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Article ; Online: Estimating the Remaining Useful Life of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells under Variable Loading Conditions Online

Penghao Wang / Hao Liu / Ming Hou / Limin Zheng / Yue Yang / Jiangtao Geng / Wei Song / Zhigang Shao

Processes, Vol 9, Iss 1459, p

2021 Volume 1459

Abstract: The major challenges for the commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are durability and cost. Prognostics and health management technology enable appropriate decisions and maintenance measures by estimating the current state of ... ...

Abstract	The major challenges for the commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are durability and cost. Prognostics and health management technology enable appropriate decisions and maintenance measures by estimating the current state of health and predicting the degradation trend, which can help extend the life and reduce the maintenance costs of PEMFCs. This paper proposes an online model-based prognostics method to estimate the degradation trend and the remaining useful life of PEMFCs. A non-linear empirical degradation model is proposed based on an aging test, then three degradation state variables, including degradation degree, degradation speed and degradation acceleration, can be estimated online by the particle filter algorithm to predict the degradation trend and remaining useful life. Moreover, a new health indicator is proposed to replace the actual variable loading conditions with the simulated constant loading conditions. Test results using actual aging data show that the proposed method is suitable for online remaining useful life estimation under variable loading conditions. In addition, the proposed prognostics method, which considers the activation loss and the ohmic loss to be the main factors leading to the voltage degradation of PEMFCs, can predict the degradation trend and remaining useful life at variable degradation accelerations.
Keywords	proton exchange membrane fuel cells ; prognostics ; remaining useful life ; health indicator ; particle filter ; Chemical technology ; TP1-1185 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Subject code	310
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Crosslinked high-performance anion exchange membranes based on poly(styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene)

Hao, Jinkai / Baolian Yi / Hongjie Zhang / Jiangshui Luo / Xueqiang Gao / Yongyi Jiang / Zhigang Shao

Journal of membrane science. 2018 Apr. 01, v. 551

2018

Abstract: Development of anion exchange membranes with good dimension, chemical stability, high conductivity and long life-time simultaneously is still a challenge for practical application of anion exchange membrane fuel cells. Herein, a mechanically and ... ...

Abstract	Development of anion exchange membranes with good dimension, chemical stability, high conductivity and long life-time simultaneously is still a challenge for practical application of anion exchange membrane fuel cells. Herein, a mechanically and chemically stable poly(styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene) triblock copolymer based crosslinked membranes are designed, prepared and characterized. N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-1,6-hexanediamine is introduced into the membranes as the crosslinker and functional reagent, which exhibits the significant improvement in water uptake (less than 7%), swelling ratio (8–5%, greatly smaller than uncrosslinked membranes) and tensile strength (higher than 18MPa). The hydroxide conductivity (14.9mScm−1 at 30°C) of the obtained membrane is obtained due to hydrophilic/hydrophobic microphase separation formed between the structure of crosslinking and quaternary ammonium groups. It demonstrates that incorporating stable crosslinking structure to polymer backbone greatly improves the chemical stability under Fenton and alkaline long-term tests. Furthermore, the peak power density of an H2/O2 single fuel cells reaches high peak power density of 416mWcm−2 at 0.514V. Based on these outstanding properties, the developed crosslinked membranes will be a promising candidate material for anion exchange membrane fuel cells.
Keywords	composite polymers ; crosslinking ; fuel cells ; hydrophilicity ; hydrophobicity ; ion-exchange membranes ; tensile strength ; water uptake
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-0401
Size	p. 66-75.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	194516-6
ISSN	0376-7388
ISSN	0376-7388
DOI	10.1016/j.memsci.2018.01.033
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Functionalization of polybenzimidazole-crosslinked poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) with two cyclic quaternary ammonium cations for anion exchange membranes

Hao, Jinkai / Yongyi Jiang / Xueqiang Gao / Wangting Lu / Yu Xiao / Zhigang Shao / Baolian Yi

Journal of membrane science. 2018 Feb. 15, v. 548

2018

Abstract: The anion exchange membranes (AEMs) with both high ionic conductivity and good stability is always the research focus role for the long-term use of AEM fuel cells. A series of the mechanically and chemically stable PVBC/PBI crosslinked membranes, ... ...

