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Article ; Online: Characterization of laccase gene StLAC6 and its involvement in the pathogenicity and peroxisome function in Setosphaeria turcica

Ning LIU / Qian-qian ZHANG / Hui JIA / Bin ZHAO / Zi-ping ZHU / Zhi-yan CAO / Jin-gao DONG

Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Vol 21, Iss 7, Pp 2019-

2022 Volume 2030

Abstract: Laccases, as a kind of multicopper oxidase, play an important role in pigment synthesis and growth in fungi and are involved in their interactions with host plants. In Setosphaeria turcica, 9 laccase-like multicopper oxidases have been identified, and ... ...

Abstract	Laccases, as a kind of multicopper oxidase, play an important role in pigment synthesis and growth in fungi and are involved in their interactions with host plants. In Setosphaeria turcica, 9 laccase-like multicopper oxidases have been identified, and StLAC2 is involved in the synthesis of the melanin that accumulates in the cell wall. The function of another major laccase gene, StLAC6, was studied here. The knockout of StLAC6 had no effect on the growth, morphology or invasion ability of S. turcica, but the morphology and function of peroxisomes of knockout mutants were abnormal. The knockout of the StLAC6 gene resulted in increased contents of phenolic compounds and melanin and the sensitivity to fungicides increased compared with wild type strains. In the mutants of StLAC6, there is a significant change of the expression levels of other laccase genes. This study provides a new insight into laccase functions and the relationship of the laccase gene family in plant pathogenic fungi.
Keywords	Setosphaeria turcica ; laccase ; StLAC6 ; peroxisome ; fungicides ; Agriculture (General) ; S1-972
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Melanin, DNA replication, and autophagy affect appressorium development in Setosphaeria turcica by regulating glycerol accumulation and metabolism

Xiao-yue GUO / Ning LIU / Bing-hui LIU / Li-hong ZHOU / Zhi-yan CAO / Jian-min HAN / Jin-gao DONG

Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Vol 21, Iss 3, Pp 762-

2022 Volume 773

Abstract: Setosphaeria turcica (syn. Exserohilum turcicum) is the pathogenic fungus of maize (Zea mays) that causes northern leaf blight, which is a major maize disease worldwide. Melanized appressoria are highly specialized infection structures formed by ... ...

Abstract	Setosphaeria turcica (syn. Exserohilum turcicum) is the pathogenic fungus of maize (Zea mays) that causes northern leaf blight, which is a major maize disease worldwide. Melanized appressoria are highly specialized infection structures formed by germinated conidia of S. turcica that infect maize leaves. The appressorium penetrates the plant cuticle by generating turgor, and glycerol is known to be the main source of the turgor. Here, the infection position penetrated by the appressorium on maize leaves was investigated, most of the germinated conidia entered the leaf interior by directly penetrating the epidermal cells, and the appressorium structure was necessary for the infection, whether it occurred through epidermal cells or stomata. Then, to investigate the effects of key factors in the development of the appressorium, we studied the effects of three inhibitors, including a melanin inhibitor (tricyclazole, TCZ), a DNA replication inhibitor (hydroxyurea, HU), and an autophagy inhibitor (3-methyladenine, 3-MA), on appressorium turgor and glycerol content. As results, appressorium turgor pressure and glycerol concentration in the appressorium reached their highest levels at the mature stage of the appressorium under the control and inhibitor treatments. The three inhibitors had the greatest effects on appressorium turgor pressure at this stage. Glycogen and liposomes are the main substances producing glycerol. It was also found inhibitors affected the distribution of glycogen and liposomes, which were detected in the conidia, the germ tube, and the appressorium during appressorium development. This study provides profound insight into the relationship between appressorium turgor pressure and glycerol content, which was affected by the synthesis of melanin, DNA replication, and autophagy in the developing appressorium during a S. turcica infection.
Keywords	melanin ; DNA replication ; autophagy ; appressorium ; development ; Setosphaeria turcica ; Agriculture (General) ; S1-972
Subject code	580
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Transcriptional regulation of secondary metabolism and autophagy genes in response to DNA replication stress in Setosphaeria turcica

Ya-nan MENG / Xin-jie ZHANG / Fan-li ZENG / Wei-bo ZHAI / Pan LI / Jing-jing HU / Sheng-lin XIAO / Zhi-min HAO / Zhi-yan CAO / Chuan CHEN / Jin-gao DONG

Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Vol 22, Iss 4, Pp 1068-

2023 Volume 1081

Abstract: The fungal pathogen Setosphaeria turcica causes northern corn leaf blight (NCLB), which leads to considerable crop losses. Setosphaeria turcica elaborates a specialized infection structures called appressorium for maize infection. Previously, we ... ...

