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Article: Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α) as a Biomarker for Changes in Microcirculation in Individuals with Systemic Sclerosis.

Maciejewska, Magdalena / Sikora, Mariusz / Stec, Albert / Zaremba, Michał / Maciejewski, Cezary / Pawlik, Katarzyna / Rudnicka, Lidia

Dermatology and therapy

2023 Volume 13, Issue 7, Page(s) 1549–1560

Abstract: Introduction: Systemic sclerosis is an autoimmune disease characterized by tissue fibrosis and microangiopathy. Vascular changes such as a decrease in capillary density diminish blood flow and impair tissue oxygenation. Reliable ways to monitor disease ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Systemic sclerosis is an autoimmune disease characterized by tissue fibrosis and microangiopathy. Vascular changes such as a decrease in capillary density diminish blood flow and impair tissue oxygenation. Reliable ways to monitor disease activity and predict disease progression are desired in the process of patient selection for clinical trials and to optimize individual patient outcomes. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a dimeric protein complex that plays an integral role in the body's response to hypoxia. Our study aimed to investigate the potential abnormalities of HIF-1α plasma concentration and its possible association with disease activity and vascular abnormalities in patients with systemic sclerosis. Methods: Blood plasma levels of HIF-1α were measured in patients with systemic sclerosis (n = 50) and in healthy individuals (n = 30) using commercially available ELISA test kits. Results: The results showed a marked increase in HIF-1α levels in patients with systemic sclerosis (3.042 ng/ml [2.295-7.749]) compared to the control group (1.969 ng/ml [1.531-2.903] p < 0.01). Patients with diffuse cutaneous SSc (2.803 ng/ml, IQR 2.221-8.799) and limited cutaneous SSc (3.231 ng/ml, IQR 2.566-5.502) exhibited elevated serum HIF-1α levels compared to the control group (p < 0.01). We found a notable increase in HIF-1α plasma concentration in patients with an "active" pattern (6.625 ng/ml, IQR 2.488-11.480) compared to those with either an "early" pattern (2.739, IQR 2.165-3.282, p < 0.05) or a "late" pattern (2.983 ng/ml, IQR 2.229-3.386, p < 0.05). Patients with no history of digital ulcers had significantly higher levels of HIF-1α (4.367 ng/ml, IQR 2.488-9.462) compared to patients with either active digital ulcers (2.832 ng/ml, IQR 2.630-3.094, p < 0.05) or healed digital ulcers (2.668 ng/ml, IQR 2.074-2.983, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our results indicate that HIF-1α may serve as a biomarker in assessing microcirculatory changes in individuals with systemic sclerosis.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-14
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2680284-3
ISSN	2190-9172 ; 2193-8210
ISSN (online)	2190-9172
ISSN	2193-8210
DOI	10.1007/s13555-023-00952-w
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Article: The Clinical Significance of Salusins in Systemic Sclerosis-A Cross-Sectional Study.

Nowaczyk, Joanna / Blicharz, Leszek / Zawistowski, Michał / Sikora, Mariusz / Zaremba, Michał / Czuwara, Joanna / Rudnicka, Lidia

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)

2023 Volume 13, Issue 5

Abstract: Background: ...

Abstract	Background:
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-23
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2662336-5
ISSN	2075-4418
ISSN	2075-4418
DOI	10.3390/diagnostics13050848
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Article ; Online: The profile of adipokines associated with fibrosis and impaired microcirculation in systemic sclerosis.

Niemczyk, Anna / Waśkiel-Burnat, Anna / Zaremba, Michał / Czuwara, Joanna / Rudnicka, Lidia