Abstract	The anion exchange membranes (AEMs) with both high ionic conductivity and good stability is always the research focus role for the long-term use of AEM fuel cells. A series of the mechanically and chemically stable PVBC/PBI crosslinked membranes, functionalized with N1-butyl substituted BDABCO groups, were designed, prepared and characterized. With the crosslinking by polybenzimidazole (PBI), the membranes showed good flexibility, strength and low swelling ratio (less than 18%). N1-butyl substituted doubly-charged BDABCO was introduced in the AEMs during the crosslinking reaction instead of the traditional dipping method, benefiting from the improvement compatibility between polymers and BDABCO groups. Attributing to the well-developed phase separation between hydrophilic domains and hydrophobic domains, the family of synthesized AEMs exhibited the higher conductivities than that of DABCO based membranes, which was proved by TEM and SAXS. The M-BDABCO-OH-1:3 with high BDABCO content displayed the highest ionic conductivity of 29.3 and 91.4mScm−1 at 20 and 80°C, respectively. The results of alkaline stability showed that the membranes had the superior chemical stability after immersing in a 1molL−1 KOH at 60°C solution for more than 550h. Furthermore, the peak power density of an H2/O2 single fuel cell using the optimized M-BDABCO-OH-1:3 was up to 340mWcm−2 at 0.492V with the EIS consisting of membrane resistance less than 0.1Ωcm2 which was much smaller than the other AEMs. Overall, the developed membranes demonstrated the superior performance and would be a promising candidate material for AEMFCs.
Keywords	ammonium ; artificial membranes ; benzimidazole ; chlorides ; crosslinking ; dipping ; fuel cells ; hydrophilicity ; hydrophobicity ; organochlorine compounds ; organofluorine compounds ; polymers ; potassium hydroxide ; separation ; transmission electron microscopy
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-0215
Size	p. 1-10.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	194516-6
ISSN	0376-7388
ISSN	0376-7388
DOI	10.1016/j.memsci.2017.10.062
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Construction of orderly hierarchical FeOOH/NiFe layered double hydroxides supported on cobaltous carbonate hydroxide nanowire arrays for a highly efficient oxygen evolution reaction

Chi, Jun / Hongmei Yu / Guang Jiang / Jia Jia / Bowen Qin / Baolian Yi / Zhigang Shao

Journal of materials chemistry. 2018 Feb. 20, v. 6, no. 8

2018

Abstract: An orderly hierarchical hybrid electrode has been constructed for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in this work. FeOOH/NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoplates are grown on cobaltous carbonate hydroxide nanowire arrays (CCH NAs) directly, with ... ...

Abstract	An orderly hierarchical hybrid electrode has been constructed for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in this work. FeOOH/NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoplates are grown on cobaltous carbonate hydroxide nanowire arrays (CCH NAs) directly, with nickel foam (NF) as a conductive substrate. This FeOOH/NiFe LDHs@CCH NAs-NF with orderly hierarchical construction of FeOOH/NiFe LDH nanoplates supported on cobaltous carbonate hydroxide nanowire arrays exhibits superior activity for the OER, which delivers current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm⁻² at overpotentials of 220 and 290 mV, respectively, and excellent stability at 10, 100, 300, and 500 mA cm⁻² for 40 hours in 1 M KOH. For commercial applications, an alkaline polymer electrolyte water electrolyzer (APEWE) with this electrode shows 1.768 V at 500 mA cm⁻², exhibiting higher working current density than typical commercial alkaline water electrolyzers. A chronopotentiometry test in 1 M KOH at 500 mA cm⁻² reveals that the performance of the APEWE is stable at ∼1.8 V for about 100 hours.
Keywords	alkalinity ; carbonates ; electrodes ; electrolytes ; foams ; iron oxyhydroxides ; nanowires ; nickel ; oxygen production ; polymers ; potassium hydroxide ; water
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-0220
Size	p. 3397-3401.
Publishing place	The Royal Society of Chemistry
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2702232-8
ISSN	2050-7496 ; 2050-7488
ISSN (online)	2050-7496
ISSN	2050-7488
DOI	10.1039/c7ta10747a
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Degradation reduction of polybenzimidazole membrane blended with CeO2 as a regenerative free radical scavenger

Hao, Jinkai / Baolian Yi / Feng Xie / Xueqiang Gao / Yongyi Jiang / Zhigang Shao

Journal of membrane science. 2017 Jan. 15, v. 522

2017

Abstract: Ceria nanoparticles were added to PBI membranes as free-radical scavengers to minimize the degradation of the polymer bulk. The 7nm Ceria nanoparticles were synthesized by combustion synthesis and the crystal structure was characterized by X-ray powder ... ...