Abstract	The fungal pathogen Setosphaeria turcica causes northern corn leaf blight (NCLB), which leads to considerable crop losses. Setosphaeria turcica elaborates a specialized infection structures called appressorium for maize infection. Previously, we demonstrated that the S. turcica triggers an S-phase checkpoint and ATR (Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3 related)-dependent self-protective response to DNA genotoxic insults during maize infection. However, how the regulatory mechanism works was still largely unknown. Here, we report a genome wide transcriptional profile analysis during appressorium formation in the present of DNA replication stress. We performed RNA-Seq analysis to identify S. tuicica genes responsive to DNA replication stress. In the current work, we found that appressorium-mediated maize infection by S. turcica is significantly blocked by S-phase checkpoint. A large serial of secondary metabolite and melanin biosynthesis genes were blocked in appressorium formation of S. turcica during the replication stress. The secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes including alcohol dehydrogenase GroES-like domain, multicopper oxidase, ABC-transporter families, cytochrome P450 and FAD-containing monooxygenase were related to plant pathogen infection. In addition, we demonstrated that autophagy in S. turcica is up-regulated by ATR as a defense response to stress. We identified StATG3, StATG4, StATG5, StATG7 and StATG16 genes for autophagy were induced by ATR-mediated S-phase checkpoint. We therefore propose that in response to genotoxic stress, S. turcica utilizes ATR-dependent pathway to turn off transcription of genes governing appressorium-mediated infection, and meanwhile inducing transcription of autophagy genes likely as a mechanism of self-protection, aside from the more conservative responses in eukaryotes.
Keywords	Setosphaeria turcica ; appressorium ; secondary metabolite ; autophagy ; DNA replication stress ; Agriculture (General) ; S1-972
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Isolation and Structural Speculation of Herbicide-Active Compounds from the Metabolites of Pythium aphanidermatum

Li-hui ZHANG / Jin-lin ZHANG / Ying-chao LIU / Zhi-yan CAO / Jian-min HAN / Juan YANG / Jin-gao DONG

Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Vol 12, Iss 6, Pp 1026-

2013 Volume 1032

Abstract: Natural herbicides, or environment-friendly bioherbicides have been attracted more and more attentions. Isolation and structural identification of natural herbicide-active compounds from plant pathogens has been proved to be an effective approach for ... ...

Abstract	Natural herbicides, or environment-friendly bioherbicides have been attracted more and more attentions. Isolation and structural identification of natural herbicide-active compounds from plant pathogens has been proved to be an effective approach for novel lead discovery of the pesticide development. In this study, the metabolites of the mutant strain PAM1, which obtained from PA1 of Pythium aphanidermatum (Eds.) Fitzp by ultraviolet radiation were separated and identified by HPLC, NMR, and IR. The results revealed that three active compounds including 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid and two indole derivatives, exhibited inhibition activity on the elongation of radical and coleoptile of Digtaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.
Keywords	herbicidal principles ; compounds ; P. aphanidermatum ; Agriculture (General) ; S1-972
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: MAP kinase gene STK1 is required for hyphal, conidial, and appressorial development, toxin biosynthesis, pathogenicity, and hypertonic stress response in the plant pathogenic fungus Setosphaeria turcica

Po LI / Xiao-dong GONG / Hui JIA / Yong-shan FAN / Yun-feng ZHANG / Zhi-yan CAO / Zhi-min HAO / Jian-min HAN / Shou-qin GU / Jin-gao DONG

Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Vol 15, Iss 12, Pp 2786-

2016 Volume 2794

Abstract: The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), a key signal transduction component in the MAPK cascade pathway, regulates a variety of physiological activities in eukaryotes. However, little is known of the role MAPK plays in phytopathogenic fungi. In this ...

