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  1. Article ; Online: Next generation of immune checkpoint molecules in maternal-fetal immunity.

    Zhao, Si-Jia / Muyayalo, Kahindo P / Luo, Jing / Huang, Donghui / Mor, Gil / Liao, Ai-Hua

    Immunological reviews

    2022  Volume 308, Issue 1, Page(s) 40–54

    Abstract: Successful pregnancy is a unique situation requires the maternal immune system to recognize and tolerate a semi-identical fetus and allow normal invasion of trophoblast cells. Although efforts have been made, the deep mechanisms of the maternal-fetal ... ...

    Abstract Successful pregnancy is a unique situation requires the maternal immune system to recognize and tolerate a semi-identical fetus and allow normal invasion of trophoblast cells. Although efforts have been made, the deep mechanisms of the maternal-fetal crosstalk have not yet been fully deciphered. Immune checkpoint molecules (ICMs) are a group of negative modulators of the immune response that avoid immune damage. They have been extensively studied in the fields of oncology and transplantation, while the latest evidence suggests that they are closely associated with pregnancy outcomes via multiple inhibitory mechanisms. Although studies have mostly demonstrated the regulatory role of the well-known PD-1, CTLA-4 at the maternal-fetal interface, what is unique about the newly discovered multiple ICMs remains a mystery. Here, we review the latest knowledge on ICMs, focusing on the first generation of checkpoints (PD-1, CTLA-4) and the next generation (Tim-3, Tigit, Lag-3, VISTA) highlighting their immunoregulatory roles in maternal-fetal tolerance and decidual vascular remodeling, and their involvement in pathological pregnancies. The content covers three aspects: the characteristics they possess, the dynamic expression profile of their expression at the maternal-fetal interface, and their involvement in pathological pregnancy. In immunotherapy strategies for pregnancy complications, upregulation of immune checkpoints may play a role. Meanwhile, the impact on pregnancy outcomes when using ICMs in clinical cancer treatment during pregnancy is a topic worth exploring. These may serve as a guide for future basic research and clinical applications of maternal-fetal immunity.
    MeSH term(s) CTLA-4 Antigen ; Female ; Humans ; Immune Checkpoint Proteins/genetics ; Immune Tolerance ; Immunity ; Pregnancy ; Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/metabolism
    Chemical Substances CTLA-4 Antigen ; Immune Checkpoint Proteins ; Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-02
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 391796-4
    ISSN 1600-065X ; 0105-2896
    ISSN (online) 1600-065X
    ISSN 0105-2896
    DOI 10.1111/imr.13073
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B: A novel immune checkpoint molecule at the maternal-fetal interface.

    Wang, Jing / Zhao, Si-Jia / Wang, Li-Ling / Lin, Xin-Xiu / Mor, Gil / Liao, Ai-Hua

    Journal of reproductive immunology

    2022  Volume 155, Page(s) 103764

    Abstract: Due to their crucial roles in embryo implantation, maternal-fetal tolerance induction, and pregnancy progression, immune checkpoint molecules (ICMs), such as programmed cell death-1, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4, and T cell immunoglobulin mucin 3, ... ...

    Abstract Due to their crucial roles in embryo implantation, maternal-fetal tolerance induction, and pregnancy progression, immune checkpoint molecules (ICMs), such as programmed cell death-1, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4, and T cell immunoglobulin mucin 3, are considered potential targets for clinical intervention in pregnancy complications. Despite the considerable progress on these molecules, our understanding of ICMs at the maternal-fetal interface is still limited. Identification of alternative and novel ICMs and the combination of multiple ICMs is urgently needed for deeply understanding the mechanism of maternal-fetal tolerance and to discover the causes of pregnancy complications. Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B (LILRB) is a novel class of ICMs with strong negative regulatory effects on the immune response. Recent studies have revealed that LILRB is enriched in decidual immune cells and stromal cells at the maternal-fetal interface, which can modulate the biological behavior of immune cells and promote immune tolerance. In this review, we introduce the structural features, expression profiles, ligands, and orthologs of LILRB. In addition, the potential mechanisms and functions mediated by LILRB for sustaining the maternal-fetal tolerance microenvironment, remodeling the uterine spiral artery, and induction of pregnancy immune memory are summarized. We have also provided new suggestions for further understanding the roles of LILRB and potential therapeutic strategies for pregnancy-related diseases.
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Embryo Implantation ; Immune Checkpoint Proteins ; Immune Tolerance ; Immunoglobulins ; Leukocytes ; Maternal-Fetal Exchange ; Pregnancy Complications ; Leukocyte Immunoglobulin-like Receptor B1
    Chemical Substances Immune Checkpoint Proteins ; Immunoglobulins ; Leukocyte Immunoglobulin-like Receptor B1
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-13
    Publishing country Ireland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 424421-7
    ISSN 1872-7603 ; 0165-0378
    ISSN (online) 1872-7603
    ISSN 0165-0378
    DOI 10.1016/j.jri.2022.103764
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: IL-10: A bridge between immune cells and metabolism during pregnancy.