Advances in medical sciences

2023 Volume 68, Issue 2, Page(s) 298–305

Abstract: Purpose: Adipokines belong to a group of molecules mostly produced by adipose tissue. Abnormalities in the secretion of several adipokines have already implicated to play a pathogenic role in systemic sclerosis (SSc). However, the possible role of ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: Adipokines belong to a group of molecules mostly produced by adipose tissue. Abnormalities in the secretion of several adipokines have already implicated to play a pathogenic role in systemic sclerosis (SSc). However, the possible role of numerous molecules still needs to be clarified. The aim of the study was to determine whether the altered level of selected circulating adipokines might correlate with the intensity of fibrosis and vasculopathy in the course of SSc. Materials and methods: Serum concentrations of chemerin, adipsin, retinol-binding protein 4, apelin, visfatin, omentin-1, and vaspin were determined with ELISA in the sera of patients with SSc (n = 55) and healthy controls (n = 25). Results: The serum concentration of adipsin (p = 0.03) and visfatin (p = 0.04) was significantly increased and the level of retinol-binding protein 4 (p = 0.03) was decreased in diffuse compared to limited cutaneous SSc. Moreover, serum adipsin level correlated positively with the intensity of skin fibrosis measured with the modified Rodnan skin score (r = 0.31, p = 0.02) and was significantly higher in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension than in those without the condition (p = 0.03). The concentrations of adipsin (p = 0.01) and visfatin (p = 0.04) were significantly increased and the level of apelin (p = 0.02) was decreased in patients with active digital ulcerations compared to individuals without this complication. Conclusion: Adipsin may be considered a pivotal protein in the development of both fibrosis and impaired microcirculation. Its abnormal concentration reflects the intensity of skin thickening and the presence of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Adipsin, visfatin, and apelin are adipose tissue-derived molecules associated with digital vasculopathy.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Adipokines/metabolism ; Complement Factor D/metabolism ; Apelin/metabolism ; Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase/metabolism ; Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension ; Microcirculation ; Scleroderma, Systemic ; Vascular Diseases ; Fibrosis ; Retinol-Binding Proteins
Chemical Substances	Adipokines ; Complement Factor D (EC 3.4.21.46) ; Apelin ; Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.12) ; Retinol-Binding Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-09
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2273668-2
ISSN	1898-4002 ; 1896-1126
ISSN (online)	1898-4002
ISSN	1896-1126
DOI	10.1016/j.advms.2023.09.001
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Article: Copeptin as a Biomarker of Microcirculation Alterations in Systemic Sclerosis.

Maciejewska, Magdalena / Stec, Albert / Zaremba, Michał / Maciejewski, Cezary / Rudnicka, Lidia / Sikora, Mariusz

Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology

2023 Volume 16, Page(s) 1351–1361

Abstract: Background: Systemic sclerosis is a connective tissue disease characterized by vasculopathy and progressive fibrosis, leading to multiorgan dysfunction. Given the complex and not fully elucidated pathogenesis, biomarkers of rapid disease progression and ...

Abstract	Background: Systemic sclerosis is a connective tissue disease characterized by vasculopathy and progressive fibrosis, leading to multiorgan dysfunction. Given the complex and not fully elucidated pathogenesis, biomarkers of rapid disease progression and therapeutic response are lacking. Copeptin, which reflects vasopressin activity in serum, is used in diagnosing or prognosing different cardiometabolic conditions. Objective: The aim of study was to investigate the concentration of copeptin in patients with systemic sclerosis and correlate it with specific clinical symptoms. Patients and methods: Serum copeptin was measured in patients with systemic sclerosis (34 women and 3 men; mean age 57.6 years) and in healthy individuals (n=30) using commercially available ELISA kits. According to the criteria of LeRoy our systemic sclerosis cohort consisted of 17 patients with limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis (45.9%) and 20 diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis patients (54.1%). According to the criteria of LeRoy our systemic sclerosis cohort consisted of 17 patients with limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis (45.9%) and 20 diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis patients (54.1%). The median duration of the disease was 10 [4-14] years. Results: We found significantly higher copeptin concentration in patients with systemic sclerosis (4.21 pmol/L [3.04-5.42]) in comparison to control group (3.40 pmol/L [2.38-3.76], p<0.01). Copeptin significantly correlated with Raynaud's condition score (r=0.801, p<0.05). Patients with "late" capillaroscopic patterns had higher copeptin concentrations (5.37 pmol/L [4.29-8.06]) than patients with "early" (2.43 pmol/L [2.25-3.20], p<0.05) and "active" patterns (3.93 pmol/L [2.92-5.16], p<0.05]). Copeptin was found to be significantly higher in SSc patients with DUs (5.71 pmol/L [IQR 4.85-8.06]) when compared to SSc patients without DUs (3.31 pmol/L, [2.28-4.30], p<0.05). Additionally, copeptin concentration had good diagnostic accuracy in discriminating between patients with and without digital ulcers (AUC=0.863). Alprostadil decreased copeptin concentration from 4.96 [4.02-6.01] to 3.86 pmol/L [3.17-4.63] (p<0.01) after 4-6 cycles of administration. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that copeptin may be a promising biomarker of microcirculation alterations in systemic sclerosis.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-25
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2494852-4
ISSN	1178-7015
ISSN	1178-7015
DOI	10.2147/CCID.S409490
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Article ; Online: Epoprostenol up-regulates serum adiponectin level in patients with systemic sclerosis: therapeutic implications.