Abstract	Ceria nanoparticles were added to PBI membranes as free-radical scavengers to minimize the degradation of the polymer bulk. The 7nm Ceria nanoparticles were synthesized by combustion synthesis and the crystal structure was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and TEM. The oxidative degradation of PBI and PBI-CeO2 membranes was studied under the Fenton test conditions by the weight loss, FTIR and XPS. It was revealed that adding CeO2 as free-radical scavengers greatly improved the chemical stability of the membrane and the degradation occurred at the carbon atom of the benzene ring resulting in the hydrolysis of the C–N/CN bonds. Besides, ex-situ membrane characterization and in-situ durability test revealed that PBI-CeO2-2% membrane exhibited excellent mechanical properties and high proton conductivity of 0.048Scm−1 at 150°C and the MEA remained stable during 250h stability test under a constant current discharge of 200mAcm−2. A conclusion is made that PBI membranes blended with a free radical scavenger is a promising approach to enhance the chemical stability for high temperature PEMFC application.
Keywords	artificial membranes ; benzene ; carbon ; ceric oxide ; combustion ; crystal structure ; durability ; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ; free radical scavengers ; hydrolysis ; mechanical properties ; nanoparticles ; polymers ; temperature ; transmission electron microscopy ; weight loss ; X-ray diffraction ; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-0115
Size	p. 23-30.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	194516-6
ISSN	0376-7388
ISSN	0376-7388
DOI	10.1016/j.memsci.2016.09.010
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Ultrathin IrRu nanowire networks with high performance and durability for the hydrogen oxidation reaction in alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cells

Qin, Bowen / Hongmei Yu / Xueqiang Gao / Dewei Yao / Xinye Sun / Wei Song / Baolian Yi / Zhigang Shao

Journal of materials chemistry. 2018 Oct. 23, v. 6, no. 41

2018

Abstract: Developing highly active and stable HOR catalysts still remains a challenging task for alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cells. A carbon supported IrRu nanowire catalyst with different compositions was prepared by a soft template method, involving ... ...

Abstract	Developing highly active and stable HOR catalysts still remains a challenging task for alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cells. A carbon supported IrRu nanowire catalyst with different compositions was prepared by a soft template method, involving the chemical reduction of iridium and ruthenium complexes using sodium borohydride. The Ir₁Ru₁ ultrathin nanowires exhibit higher hydrogen oxidation activity and better stability under alkaline conditions in comparison with commercial Pt/C. An electrochemical test demonstrates that the mass and specific activities at an over potential of 50 mV of Ir₁Ru₁ NWs/C are 4.2 and 3.8 times that of commercial Pt/C, respectively. Furthermore, the synthesized Ir₁Ru₁ NWs display better stability against potential cycling due to their unique interconnected structure. After 2000 potential cycles, the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) of Ir₁Ru₁ NWs/C reduces only by 2.27%, and the mass activity@50 mV is reduced by 8.21%. The single cell used the as-prepared Ir₁Ru₁ NWs/C as the anode catalyst and Pt/C as the cathode catalyst, and the AAEMFC shows a peak power density of more than 485 mW cm⁻², which is about 1.66 fold that of the AAEMFC using commercial Pt/C as the anode catalyst (292 mW cm⁻²). These results suggest that carbon supported ultrathin Ir₁Ru₁ NW catalysts can be used as substitutes for commercial Pt/C for the HOR in alkaline media for alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cell application.
Keywords	anion-exchange membranes ; anodes ; carbon ; catalysts ; cathodes ; chemical reduction ; durability ; electrochemistry ; fuel cells ; hydrogen ; iridium ; nanowires ; oxidation ; ruthenium ; sodium borohydride ; surface area
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-1023
Size	p. 20374-20382.
Publishing place	The Royal Society of Chemistry
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2702232-8
ISSN	2050-7496 ; 2050-7488
ISSN (online)	2050-7496
ISSN	2050-7488
DOI	10.1039/c8ta07414c
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Anchoring ultrafine Pt nanoparticles on the 3D hierarchical self-assembly of graphene/functionalized carbon black as a highly efficient oxygen reduction catalyst for PEMFCs