    Wang, Huan / Wang, Li-Ling / Zhao, Si-Jia / Lin, Xin-Xiu / Liao, Ai-Hua

    Journal of reproductive immunology

    2022  Volume 154, Page(s) 103750

    Abstract: Energy metabolism plays a crucial role in the immune system. In addition to providing vital energy for cell growth, reproduction and other cell activities, the metabolism of nutrients such as glucose and lipids also have significant effects on cell ... ...

    Abstract Energy metabolism plays a crucial role in the immune system. In addition to providing vital energy for cell growth, reproduction and other cell activities, the metabolism of nutrients such as glucose and lipids also have significant effects on cell function through metabolites, metabolic enzymes, and changing metabolic status. Interleukin-10 (IL-10), as a pleiotropic regulator, can be secreted by a diverse set of cells and can also participate in regulating the functions of various cells, thereby playing an essential role in the formation and maintenance of immune tolerance in pregnancy. Studies on the regulatory effects and mechanisms of IL-10 on immune cells are extensive; however, research from a metabolic perspective is relatively negligible. Here, we have discussed old and new data on the relationship between IL-10 and metabolism. The data show that alterations in cellular metabolism and specific metabolites regulate IL-10 production of immune cells. Moreover, IL-10 regulates immune cell phenotypes and functions by modulating oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. This review summarizes some earlier observations regarding IL-10 and its relationship with immune cells in pregnancy, and also presents recent research on the link between IL-10 and metabolism, highlighting the potential relationship between IL-10, immune cells, and energy metabolism during pregnancy.
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Humans ; Pregnancy/immunology ; Immune Tolerance ; Interleukin-10/physiology
    Chemical Substances Interleukin-10 (130068-27-8) ; IL10 protein, human
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-09-16
    Publishing country Ireland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 424421-7
    ISSN 1872-7603 ; 0165-0378
    ISSN (online) 1872-7603
    ISSN 0165-0378
    DOI 10.1016/j.jri.2022.103750
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article: Chemokine receptor CXCR2 in primary sensory neurons of trigeminal ganglion mediates orofacial itch.

    Li, Dong-Jin / Zhong, Zhen-Juan / Wang, Xiao-Liang / Wei, Na / Zhao, Si-Jia / Shan, Ting-Ting / Liu, Ya-Ping / Yu, Yao-Qing

    Frontiers in molecular neuroscience

    2023  Volume 16, Page(s) 1279237

    Abstract: The CXCR2 chemokine receptor is known to have a significant impact on the initiation and control of inflammatory processes. However, its specific involvement in the sensation of itch is not yet fully understood. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the ... ...

    Abstract The CXCR2 chemokine receptor is known to have a significant impact on the initiation and control of inflammatory processes. However, its specific involvement in the sensation of itch is not yet fully understood. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the function of CXCR2 in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) by utilizing orofacial itch models induced by incision, chloroquine (CQ), and histamine. Our results revealed a significant up-regulation of CXCR2 mRNA and protein expressions in the primary sensory neurons of TG in response to itch stimuli. The CXCR2 inhibitor SB225002 resulted in notable decrease in CXCR2 protein expression and reduction in scratch behaviors. Distal infraorbital nerve (DION) microinjection of a specific shRNA virus inhibited CXCR2 expression in TG neurons and reversed itch behaviors. Additionally, the administration of the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 resulted in a decrease in the expressions of p-Akt, Akt, and CXCR2 in TG neurons, thereby mitigating pruritic behaviors. Collectively, we report that CXCR2 in the primary sensory neurons of trigeminal ganglion contributes to orofacial itch through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. These observations highlight the potential of molecules involved in the regulation of CXCR2 as viable therapeutic targets for the treatment of itch.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-26
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2452967-9
    ISSN 1662-5099
    ISSN 1662-5099
    DOI 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1279237
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article: Data-Independent Acquisition-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Potential Salivary Biomarkers of Primary Sjögren's Syndrome.