Stochmal, Anna / Czuwara, Joanna / Zaremba, Michał / Rudnicka, Lidia

Archives of dermatological research

2021 Volume 313, Issue 9, Page(s) 783–791

Abstract: Introduction: Adiponectin, resistin and leptin belong to adipokines, a group of molecules secreted mainly by the adipose tissue, which impaired expression may be a missing link between various manifestations of systemic sclerosis. Adiponectin, which is ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Adiponectin, resistin and leptin belong to adipokines, a group of molecules secreted mainly by the adipose tissue, which impaired expression may be a missing link between various manifestations of systemic sclerosis. Adiponectin, which is also released in small amounts by the endothelium, possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic and protective against endothelial injury properties. Both leptin and resistin exhibit features which are contradictory to adiponectin, as they trigger inflammation and the activation of skin fibroblasts. Epoprostenol is a prostaglandin analogue with powerful vasodilator activity and inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether epoprostenol may have an effect on serum adipokine levels in patients with systemic sclerosis. Methods: A total of 27 patients were included in the study and received epoprostenol intravenously (25 µg of per day for 3 consecutive days). Serum concentrations of total adiponectin, resistin and leptin were assessed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent essay (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). Results: In all SSc patients, the basal level of adiponectin was significantly lower compared to healthy controls (mean 6.00 [Formula: see text] 2.81 μg/ml vs. 8.8 [Formula: see text] 4.3 μg/ml, p = 0.02) and basal level of resistin (mean 11.12 [Formula: see text] 3.36 ng/ml vs. 8.54 [Formula: see text] 3.07 ng/ml p = 0.02) was significantly higher than in the control group. The serum concentration of adiponectin increased significantly after treatment with epoprostenol (6.00 [Formula: see text] 2.81 μg/ml vs 9.29 [Formula: see text] 6.05 μg/ml; P = 0.002). The level of resistin and leptin remained unchanged. Conclusion: Epoprostenol infusions up-regulate the serum concentration of adiponectin in patients with systemic sclerosis. In our opinion, future studies on treatments in systemic sclerosis should address the issue of their effect on adipokine metabolism.
MeSH term(s)	Adiponectin/blood ; Adiponectin/immunology ; Epoprostenol/administration & dosage ; Female ; Humans ; Infusions, Intravenous ; Leptin/blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Resistin/blood ; Scleroderma, Systemic/blood ; Scleroderma, Systemic/drug therapy ; Scleroderma, Systemic/immunology ; Treatment Outcome ; Up-Regulation/drug effects
Chemical Substances	ADIPOQ protein, human ; Adiponectin ; LEP protein, human ; Leptin ; RETN protein, human ; Resistin ; Epoprostenol (DCR9Z582X0)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-12
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Clinical Trial ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	130131-7
ISSN	1432-069X ; 0340-3696
ISSN (online)	1432-069X
ISSN	0340-3696
DOI	10.1007/s00403-020-02172-0
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Article ; Online: Metabolic mediators determine the association of antinuclear antibody subtypes with specific clinical symptoms in systemic sclerosis.