Tang, Xuejun / Yachao Zeng / Longsheng Cao / Limeng Yang / Zhiqiang Wang / Dahui Fang / Yanyan Gao / Zhigang Shao / Baolian Yi

Journal of materials chemistry. 2018 Aug. 7, v. 6, no. 31

2018

Abstract: 3D graphene-based nanostructures have been recently considered to be promising supports in the fuel cell field. However, the problems of complexity and high cost in their preparation process limit their practical applications. Herein, we developed a ... ...

Abstract	3D graphene-based nanostructures have been recently considered to be promising supports in the fuel cell field. However, the problems of complexity and high cost in their preparation process limit their practical applications. Herein, we developed a facile and cost-effective approach to fabricate a novel 3D hierarchical architecture constructed from reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and poly(diallyldimethylammoniumchloride) functionalized carbon black (FCB) to anchor Pt NPs as an efficient electrocatalyst for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). By optimizing the weight ratio of rGO/FCB, we find that the Pt/rGO₁−FCB₂ possesses a well-defined 3D interconnecting framework with large surface area, desirable porosity, high graphitic crystallinity and homogeneous dispersion of ultra-fine Pt nanoparticles. Benefiting from the unique structural features, the Pt/rGO₁–FCB₂ catalyst exhibits notably improved activity and remarkable stability for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) compared to commercial Pt/C. Moreover, an electrode prepared with this architecture demonstrates superior performance in single cell testing, with a peak power density of 1.344 W cm⁻² and a maximum mass specific power density of 7.5 W mgPₜ⁻¹, which are 1.25-fold greater than those of the conventional Pt/C electrode. Additionally, the variation of the electrochemically active surface area, power density and the kinetic resistance during the accelerated degradation process implies that the Pt/rGO₁–FCB₂ electrode possesses much enhanced electrochemical durability compared to Pt/C. The research results indicate that the 3D Pt/rGO–FCB will be a promising candidate for next generation of cathode electrocatalysts in PEMFCs.
Keywords	catalysts ; cathodes ; cost effectiveness ; crystal structure ; durability ; electrochemistry ; fuel cells ; graphene ; graphene oxide ; nanoparticles ; oxygen ; porosity ; surface area
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-0807
Size	p. 15074-15082.
Publishing place	The Royal Society of Chemistry
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2702232-8
ISSN	2050-7496 ; 2050-7488
ISSN (online)	2050-7496
ISSN	2050-7488
DOI	10.1039/c8ta02453g
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Uniform Pd₀.₃₃Ir₀.₆₇ nanoparticles supported on nitrogen-doped carbon with remarkable activity toward the alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction

Cong, Yuanyuan / Ian T. McCrum / Xueqiang Gao / Yang Lv / Shu Miao / Zhigang Shao / Baolian Yi / Hongmei Yu / Michael J. Janik / Yujiang Song

Journal of materials chemistry A. 2019 Feb. 12, v. 7, no. 7

2019

Abstract: Highly efficient non-Pt electrocatalysts for the alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) are required to enable complete replacement of Pt in hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells (HEMFCs). Herein, we report a facile synthesis of a series of 2.4–2.9 ... ...

