in which spontaneous remyelination can be accelerated using candidate molecules. Xenopus laevis is a classic model for in vivo studies of myelination because tadpoles are translucent. We reasoned that demyelination should translate into loss of sensorimotor functions followed by behavioural recovery upon remyelination. To this end, we measured the swimming speed and distance travelled before and after demyelination and during the ongoing spontaneous remyelination and have developed a functional assay based on the visual avoidance of a virtual collision. Here we show that alteration of these functional and clinical performances correlated well with the level of demyelination and that histological remyelination, assayed by counting in vivo the number of myelinating oligodendrocytes in the optic nerve, translated in clinical-functional recovery. This method was further validated in tadpoles treated with pro-remyelinating agents (clemastine, siponimod) showing that increased remyelination in the optic nerve was associated with functional improvement. Our data illustrate the potential interest of correlating histopathological parameters and functional-clinical parameters to screen molecules promoting remyelination in a simple in vivo model of conditional demyelination.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Multiple Sclerosis/pathology ; Oligodendroglia/pathology ; Remyelination/physiology ; Optic Nerve/pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Xenopus laevis ; Myelin Sheath/pathology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	80072-7
ISSN	1460-2156 ; 0006-8950
ISSN (online)	1460-2156
ISSN	0006-8950
DOI	10.1093/brain/awad051
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Article ; Online: Remyelination in multiple sclerosis: from basic science to clinical translation.

Lubetzki, Catherine / Zalc, Bernard / Williams, Anna / Stadelmann, Christine / Stankoff, Bruno

The Lancet. Neurology

2020 Volume 19, Issue 8, Page(s) 678–688

Abstract: The treatment of multiple sclerosis has been transformed by the successful development of immunotherapies that efficiently reduce disease activity and related clinical relapses during the relapsing-remitting phase of the disease. However, the prevention ... ...

Abstract	The treatment of multiple sclerosis has been transformed by the successful development of immunotherapies that efficiently reduce disease activity and related clinical relapses during the relapsing-remitting phase of the disease. However, the prevention of disability progression, which is due to axonal and neuronal damage and loss, has yet to be achieved and is therapeutically challenging, particularly during the progressive phase of the disease. One strategy to counteract neurodegeneration is to promote neuroprotection by enhancing myelin regeneration, hence restoring nerve conduction and metabolic support to the axon. Animal studies have provided targets for interventions to improve brain and spinal cord remyelination, paving the way for the translation of this research to humans. From these initial and promising forays, further problems have emerged, including questions on how best to design these clinical trials and appropriately measure the outcomes. Solving these problems will need additional work before efficacious pro-remyelination therapies will be ready for people with multiple sclerosis, but there is a real sense of hope that researchers are getting closer to a successful therapy.
MeSH term(s)	Disease Progression ; Humans ; Multiple Sclerosis/diagnostic imaging ; Multiple Sclerosis/pathology ; Multiple Sclerosis/physiopathology ; Myelin Sheath/physiology ; Remyelination/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	2081241-3
ISSN	1474-4465 ; 1474-4422
ISSN (online)	1474-4465
ISSN	1474-4422
DOI	10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30140-X
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Article ; Online: A retroviral link to vertebrate myelination through retrotransposon-RNA-mediated control of myelin gene expression.

Ghosh, Tanay / Almeida, Rafael G / Zhao, Chao / Mannioui, Abdelkrim / Martin, Elodie / Fleet, Alex / Chen, Civia Z / Assinck, Peggy / Ellams, Sophie / Gonzalez, Ginez A / Graham, Stephen C / Rowitch, David H / Stott, Katherine / Adams, Ian / Zalc, Bernard / Goldman, Nick / Lyons, David A / Franklin, Robin J M

Cell

2024 Volume 187, Issue 4, Page(s) 814–830.e23

Abstract: Myelin, the insulating sheath that surrounds neuronal axons, is produced by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS). This evolutionary innovation, which first appears in jawed vertebrates, enabled rapid transmission of nerve impulses, more ... ...

Abstract	Myelin, the insulating sheath that surrounds neuronal axons, is produced by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS). This evolutionary innovation, which first appears in jawed vertebrates, enabled rapid transmission of nerve impulses, more complex brains, and greater morphological diversity. Here, we report that RNA-level expression of RNLTR12-int, a retrotransposon of retroviral origin, is essential for myelination. We show that RNLTR12-int-encoded RNA binds to the transcription factor SOX10 to regulate transcription of myelin basic protein (Mbp, the major constituent of myelin) in rodents. RNLTR12-int-like sequences (which we name RetroMyelin) are found in all jawed vertebrates, and we further demonstrate their function in regulating myelination in two different vertebrate classes (zebrafish and frogs). Our study therefore suggests that retroviral endogenization played a prominent role in the emergence of vertebrate myelin.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Gene Expression ; Myelin Sheath/metabolism ; Oligodendroglia/metabolism ; Retroelements/genetics ; RNA/metabolism ; Zebrafish/genetics ; Anura
Chemical Substances	Retroelements ; RNA (63231-63-0)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	187009-9
ISSN	1097-4172 ; 0092-8674
ISSN (online)	1097-4172
ISSN	0092-8674
DOI	10.1016/j.cell.2024.01.011
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