Stochmal, Anna / Czuwara, Joanna / Zaremba, Michał / Rudnicka, Lidia

Advances in medical sciences

2021 Volume 66, Issue 1, Page(s) 119–127

Abstract: Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the possible link between different types of systemic sclerosis-specific antinuclear antibodies, adipokines and endothelial molecules which were recently found to have a pathogenic significance in ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the possible link between different types of systemic sclerosis-specific antinuclear antibodies, adipokines and endothelial molecules which were recently found to have a pathogenic significance in systemic sclerosis. Materials/methods: Serum concentration of adiponectin, resistin, leptin, endothelin-1, fractalkine and galectin-3 were determined in the sera of patients with systemic sclerosis (n = 100) and healthy controls (n = 20) using ELISA. Results: The following associations between antinuclear antibodies and increased serum concentrations were identified: anticentromere antibodies with endothelin-1 (p < 0.0001; mean level in patients 2.21 vs control group 1.31 pg/ml), anti-topoisomerase I antibodies with fractalkine (p < 0.0001; 3.68 vs 1.68 ng/ml) and galectin-3 (p = 0.0010, 6.39 vs 3.26 ng/ml). Anti-RNA polymerase III antibodies were associated with increased resistin (p < 0.0001; 15.13 vs 8.54 ng/ml) and decreased adiponectin (p < 0.0001; 2894 vs 8847 ng/ml). Conclusion: In systemic sclerosis metabolic and vascular factors may serve as mediators between immunological abnormalities and non-immune driven clinical symptoms.
MeSH term(s)	Adipokines/blood ; Adipokines/immunology ; Adiponectin/blood ; Adiponectin/immunology ; Antibodies, Antinuclear/blood ; Antibodies, Antinuclear/immunology ; Biomarkers/blood ; Blood Proteins/immunology ; Case-Control Studies ; Chemokine CX3CL1/blood ; Chemokine CX3CL1/immunology ; Endothelin-1/blood ; Endothelin-1/immunology ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Galectins/blood ; Galectins/immunology ; Humans ; Leptin/blood ; Leptin/immunology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prognosis ; Resistin/blood ; Resistin/immunology ; Scleroderma, Systemic/blood ; Scleroderma, Systemic/immunology ; Scleroderma, Systemic/pathology
Chemical Substances	Adipokines ; Adiponectin ; Antibodies, Antinuclear ; Biomarkers ; Blood Proteins ; Chemokine CX3CL1 ; Endothelin-1 ; Galectins ; LGALS3 protein, human ; Leptin ; RETN protein, human ; Resistin
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-22
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2273668-2
ISSN	1898-4002 ; 1896-1126
ISSN (online)	1898-4002
ISSN	1896-1126
DOI	10.1016/j.advms.2020.12.007
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Article: The Clinical Significance of Serum Biomarkers of the Intestinal Barrier in Systemic Sclerosis: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Stec, Albert / Maciejewska, Magdalena / Zaremba, Michał / Paralusz-Stec, Karolina / Michalska, Milena / Rudnicka, Lidia / Sikora, Mariusz

Journal of personalized medicine

2023 Volume 13, Issue 4

Abstract: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an immune-mediated connective tissue disease. Recent studies reported differences in the composition of intestinal microbiota (dysbiosis) in patients with SSc compared to nonsclerodermic subjects. Dysbiosis may disrupt the ... ...

Abstract	Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an immune-mediated connective tissue disease. Recent studies reported differences in the composition of intestinal microbiota (dysbiosis) in patients with SSc compared to nonsclerodermic subjects. Dysbiosis may disrupt the intestinal barrier, which leads to immunological activation via microbial antigen and metabolite translocation. The study aimed to assess the differences in intestinal permeability between SSc patients and controls and to examine the correlation between intestinal permeability and complications of SSc. The study comprised 50 patients with SSc and 30 matched subjects. Serum intestinal permeability markers: intestinal fatty acid binding protein, claudin-3, and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. SSc patients had a significantly increased concentration of LPS compared to control subjects (232.30 [149.00-347.70] versus 161.00 [83.92-252.20] pg/mL,
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-18
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2662248-8
ISSN	2075-4426
ISSN	2075-4426
DOI	10.3390/jpm13040678
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Article ; Online: Altered serum level of metabolic and endothelial factors in patients with systemic sclerosis.

