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Article ; Online: Interdependent program evaluation: Geographic and social spillovers in COVID-19 closures and reopenings in the United States.

Zhao, Michael / Holtz, David / Aral, Sinan

2021 Volume 7, Issue 31

Abstract: In an interconnected world, understanding policy spillovers is essential. We propose a program evaluation framework to measure policy spillover effects and apply that framework to study the governmental responses to COVID-19 in the United States. Our ... ...

Abstract	In an interconnected world, understanding policy spillovers is essential. We propose a program evaluation framework to measure policy spillover effects and apply that framework to study the governmental responses to COVID-19 in the United States. Our analysis suggests the presence of social spillovers. We estimate that while state closures directly reduced mobility by 3 to 4%, all other states locking down further decreased mobility in the focal state by 8 to 14%. Similarly, while reopening directly increased mobility by 2 to 3%, all other states' reopening increased mobility in the focal state by 12 to 21%. Our analysis also suggests geographic spillovers: Travel from locked down origins to open destinations increased by 12 to 29%. In contrast, travel from reopened origins to locked down destinations decreased by 6 to 7% for nearby counties and by 14 to 18% for distant counties. Despite its limitations, we believe that our approach takes the first steps toward creating a framework for interdependent program evaluation across policy domains.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2810933-8
ISSN	2375-2548 ; 2375-2548
ISSN (online)	2375-2548
ISSN	2375-2548
DOI	10.1126/sciadv.abe7733
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Article ; Online: ROS-dependent degeneration of human neurons induced by environmentally relevant levels of micro- and nanoplastics of diverse shapes and forms.

Vojnits, Kinga / de León, Andrés / Rathore, Harneet / Liao, Sophia / Zhao, Michael / Gibon, Julien / Pakpour, Sepideh

Journal of hazardous materials

2024 Volume 469, Page(s) 134017

Abstract: Our study explores the pressing issue of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) inhalation and their subsequent penetration into the brain, highlighting a significant environmental health concern. We demonstrate that MNPs can indeed penetrate murine brain, ... ...

Abstract	Our study explores the pressing issue of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) inhalation and their subsequent penetration into the brain, highlighting a significant environmental health concern. We demonstrate that MNPs can indeed penetrate murine brain, warranting further investigation into their neurotoxic effects in humans. We then proceed to test the impact of MNPs at environmentally relevant concentrations, with focusing on variations in size and shape. Our findings reveal that these MNPs induce oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and neurodegeneration in human neurons, with cortical neurons being more susceptible than nociceptors. Furthermore, we examine the role of biofilms on MNPs, demonstrating that MNPs can serve as a vehicle for pathogenic biofilms that significantly exacerbate these neurotoxic effects. This sequence of investigations reveals that minimal MNPs accumulation can cause oxidative stress and neurodegeneration in human neurons, significantly risking brain health and highlights the need to understand the neurological consequences of inhaling MNPs. Overall, our developed in vitro testing battery has significance in elucidating the effects of environmental factors and their associated pathological mechanisms in human neurons.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Animals ; Mice ; Microplastics ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Biofilms ; Brain ; Neurons ; Neurotoxicity Syndromes ; Plastics
Chemical Substances	Microplastics ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Plastics
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-13
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1491302-1
ISSN	1873-3336 ; 0304-3894
ISSN (online)	1873-3336
ISSN	0304-3894
DOI	10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134017
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Article: New Avenues for Nanoparticle-Related Therapies.

Zhao, Michael / Liu, Mingyao

Nanoscale research letters

2018 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 136

Abstract: Development of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems has been attempted for the treatment of cancer over the past decade. The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect is the major mechanism to passively deliver nanodrugs to tumor tissue. ... ...

Abstract	Development of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems has been attempted for the treatment of cancer over the past decade. The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect is the major mechanism to passively deliver nanodrugs to tumor tissue. However, a recent systematic review demonstrated limited success of these studies, with the clearance of nanoparticles by the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) being a major hurdle. Herein, we propose that nanotechnologists should reconsider their research focuses, aiming for therapeutic targets other than cancer. Treatments for diseases that do not (or less) rely on EPR should be considered, such as active targeting or MPS evasion systems. For example, systemic delivery of drugs through intravenous injection can be used to treat sepsis, multi-organ failure, metabolic disorders, blood diseases, immune and autoimmune diseases, etc. Local delivery of nanodrugs to organs such as the lung, rectum, or bladder may enhance the local drug concentration with less clearance via MPS. In transplant settings, ex vivo organ perfusion provides a new route to repair injury of isolated organs in the absence of MPS. Based on a similar concept, chemotherapy with in vivo lung perfusion techniques and other isolated organ perfusion provides opportunities for cancer therapy.
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-05-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2253244-4
ISSN	1556-276X ; 1931-7573
ISSN (online)	1556-276X
ISSN	1931-7573
DOI	10.1186/s11671-018-2548-8
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Article ; Online: Large-Vessel Vasculitis in Ophthalmology: Giant Cell Arteritis and Takayasu Arteritis.