    Tian, Yi-Chao / Guo, Chun-Lan / Li, Zhen / You, Xin / Liu, Xiao-Yan / Su, Jin-Mei / Zhao, Si-Jia / Mu, Yue / Sun, Wei / Li, Qian

    Chinese medical sciences journal = Chung-kuo i hsueh k'o hsueh tsa chih

    2024  Volume 39, Issue 1, Page(s) 19–28

    Abstract: Objective As primary Sj?gren's syndrome (pSS) primarily affects the salivary glands, saliva can serve as an indicator of the glands' pathophysiology and the disease's status. This study aims to illustrate the salivary proteomic profiles of pSS patients ... ...

    Abstract Objective As primary Sj?gren's syndrome (pSS) primarily affects the salivary glands, saliva can serve as an indicator of the glands' pathophysiology and the disease's status. This study aims to illustrate the salivary proteomic profiles of pSS patients and identify potential candidate biomarkers for diagnosis.Methods The discovery set contained 49 samples (24 from pSS and 25 from age- and gender-matched healthy controls [HCs]) and the validation set included 25 samples (12 from pSS and 13 from HCs). Totally 36 pSS patients and 38 HCs were centrally randomized into the discovery set or to the validation set at a 2:1 ratio. Unstimulated whole saliva samples from pSS patients and HCs were analyzed using a data-independent acquisition (DIA) strategy on a 2D LC?HRMS/MS platform to reveal differential proteins. The crucial proteins were verified using DIA analysis and annotated using gene ontology (GO) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA) analysis. A prediction model for SS was established using random forests.Results A total of 1,963 proteins were discovered, and 136 proteins exhibited differential representation in pSS patients. The bioinformatic research indicated that these proteins were primarily linked to immunological functions, metabolism, and inflammation. A panel of 19 protein biomarkers was identified by ranking order based on
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Sjogren's Syndrome/diagnosis ; Sjogren's Syndrome/metabolism ; Proteomics/methods ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; Saliva/metabolism ; Prognosis
    Chemical Substances Biomarkers
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-26
    Publishing country China
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1083365-1
    ISSN 1001-9294
    ISSN 1001-9294
    DOI 10.24920/004338
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Human leukocyte antigens: the unique expression in trophoblasts and their crosstalk with local immune cells.

    Lin, Xin-Xiu / Xie, Ying-Ming / Zhao, Si-Jia / Liu, Chun-Yan / Mor, Gil / Liao, Ai-Hua

    International journal of biological sciences

    2022  Volume 18, Issue 10, Page(s) 4043–4052

    Abstract: Trophoblasts differentiate and form the placenta during pregnancy in a complex and finely orchestrated process, which is dependent on the establishment of maternal-fetal immune tolerance and the proper function of trophoblasts. Trophoblasts express HLA-C ...

    Abstract Trophoblasts differentiate and form the placenta during pregnancy in a complex and finely orchestrated process, which is dependent on the establishment of maternal-fetal immune tolerance and the proper function of trophoblasts. Trophoblasts express HLA-C and non-classical HLA-Ib molecules (HLA-E, HLA-F, and HLA-G). Numerous studies have shown that the unique expression pattern of the HLA molecules is closely linked to the successful acceptance of allogeneic fetus by the mother during pregnancy. However, some controversies still exist concerning the exact expression and recognition patterns of HLA molecules in different trophoblast subpopulations and cell lines. Thus, we summarize three types of trophoblast subpopulations as well as the common trophoblast lineages. Then, the classification and structural characteristics of HLA molecules were elucidated. Finally, the presence of HLA-C and non-classical HLA-Ib molecules (HLA-E, HLA-F, and HLA-G) in various trophoblasts and cell lines, as well as their potential role in establishing and maintaining normal pregnancy were also discussed. Together, this review will help people comprehensively understand the complex immune interactions between maternal and fetal crosstalk during pregnancy and ultimately better understand the physiological and pathological etiologies of pregnancy.
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Fetus ; HLA Antigens/genetics ; HLA Antigens/metabolism ; HLA-C Antigens/metabolism ; HLA-G Antigens/genetics ; HLA-G Antigens/metabolism ; Humans ; Placenta ; Pregnancy ; Trophoblasts/metabolism
    Chemical Substances HLA Antigens ; HLA-C Antigens ; HLA-G Antigens
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-13
    Publishing country Australia
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2179208-2
    ISSN 1449-2288 ; 1449-2288
    ISSN (online) 1449-2288
    ISSN 1449-2288
    DOI 10.7150/ijbs.73616
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: COVID-19 and Treg/Th17 imbalance: Potential relationship to pregnancy outcomes.