Stochmal, Anna / Czuwara, Joanna / Zaremba, Michał / Rudnicka, Lidia

Archives of dermatological research

2019 Volume 312, Issue 6, Page(s) 453–458

Abstract: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic connective tissue disease characterized by progressive fibrosis, vascular impairment and immune abnormalities. In recent years, adipokines (mediators synthetized by adipose tissue) have been indicated as a possible ... ...

Abstract	Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic connective tissue disease characterized by progressive fibrosis, vascular impairment and immune abnormalities. In recent years, adipokines (mediators synthetized by adipose tissue) have been indicated as a possible missing link in the pathogenesis of SSc. The aim of this study was to investigate the serum concentration of metabolic adipose tissue factors: adiponectin, resistin, leptin and endothelial proteins: endothelin-1, fractalkine and galectin-3 in patients with systemic sclerosis. The study included 100 patients with confirmed SSc diagnosis and 20 healthy individuals. The concentration of respective proteins was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The following markers showed statistically significant increased mean concentrations in patients with SSc in comparison to healthy control: resistin (13.41 vs 8.54 ng/mL; P = 0.0012), endothelin-1 (1.99 vs 1.31 pg/mL; P = 0.0072) and fractalkine (2.93 vs 1.68 ng/mL; P = 0.0007). Elevated serum levels of galectin-3 (4.54 vs 3.26 ng/mL; P = 0.0672) and leptin (19,542 vs 14,210 pg/mL; P = 0.1817) were observed. Decreased concentration of adiponectin was found in patients with SSc (5150 vs 8847 pg/mL; P = 0.0001). Fractalkine and galectin-3 levels were significantly higher in diffuse cutaneous SSc than limited cutaneous SSc subset (3.93 ng/mL vs 2.58 ng/mL, P = 0.0018; 6.86 ng/mL vs 3.78 ng/mL, P = 0.0008, respectively) and correlated positively with modified Rodnan Skin Score in total SSc patients (r = 0.376, P = 0.0009; r = 0.236, P = 0.018, respectively). In conclusion, an increased serum level of resistin associated with increased endothelin-1 and fractalkine level and decreased adiponectin level may indicate a significant role of the adipose tissue in the development and progression of vascular abnormalities in patients with systemic sclerosis. Fractalkine and galectin-3 may participate in promoting and exacerbating the fibrotic process in SSc.
MeSH term(s)	Adipokines/blood ; Adipose Tissue/metabolism ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Biomarkers/blood ; Chemokine CX3CL1/blood ; Endothelin-1/blood ; Female ; Fibrosis ; Galectin 3/blood ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Resistin/blood ; Scleroderma, Systemic/metabolism ; Up-Regulation ; Vascular Diseases/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Adipokines ; Biomarkers ; Chemokine CX3CL1 ; Endothelin-1 ; Galectin 3 ; Resistin
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-30
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	130131-7
ISSN	1432-069X ; 0340-3696
ISSN (online)	1432-069X
ISSN	0340-3696
DOI	10.1007/s00403-019-01993-y
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Article: Serum concentration of angiopoietin-like protein 4 in patients with systemic sclerosis.

Żółkiewicz, Jakub / Stochmal, Anna / Zaremba, Michał / Hoffmann, Aleksandra / Czuwara, Joanna / Rudnicka, Lidia

Polski merkuriusz lekarski : organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego

2021 Volume 49, Issue 289, Page(s) 28–31

Abstract: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease characterized by endothelial cell damage, perivascular inflammation and tissue hypoxia. Angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) has been demonstrated to affect vascular permeability, inflammation and ... ...