Dhanani, Ujalashah / Zhao, Michael Y / Charoenkijkajorn, Chaow / Pakravan, Mohammad / Mortensen, Peter W / Lee, Andrew G

Asia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.)

2022 Volume 11, Issue 2, Page(s) 177–183

Abstract: Abstract: Giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis are large-vessel vasculitides that share multiple common features but also have significant differences in epidemiology, demographics, clinical presentation, evaluation, and treatment. Giant cell ... ...

Abstract	Abstract: Giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis are large-vessel vasculitides that share multiple common features but also have significant differences in epidemiology, demographics, clinical presentation, evaluation, and treatment. Giant cell arteritis is more common in elderly patients of Caucasian descent versus Takayasu arteritis, which is more prevalent in younger patients of Asian descent. Although traditionally age has been the main criterion for differentiating the 2 etiologies, modifications in the diagnostic criteria have recognized the overlap between the 2 conditions. In this monograph, we review the diagnostic criteria for both conditions and describe the epidemiology, pathogenesis, histology, evaluation, and management for large-vessel vasculitis in ophthalmology. Additionally, we describe ocular imaging techniques that may be utilized by ophthalmologists to identify manifestations of large-vessel vasculiti- des in patients. Lastly, we compare and contrast the key clinical, laboratory, and pathologic features that might help ophthalmologists to differentiate the 2 entities.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Giant Cell Arteritis/complications ; Giant Cell Arteritis/diagnosis ; Giant Cell Arteritis/epidemiology ; Humans ; Ophthalmology ; Takayasu Arteritis/complications ; Takayasu Arteritis/diagnosis ; Takayasu Arteritis/therapy
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2756329-7
ISSN	2162-0989 ; 2162-0989
ISSN (online)	2162-0989
ISSN	2162-0989
DOI	10.1097/APO.0000000000000514
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Article ; Online: The Relationship Between Broadband Speeds, Device Type, Demographic Characteristics, and Care-Seeking Via Telehealth.

Broffman, Lauren / Harrison, Sarah / Zhao, Michael / Goldman, Alex / Patnaik, Ira / Zhou, Megan

Telemedicine journal and e-health : the official journal of the American Telemedicine Association

2022 Volume 29, Issue 3, Page(s) 425–431

Abstract: Background: ...

Abstract	Background:
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Humans ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care ; Telemedicine ; Smartphone ; Electronic Health Records ; Demography
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2035659-6
ISSN	1556-3669 ; 1530-5627
ISSN (online)	1556-3669
ISSN	1530-5627
DOI	10.1089/tmj.2022.0058
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Article ; Online: Papilledema detected by ultrasound in proliferative diabetic retinopathy with vitreous hemorrhage.

Zhao, Michael Y / Charoenkijkajorn, Chaow / Pakravan, Mohammad / Kavoussi, Shawn C / Lee, Andrew G

Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie

2022 Volume 58, Issue 3, Page(s) e141–e143

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Vitreous Hemorrhage/diagnosis ; Vitreous Hemorrhage/etiology ; Diabetic Retinopathy/complications ; Diabetic Retinopathy/diagnosis ; Diabetic Retinopathy/surgery ; Papilledema/diagnosis ; Papilledema/etiology ; Vitreous Body ; Vitrectomy ; Diabetes Mellitus
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-19
Publishing country	England
Document type	Letter
ZDB-ID	80091-0
ISSN	1715-3360 ; 0008-4182
ISSN (online)	1715-3360
ISSN	0008-4182
DOI	10.1016/j.jcjo.2022.11.014
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Article ; Online: The effect of indoor daylight spectrum and intensity on viability of indoor pathogens on different surface materials.