    Muyayalo, Kahinho P / Huang, Dong-Hui / Zhao, Si-Jia / Xie, Ting / Mor, Gil / Liao, Ai-Hua

    American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)

    2020  Volume 84, Issue 5, Page(s) e13304

    Abstract: Caused by a novel type of virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) constitutes a global public health emergency. Pregnant women are considered to have a higher risk of severe morbidity and ... ...

    Abstract Caused by a novel type of virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) constitutes a global public health emergency. Pregnant women are considered to have a higher risk of severe morbidity and even mortality due to their susceptibility to respiratory pathogens and their particular immunologic state. Several studies assessing SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy reported adverse pregnancy outcomes in patients with severe conditions, including spontaneous abortion, preterm labor, fetal distress, cesarean section, preterm birth, neonatal asphyxia, neonatal pneumonia, stillbirth, and neonatal death. However, whether these complications are causally related to SARS-CoV-2 infection is not clear. Here, we reviewed the scientific evidence supporting the contributing role of Treg/Th17 cell imbalance in the uncontrolled systemic inflammation characterizing severe cases of COVID-19. Based on the recognized harmful effects of these CD4
    MeSH term(s) COVID-19/immunology ; COVID-19/transmission ; Female ; Humans ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; Pandemics ; Pregnancy/immunology ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/immunology ; Pregnancy Outcome ; SARS-CoV-2/physiology ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology ; Th17 Cells/immunology
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-31
    Publishing country Denmark
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 604542-x
    ISSN 1600-0897 ; 0271-7352 ; 8755-8920 ; 1046-7408
    ISSN (online) 1600-0897
    ISSN 0271-7352 ; 8755-8920 ; 1046-7408
    DOI 10.1111/aji.13304
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  8. Article ; Online: Dual-Functional Eu-Metal-Organic Framework with Ratiometric Fluorescent Broad-Spectrum Sensing of Benzophenone-like Ultraviolet Filters and High Proton Conduction.

    Zhou, Ya-Nan / Zhao, Si-Jia / Leng, Wen-Xing / Zhang, Xu / Liu, Dong-Yan / Zhang, Jia-Hui / Sun, Zhen-Gang / Zhu, Yan-Yu / Zheng, Han-Wen / Jiao, Cheng-Qi

    Inorganic chemistry

    2023  Volume 62, Issue 32, Page(s) 12730–12740

    Abstract: The construction of attractive dual-functional lanthanide-based metal-organic frameworks (Ln-MOFs) with ratiometric fluorescent detection and proton conductivity is significant and challenging. Herein, a three-dimensional (3D) ...

    Abstract The construction of attractive dual-functional lanthanide-based metal-organic frameworks (Ln-MOFs) with ratiometric fluorescent detection and proton conductivity is significant and challenging. Herein, a three-dimensional (3D)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1484438-2
    ISSN 1520-510X ; 0020-1669
    ISSN (online) 1520-510X
    ISSN 0020-1669
    DOI 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01224
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  9. Article: Identification of the Role of Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway Through Integrated Analyses and in vivo Experiments in Vitiligo.

    Zhao, Si-Jia / Jia, Hong / Xu, Xiu-Lian / Bu, Wen-Bo / Zhang, Qian / Chen, Xi / Ji, Juan / Sun, Jian-Fang

    Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology

    2021  Volume 14, Page(s) 1089–1103

    Abstract: Purpose: Vitiligo is an acquired depigmentation skin disease, which affects an average of 1% of the world's population. The purpose of this study is to identify the key genes and pathways responsible for vitiligo and find new therapeutic targets.: ... ...