Abstract	The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), a key signal transduction component in the MAPK cascade pathway, regulates a variety of physiological activities in eukaryotes. However, little is known of the role MAPK plays in phytopathogenic fungi. In this research, we cloned the MAPK gene STK1 from the northern corn leaf blight pathogen Setosphaeria turcica and found that the gene shared high homology with the high osmolality glycerol (HOG) MAPK gene HOG1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In addition, gene knockout technology was employed to investigate the function of STK1. Gene knockout mutants (KOs) were found to have altered hyphae morphology and no conidiogenesis, though they did show similar radial growth rate compared to the wild-type strain (WT). Furthermore, microscope observations indicated that STK1 KOs did not form normal appressoria at 48 h post-inoculation on a hydrophobic surface. STK1 KOs had reduced virulence, a significantly altered Helminthosporium turcicum (HT)-toxin composition, and diminished pathogenicity on the leaves of susceptible inbred corn OH43. Mycelium morphology appeared to be significantly swollen and the radial growth rates of STK1 KOs declined in comparison with WT under high osmotic stress. These results suggested that STK1 affects the hyphae development, conidiogenesis, and pathogenicity of S. turcica by regulating appressorium development and HT-toxin biosynthesis. Moreover, the gene appears to be involved in the hypertonic stress response in S. turcica.
Keywords	Setosphaeria turcica ; MAPK ; conidiogenesis ; HT-toxin ; pathogenicity ; Agriculture (General) ; S1-972
Subject code	580
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: StPBS2, a MAPK kinase gene, is involved in determining hyphal morphology, cell wall development, hypertonic stress reaction as well as the production of secondary metabolites in Northern Corn Leaf Blight pathogen Setosphaeria turcica

Gong, Xiao-dong / Cong Tang / Hui Jia / Jian-min Han / Jie Zhao / Jin-gao Dong / Jin-ping Zang / Lan Tian / Sheng-ze Feng / Shou-qin Gu / Yong-shan Fan / Yun-feng Zhang / Zhi-min Hao / Zhi-yan Cao

Microbiological research. 2017 Aug., v. 201

2017

Abstract: Mitogen activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) is a crucial component in the MAPK signaling pathway. However, the functions of MAPKKs in foliar pathogens remain poorly understood. In the current study, a MAPKK gene designated as StPBS2 was cloned from ... ...

Abstract	Mitogen activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) is a crucial component in the MAPK signaling pathway. However, the functions of MAPKKs in foliar pathogens remain poorly understood. In the current study, a MAPKK gene designated as StPBS2 was cloned from Setosphaeria turcica and the functions of this gene were investigated by RNAi technology. Four independent StPBS2 gene silence transformants with different efficiencies were confirmed by real time PCR. Compared to the wild type strain (WT), these transformants showed decreased colony growth, shortened hyphae cell length, broadened cell width and an obvious reduction in conidium yield. Moreover, the cell wall of the transformants was thicker and they were also more sensitive to substances that interfere with cell wall biosynthesis than WT. Additionally, the transformants displayed higher sensitivity to hypertonic stress than WT and the sensitivity was associated with the level of silencing of StPBS2. They were also resistant to the fungicides iprodione, procymidone and fludioxonil, to which WT almost completely sensitive. The transformants produced more red secondary metabolites than WT and the production was enhanced with increasing silencing level and increased glucose content in PDA medium. Our results suggest that StPBS2 is involved in morphogenesis, condiogenesis, cell wall development, hypertonic stress reaction and resistance to fungicides, as well as in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in S. turcica.
Keywords	biosynthesis ; cell walls ; corn ; fludioxonil ; fungicide resistance ; genes ; glucose ; hyphae ; iprodione ; leaf blight ; mitogen-activated protein kinase ; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase ; morphogenesis ; pathogens ; procymidone ; quantitative polymerase chain reaction ; RNA interference ; secondary metabolites ; Setosphaeria turcica ; signal transduction
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-08
Size	p. 30-38.
Publishing place	Elsevier GmbH
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1189614-0
ISSN	1618-0623 ; 0944-5013
ISSN (online)	1618-0623
ISSN	0944-5013
DOI	10.1016/j.micres.2017.04.009
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: MAP kinase gene STK1 is required for hyphal, conidial, and appressorial development, toxin biosynthesis, pathogenicity, and hypertonic stress response in the plant pathogenic fungus Setosphaeria turcica

LI, Po / Hui JIA / Jian-min HAN / Jin-gao DONG / Shou-qin GU / Xiao-dong GONG / Yong-shan FAN / Yun-feng ZHANG / Zhi-min HAO / Zhi-yan CAO

Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Journal of integrative agriculture. 2016 Dec., v. 15, no. 12

2016

Abstract	The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), a key signal transduction component in the MAPK cascade pathway, regulates a variety of physiological activities in eukaryotes. However, little is known of the role MAPK plays in phytopathogenic fungi. In this research, we cloned the MAPK gene STK1 from the northern corn leaf blight pathogen Setosphaeria turcica and found that the gene shared high homology with the high osmolality glycerol (HOG) MAPK gene HOG1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In addition, gene knockout technology was employed to investigate the function of STK1. Gene knockout mutants (KOs) were found to have altered hyphae morphology and no conidiogenesis, though they did show similar radial growth rate compared to the wild-type strain (WT). Furthermore, microscope observations indicated that STK1 KOs did not form normal appressoria at 48 h post-inoculation on a hydrophobic surface. STK1 KOs had reduced virulence, a significantly altered Helminthosporium turcicum (HT)-toxin composition, and diminished pathogenicity on the leaves of susceptible inbred corn OH43. Mycelium morphology appeared to be significantly swollen and the radial growth rates of STK1 KOs declined in comparison with WT under high osmotic stress. These results suggested that STK1 affects the hyphae development, conidiogenesis, and pathogenicity of S. turcica by regulating appressorium development and HT-toxin biosynthesis. Moreover, the gene appears to be involved in the hypertonic stress response in S. turcica.
Keywords	appressoria ; biosynthesis ; conidia ; conidiation ; corn ; eukaryotic cells ; gene targeting ; genes ; glycerol ; Helminthosporium ; hydrophobicity ; hyphae ; knockout mutants ; leaf blight ; leaves ; mitogen-activated protein kinase ; mycelium ; osmolality ; osmotic stress ; plant pathogenic fungi ; plant response ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Setosphaeria turcica ; signal transduction ; stress response ; virulence
Language	English
Dates of publication	2016-12
Size	p. 2786-2794.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2660426-7
ISSN	2095-3119
ISSN	2095-3119
DOI	10.1016/S2095-3119(16)61472-7
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Isolation and Structural Speculation of Herbicide-Active Compounds from the Metabolites of Pythium aphanidermatum

ZHANG, Li-hui / Jian-min HAN / Jin-gao DONG / Jin-lin ZHANG / Juan YANG / Ying-chao LIU / Zhi-yan CAO

Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Journal of integrative agriculture. 2013 June, v. 12

2013

Abstract	Natural herbicides, or environment-friendly bioherbicides have been attracted more and more attentions. Isolation and structural identification of natural herbicide-active compounds from plant pathogens has been proved to be an effective approach for novel lead discovery of the pesticide development. In this study, the metabolites of the mutant strain PAM1, which obtained from PA1 of Pythium aphanidermatum (Eds.) Fitzp by ultraviolet radiation were separated and identified by HPLC, NMR, and IR. The results revealed that three active compounds including 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid and two indole derivatives, exhibited inhibition activity on the elongation of radical and coleoptile of Digtaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.
Keywords	active ingredients ; biopesticides ; coleoptiles ; herbicides ; high performance liquid chromatography ; metabolites ; mutants ; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ; plant pathogens ; Pythium aphanidermatum ; ultraviolet radiation
Language	English
Dates of publication	2013-06
Size	p. 1026-1032.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2660426-7
ISSN	2095-3119
ISSN	2095-3119
DOI	10.1016/S2095-3119(13)60480-3
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: StSTE12 is required for the pathogenicity of Setosphaeria turcica by regulating appressorium development and penetration

Gu, Shou-qin / Jian-min Han / Jin-gao Dong / Lan Tian / Min Wu / Pan Zhang / Po Li / Xiao-dong Gong / Xiao-yu Zhang / Yong-shan Fan / Yue Wang / Zhi-min Hao / Zhi-yan Cao

Microbiological research. 2014 Nov., v. 169

2014

Abstract: In filamentous fungi, the pathogenic mitogen-activated protein kinase (PMK) pathway performs an important function in plant infection. STE12-like genes found in higher eukaryotes encode transcription factors and are regulated by the PMK pathway. However, ...