Lam, Man In / Vojnits, Kinga / Zhao, Michael / MacNaughton, Piers / Pakpour, Sepideh

Indoor air

2022 Volume 32, Issue 7, Page(s) e13076

Abstract: Built environments play a key role in the transmission of infectious diseases. Ventilation rates, air temperature, and humidity affect airborne transmission while cleaning protocols, material properties and light exposure can influence viability of ... ...

Abstract	Built environments play a key role in the transmission of infectious diseases. Ventilation rates, air temperature, and humidity affect airborne transmission while cleaning protocols, material properties and light exposure can influence viability of pathogens on surfaces. We investigated how indoor daylight intensity and spectrum through electrochromic (EC) windows can impact the growth rate and viability of indoor pathogens on different surface materials (polyvinyl chloride [PVC] fabric, polystyrene, and glass) compared to traditional blinds. Results showed that tinted EC windows let in higher energy, shorter wavelength daylight than those with clear window and blind. The growth rates of pathogenic bacteria and fungi were significantly lower in spaces with EC windows compared to blinds: nearly 100% growth rate reduction was observed when EC windows were in their clear state followed by 41%-100% reduction in bacterial growth rate and 26%-42% reduction in fungal growth rate when EC windows were in their darkest tint. Moreover, bacterial viabilities were significantly lower on PVC fabric when they were exposed to indoor light at EC-tinted window. These findings are deemed fundamental to the design of healthy modern buildings, especially those that encompass sick and vulnerable individuals.
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis ; Bacteria ; Humans ; Humidity ; Polyvinyl Chloride ; Temperature
Chemical Substances	Polyvinyl Chloride (9002-86-2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1081722-0
ISSN	1600-0668 ; 0905-6947
ISSN (online)	1600-0668
ISSN	0905-6947
DOI	10.1111/ina.13076
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Article ; Online: Context-dependent regulation of lipid accumulation in adipocytes by a HIF1α-PPARγ feedback network.

Kudo, Takamasa / Zhao, Michael L / Jeknić, Stevan / Kovary, Kyle M / LaGory, Edward L / Covert, Markus W / Teruel, Mary N

Cell systems

2023 Volume 14, Issue 12, Page(s) 1074–1086.e7

Abstract: Hypoxia-induced upregulation of HIF1α triggers adipose tissue dysfunction and insulin resistance in obese patients. HIF1α closely interacts with PPARγ, the master regulator of adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation, but there are conflicting ... ...

Abstract	Hypoxia-induced upregulation of HIF1α triggers adipose tissue dysfunction and insulin resistance in obese patients. HIF1α closely interacts with PPARγ, the master regulator of adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation, but there are conflicting results regarding how this interaction controls the excessive lipid accumulation that drives adipocyte dysfunction. To directly address these conflicts, we established a differentiation system that recapitulated prior seemingly opposing observations made across different experimental settings. Using single-cell imaging and coarse-grained mathematical modeling, we show how HIF1α can both promote and repress lipid accumulation during adipogenesis. Our model predicted and our experiments confirmed that the opposing roles of HIF1α are isolated from each other by the positive-feedback-mediated upregulation of PPARγ that drives adipocyte differentiation. Finally, we identify three factors: strength of the differentiation cue, timing of hypoxic perturbation, and strength of HIF1α expression changes that, when considered together, provide an explanation for many of the previous conflicting reports.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; PPAR gamma/metabolism ; Feedback ; Adipocytes/metabolism ; Adipose Tissue/metabolism ; Lipids
Chemical Substances	PPAR gamma ; Lipids
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2854138-8
ISSN	2405-4720 ; 2405-4712
ISSN (online)	2405-4720
ISSN	2405-4712
DOI	10.1016/j.cels.2023.10.010
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Article ; Online: Early enforcement of cell identity by a functional component of the terminally differentiated state.

Bahrami-Nejad, Zahra / Zhang, Zhi-Bo / Tholen, Stefan / Sharma, Sanjeev / Rabiee, Atefeh / Zhao, Michael L / Kraemer, Fredric B / Teruel, Mary N

PLoS biology

2022 Volume 20, Issue 12, Page(s) e3001900

Abstract: How progenitor cells can attain a distinct differentiated cell identity is a challenging problem given the fluctuating signaling environment in which cells exist and that critical transcription factors are often not unique to a differentiation process. ... ...