    Abstract Purpose: Vitiligo is an acquired depigmentation skin disease, which affects an average of 1% of the world's population. The purpose of this study is to identify the key genes and pathways responsible for vitiligo and find new therapeutic targets.
    Methods: The datasets GSE65127, GSE53146, and GSE75819 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. R language was used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between lesional skin of vitiligo and non-lesional skin. Next, the key pathways were obtained by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were conducted by STRING database and Cytoscape software. Subsequently, module analysis was performed by Cytoscape. Among these results, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and melanogenesis pathway caught our attention. The expression level of β-catenin, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase (TYR) was detected by immunofluorescence in vitiligo lesions and healthy skin. Moreover, zebrafish was treated with XAV-939, an inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. After that, the area of melanin granules as a percentage of the head area was measured. The mRNA expression of
    Results: A total of 2442 DEGs were identified, including 1068 upregulated and 1374 downregulated DEGs. The key pathways were identified by GO and KEGG analyses, such as "NOD-like receptor signaling pathway", "Wnt signaling pathway", "Melanogenesis", "mTOR signaling pathway", "PI3K-Akt signaling pathway", "Calcium signaling pathway" and "Rap1 signaling pathway". The immunofluorescence results showed that the level of β-catenin, MITF and TYR was significantly downregulated in vitiligo lesional skin. In zebrafish, the mean percentage area of melanin granules and the expression of
    Conclusion: The present study identified key genes and signaling pathways associated with the pathophysiology of vitiligo. Among them, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway played an essential role in pigmentation and could be a breakthrough point in vitiligo treatment.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-09-01
    Publishing country New Zealand
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2494852-4
    ISSN 1178-7015
    ISSN 1178-7015
    DOI 10.2147/CCID.S319061
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: The metabolic landscape of decidua in recurrent pregnancy loss using a global metabolomics approach.

    Wang, Li-Ling / Liu, Hong / Zhao, Si-Jia / Shen, Li / Xie, Ting / Luo, Jing / Mor, Gil / Liao, Ai-Hua

    Placenta

    2021  Volume 112, Page(s) 45–53

    Abstract: Introduction: Maternal metabolism undergoes dynamic changes during pregnancy. A deviation from this physiological metabolic status might be involved in the pathogenesis of pregnancy complications, such as recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Decidua is an ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Maternal metabolism undergoes dynamic changes during pregnancy. A deviation from this physiological metabolic status might be involved in the pathogenesis of pregnancy complications, such as recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Decidua is an important uterine tissue, which provides immunological protection as well as nutritional support to the developing embryo during early pregnancy. Previous studies have shown that aberrant metabolism of the decidua is related to the etiology of RPL. However, the metabolic profile of the decidua in RPL has not yet been fully elucidated.
    Methods: In the current study, decidual samples from RPL patients (n = 23) and normal pregnancy (NP) women (n = 30) were collected, and hydrophilic and hydrophobic metabolites were extracted and measured using a liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry system. Besides, the mRNA expression of several critical enzymes involved in sphingolipid metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism was detected.
    Results: The OSC-PLS-DA scores plot illustrates that metabolic differences are present in the decidual tissue of RPL patients compared with that of NP women. Combining multivariate analysis with univariate statistical analysis, a total of 62 metabolites related to RPL were selected, including carnitine, glycerophospholipids, sphingomyelin (SM), ceramide, organic acids and their derivatives, and amino acid metabolomics. KEGG analysis showed that abnormalities in multiple metabolic pathways occurred in RPL decidua, including vitamin digestion and absorption, tryptophan metabolism, citrate cycle, arginine biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, and sphingolipid signaling pathway. Increased SM synthase and decreased Phospholipase A2 Group IIE mRNA levels were detected in RPL compared with NP group.
    Discussion: Disruption of decidual metabolism, especially glycerophospholipid metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism, might be involved in the occurrence of RPL.
    MeSH term(s) Abortion, Habitual/metabolism ; Adult ; Carnitine/analogs & derivatives ; Carnitine/metabolism ; Case-Control Studies ; Decidua/metabolism ; Female ; Glycerophospholipids/metabolism ; Group II Phospholipases A2/metabolism ; Humans ; Lipidomics ; Metabolome ; Pregnancy ; Sphingolipids/metabolism ; Transferases (Other Substituted Phosphate Groups)/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Glycerophospholipids ; Sphingolipids ; acylcarnitine ; Transferases (Other Substituted Phosphate Groups) (EC 2.7.8.-) ; phosphatidylcholine-ceramide phosphocholine transferase (EC 2.7.8.-) ; Group II Phospholipases A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) ; Carnitine (S7UI8SM58A)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-07-08
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 603951-0
    ISSN 1532-3102 ; 0143-4004
    ISSN (online) 1532-3102
    ISSN 0143-4004
    DOI 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.07.001
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