Abstract	In filamentous fungi, the pathogenic mitogen-activated protein kinase (PMK) pathway performs an important function in plant infection. STE12-like genes found in higher eukaryotes encode transcription factors and are regulated by the PMK pathway. However, the functions of STE12-like genes in foliar pathogens remain poorly understood. In this study, we cloned StSTE12 from Setosphaeria turcica and investigated its functions by RNA interference. Transformants ste12-3, ste12-2 and, ste12-1, in which the StSTE12 silencing efficiency increased in order, were confirmed by real time PCR. Compared with the wild-type (WT) strain, the transformants showed reduced growth rate, lighter colony color, and obviously decreased conidium production. More importantly, different to WT strain and ste12-3 with lower StSTE12silencing efficiency, ste12-1 and ste12-2 with higher StSTE12 silencing efficiency were nonpathogenic on intact leaves, but pathogenic on wounded leaves. However, the biological activity of HT-toxin from all transformants showed no difference on corn leaves. Furthermore, ste12-1 and ste12-2 did not penetrate artificial cellophane membrane and showed abnormal and delayed development appressoria. Although it could penetrate the cellophane membranes, ste12-3 formed appressoria after 48h of inoculation more than WT. Therefore, StSTE12 was involved in vegetative growth, conidiation, appressorial development, penetration as well as the pathogenicity, but it was not related to HT-toxin biosynthesis. More interestingly, all the results suggested that StSTE12 was crucial for pathogenicity due to involvement in regulating appressoria development and penetration.
Keywords	appressoria ; biosynthesis ; cellophane ; color ; conidiation ; corn ; eukaryotic cells ; fungi ; genes ; leaves ; mitogen-activated protein kinase ; pathogenicity ; pathogens ; quantitative polymerase chain reaction ; RNA interference ; Setosphaeria turcica ; transcription (genetics) ; transcription factors ; vegetative growth ; Zea mays
Language	English
Dates of publication	2014-11
Size	p. 817-823.
Publishing place	Elsevier GmbH
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1189614-0
ISSN	1618-0623 ; 0944-5013
ISSN (online)	1618-0623
ISSN	0944-5013
DOI	10.1016/j.micres.2014.04.001
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Stk2, a Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase from Setosphaeria turcica, Specifically Complements the Functions of the Fus3 and Kss1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Filamentation, Invasive Growth, and Mating Behavior

GU, Shou-qin / Chang-zhi ZHANG / Jian-min HAN / Jin-gao DONG / Lan TIAN / Po LI / Xiao-dong GONG / Xiao-yu ZHANG / Yang YANG / Yong-shan FAN / Yu FAN / Zhi-min HAO / Zhi-yan CAO

Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Journal of integrative agriculture. 2013 Dec., v. 12

2013

Abstract: Setosphaeria turcica, an essential phytopathogenic fungus, is the primary cause of serious yield losses in corn; however, its pathogenic mechanism is poorly understood. We cloned STK2, a newly discovered mitogen-activated protein kinase gene with a ... ...

Abstract	Setosphaeria turcica, an essential phytopathogenic fungus, is the primary cause of serious yield losses in corn; however, its pathogenic mechanism is poorly understood. We cloned STK2, a newly discovered mitogen-activated protein kinase gene with a deduced amino acid sequence that is 96% identical to MAK2 from Phaeosphaeria nodorum, 56% identical to KSS1 and 57% identical to FUS3 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To deduce Stk2 function in S. turcica and to identify the genetic relationship between STK2 and KSS1/FUS3 from S. cerevisiae, a restructured vector containing the open reading frame of STK2 was transformed into a fus3/kss1 double deletion mutant of S. cerevisiae. The results show that the STK2 complementary strain clearly formed pseudohyphae and ascospores, and the strain grew on the surface of the medium after rinsing with sterile water and the characteristics of the complementary strain was the same as the wild-type strain. Moreover, STK2 complemented the function of KSS1 in filamentation and invasive growth, as well as the mating behavior of FUS3 in S. cerevisiae, however, its exact functions in S. turcica will be studied in the future research.
Keywords	amino acid sequences ; ascospores ; corn ; genes ; genetic relationships ; Leptosphaeria nodorum ; mating behavior ; mitogen-activated protein kinase ; mutants ; open reading frames ; plant pathogenic fungi ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Setosphaeria turcica
Language	English
Dates of publication	2013-12
Size	p. 2209-2216.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2660426-7
ISSN	2095-3119
ISSN	2095-3119
DOI	10.1016/S2095-3119(13)60296-8
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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