Abstract	How progenitor cells can attain a distinct differentiated cell identity is a challenging problem given the fluctuating signaling environment in which cells exist and that critical transcription factors are often not unique to a differentiation process. Here, we test the hypothesis that a unique differentiated cell identity can result from a core component of the differentiated state doubling up as a signaling protein that also drives differentiation. Using live single-cell imaging in the adipocyte differentiation system, we show that progenitor fat cells (preadipocytes) can only commit to terminally differentiate after up-regulating FABP4, a lipid buffer that is highly enriched in mature adipocytes. Upon induction of adipogenesis in mouse preadipocyte cells, we show that after a long delay, cells first abruptly start to engage a positive feedback between CEBPA and PPARG before then engaging, after a second delay, a positive feedback between FABP4 and PPARG. These sequential positive feedbacks both need to engage in order to drive PPARG levels past the threshold for irreversible differentiation. In the last step before commitment, PPARG transcriptionally increases FABP4 expression while fatty acid-loaded FABP4 increases PPARG activity. Together, our study suggests a control principle for robust cell identity whereby a core component of the differentiated state also promotes differentiation from its own progenitor state.
MeSH term(s)	Mice ; Animals ; PPAR gamma/genetics ; PPAR gamma/metabolism ; Adipogenesis ; Cell Differentiation/physiology ; Adipocytes/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/metabolism
Chemical Substances	PPAR gamma ; Transcription Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2126776-5
ISSN	1545-7885 ; 1544-9173
ISSN (online)	1545-7885
ISSN	1544-9173
DOI	10.1371/journal.pbio.3001900
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Article ; Online: Using Haplotype-Based Artificial Intelligence to Evaluate SARS-CoV-2 Novel Variants and Mutations.

Zhao, Lue Ping / Cohen, Seth / Zhao, Michael / Madeleine, Margaret / Payne, Thomas H / Lybrand, Terry P / Geraghty, Daniel E / Jerome, Keith R / Corey, Lawrence

JAMA network open

2023 Volume 6, Issue 2, Page(s) e230191

Abstract: Importance: Earlier detection of emerging novel SARS-COV-2 variants is important for public health surveillance of potential viral threats and for earlier prevention research. Artificial intelligence may facilitate early detection of SARS-CoV2 emerging ... ...

Abstract	Importance: Earlier detection of emerging novel SARS-COV-2 variants is important for public health surveillance of potential viral threats and for earlier prevention research. Artificial intelligence may facilitate early detection of SARS-CoV2 emerging novel variants based on variant-specific mutation haplotypes and, in turn, be associated with enhanced implementation of risk-stratified public health prevention strategies. Objective: To develop a haplotype-based artificial intelligence (HAI) model for identifying novel variants, including mixture variants (MVs) of known variants and new variants with novel mutations. Design, setting, and participants: This cross-sectional study used serially observed viral genomic sequences globally (prior to March 14, 2022) to train and validate the HAI model and used it to identify variants arising from a prospective set of viruses from March 15 to May 18, 2022. Main outcomes and measures: Viral sequences, collection dates, and locations were subjected to statistical learning analysis to estimate variant-specific core mutations and haplotype frequencies, which were then used to construct an HAI model to identify novel variants. Results: Through training on more than 5 million viral sequences, an HAI model was built, and its identification performance was validated on an independent validation set of more than 5 million viruses. Its identification performance was assessed on a prospective set of 344 901 viruses. In addition to achieving an accuracy of 92.8% (95% CI within 0.1%), the HAI model identified 4 Omicron MVs (Omicron-Alpha, Omicron-Delta, Omicron-Epsilon, and Omicron-Zeta), 2 Delta MVs (Delta-Kappa and Delta-Zeta), and 1 Alpha-Epsilon MV, among which Omicron-Epsilon MVs were most frequent (609/657 MVs [92.7%]). Furthermore, the HAI model found that 1699 Omicron viruses had unidentifiable variants given that these variants acquired novel mutations. Lastly, 524 variant-unassigned and variant-unidentifiable viruses carried 16 novel mutations, 8 of which were increasing in prevalence percentages as of May 2022. Conclusions and relevance: In this cross-sectional study, an HAI model found SARS-COV-2 viruses with MV or novel mutations in the global population, which may require closer examination and monitoring. These results suggest that HAI may complement phylogenic variant assignment, providing additional insights into emerging novel variants in the population.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Artificial Intelligence ; COVID-19 ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Haplotypes ; Prospective Studies ; RNA, Viral ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Mutation
Chemical Substances	RNA, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ISSN	2574-3805
ISSN (online)	2574-3805
DOI	10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.0191
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