Abstract	Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease characterized by endothelial cell damage, perivascular inflammation and tissue hypoxia. Angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) has been demonstrated to affect vascular permeability, inflammation and oxidative stress, thus may contribute to SSc pathogenesis. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate serum ANGPTL4 in systemic sclerosis and correlate it with disease subtype (localized and diffuse, lcSSc and dcSSc respectively), disease duration, skin fibrosis and internal organ involvement. Materials and methods: Twenty-two patients with systemic sclerosis (15 lcSSc, 7 dcSSc) and thirteen healthy controls were analyzed. Clinical and laboratory data were collected including modified Rodnan Skin Score (mRSS), Raynaud's phenomenon, disease duration, digital pitting scars, oesophageal involvement and interstitial lung disease. ANGPTL4 sera concentrations were measured by ELISA. Results: Patients with systemic sclerosis had lower ANGPTL4 serum levers in comparison to healthy controls, however without statistical significance (160.15 ± 117.53 vs. 127.15 ± 83.58 ng/ml; p=0.64). No association between ANGPTL4 levels and disease subtype, disease duration, severity of skin involvement (mRSS) and Raynaud's phenomenon onset was found. Conclusions: This is the first study evaluating the serum concentration of ANGPTL4 in patients with systemic sclerosis. This study contributes to still undetermined role of ANGPTL4 in the development or progression of systemic sclerosis. Therefore the role of ANGPTL4 in hypoxia-related diseases such as systemic sclerosis needs further research.
MeSH term(s)	Angiopoietin-Like Protein 4 ; Humans ; Lung Diseases, Interstitial ; Raynaud Disease/etiology ; Scleroderma, Diffuse ; Scleroderma, Systemic ; Skin
Chemical Substances	Angiopoietin-Like Protein 4
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-09
Publishing country	Poland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1388406-2
ISSN	1426-9686
ISSN	1426-9686
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Article ; Online: Lipocalin-2 and insulin as new biomarkers of alopecia areata.

Waśkiel-Burnat, Anna / Niemczyk, Anna / Chmielińska, Paulina / Muszel, Marta / Zaremba, Michał / Rakowska, Adriana / Olszewska, Małgorzata / Rudnicka, Lidia

PloS one

2022 Volume 17, Issue 5, Page(s) e0268086

Abstract: Lipocalin-2 and visfatin are proinflammatory adipokines involved in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Their role has been described in numerous inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Recently, an increased prevalence of ... ...

Abstract	Lipocalin-2 and visfatin are proinflammatory adipokines involved in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Their role has been described in numerous inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Recently, an increased prevalence of metabolic abnormalities has been reported in patients with alopecia areata. The aim of the study is to determine the serum levels of lipocalin-2 and visfatin in patients with alopecia areata in comparison with healthy controls. Moreover, the serum levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol), triglycerides, fasting glucose, insulin, c-peptide, and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were evaluated. Fifty-two patients with alopecia areata and 17 control subjects were enrolled in the study. The serum levels of lipocalin-2 [mean ± standard deviation, SD: 224.55 ± 53.58 ng/ml vs. 188.64 ± 44.75, p = 0.01], insulin [median (interquartile range, IQR): 6.85 (4.7-9.8) μIU/ml vs. 4.5 (3.5-6.6), p<0.05], c-peptide [median (IQR): 1.63 (1.23-2.36) ng/ml vs. 1.37 (1.1-1.58), p<0.05)], and HOMA-IR [median (IQR): 1.44 (0.98-2.15) vs. 0.92 (0.79-1.44), p<0.05) were significantly higher in patients with alopecia areata compared to the controls. The serum concentration of insulin and HOMA-IR correlated with the number of hair loss episodes (r = 0.300, p<0.05 and r = 0.322, p<0.05, respectively). Moreover, a positive correlation occurred between insulin, HOMA-IR, c-peptide and BMI (r = 0.436, p <0.05; r = 0.384, p<0.05 and r = 0.450, p<0.05, respectively). In conclusion, lipocalin-2 and insulin may serve as biomarkers for alopecia areata. Further studies are needed to evaluate the role of insulin as a prognostic factor in alopecia areata.
MeSH term(s)	Alopecia Areata/diagnosis ; Biomarkers/blood ; C-Peptide ; Cholesterol, HDL ; Glucose ; Humans ; Insulin/blood ; Insulin Resistance ; Lipocalin-2/blood ; Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers ; C-Peptide ; Cholesterol, HDL ; Insulin ; Lipocalin-2 ; Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.12) ; Glucose (IY9XDZ35W2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-31
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0268086
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