Abstract	Highly efficient non-Pt electrocatalysts for the alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) are required to enable complete replacement of Pt in hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells (HEMFCs). Herein, we report a facile synthesis of a series of 2.4–2.9 nm Pd₁₋ₓIrₓ (x = 0.33, 0.50, 0.67, 0.75, 0.80, 0.91) alloy nanoparticles (NPs) evenly distributed on nitrogen-doped carbon (N-C) via simple chemical reduction of aqueous metallic complexes by sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) in the absence of surfactants. The Ir component of alloy NPs and the nitrogen dopants of the carbon matrix contribute to the particle size control and uniform distribution. Remarkably, the resultant Pd₀.₃₃Ir₀.₆₇/N-C exhibits an exceptional alkaline HOR activity, measured as mass specific exchange current density (j₀,ₘ), that is 1.4 times that of commercial Pt/C. CO stripping shows that Pd₀.₃₃Ir₀.₆₇/N-C has an electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) of 106 m² gₘₑₜₐₗ⁻¹ that is 1.2 times that of commercial Pt/C, partially explaining the increased activity. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) demonstrates an appropriate strength of hydrogen binding of Pd₀.₃₃Ir₀.₆₇, which is consistent with cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements. In addition, DFT shows that Pd₀.₃₃Ir₀.₆₇ possesses the highest oxophilic property among all of the Pd₁₋ₓIrₓ electrocatalysts. We conclude that the high ECSA, appropriate strength of hydrogen binding, and the strong oxophilic property collectively account for the remarkable activity of Pd₀.₃₃Ir₀.₆₇/N-C. The latter two factors should be closely correlated with the electronic effect between Pd and Ir as evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A single cell fabricated with Pd₀.₃₃Ir₀.₆₇/N-C as the anode approaches a peak power density of 514 mW cm⁻² that is 1.3 times that of commercial Pt/C. This study demonstrates the substitution of commercial Pt/C with a non-Pt electrocatalyst at the anode of the single cell of HEMFCs with enhanced performance.
Keywords	X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ; alloy nanoparticles ; alloys ; anodes ; carbon ; chemical reduction ; density functional theory ; electrochemistry ; fuel cells ; hydrogen ; iridium ; nitrogen ; oxidation ; palladium ; particle size ; sodium borohydride ; surface area ; surfactants
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-0212
Size	p. 3161-3169.
Publishing place	The Royal Society of Chemistry
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2702232-8
ISSN	2050-7496 ; 2050-7488
ISSN (online)	2050-7496
ISSN	2050-7488
DOI	10.1039/c8ta11019k
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Investigation on the electrochemical removal of SO2 in ambient air for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Junxiang Zhai / Ming Hou / Dong Liang / Zhigang Shao / Baolian Yi

Electrochemistry Communications, Vol 18, Iss , Pp 131-

2012 Volume 134

Abstract: SO2, a pollutant in air, can cause a serious degradation of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) performance. After direct exposure to 1 ppm SO2-air for 50 h, the cell voltage degraded by 28%. In order to cope with this problem, an ... ...

Abstract	SO2, a pollutant in air, can cause a serious degradation of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) performance. After direct exposure to 1 ppm SO2-air for 50 h, the cell voltage degraded by 28%. In order to cope with this problem, an electrochemical filter was fabricated and used for SO2 removal on-board in this study. The modified carbon felt was used as the filter anode. The effect of the applied voltages on the SO2 removal was investigated, and the cell performance was further tested both with and without the filter. When an external voltage of 0.5 V was applied across the filter, the cell voltage had no obvious decrease during the 240 h test, and cycle voltammery (CV) measurements showed that SO2 was not adsorbed on the cell cathode. The electrochemical filter successfully protected a single cell from being poisoned by 1 ppm SO2-air for more than 240 h. Keywords: Electrochemical filter, Carbon felt, Sulfur dioxide, Proton exchange membrane fuel cell
Keywords	Industrial electrochemistry ; TP250-261 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Nano-engineering of a 3D-ordered membrane electrode assembly with ultrathin Pt skin on open-walled PdCo nanotube arrays for fuel cells

Zeng, Yachao / Hongjie Zhang / Zhiqiang Wang / Jia Jia / Shu Miao / Wei Song / Yu Xiao / Hongmei Yu / Zhigang Shao / Baolian Yi

Journal of materials chemistry. 2018 Apr. 17, v. 6, no. 15

2018

Abstract: Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) suffer from high consumption of Pt and low durability under harsh operating conditions. To reduce the consumption of Pt and improve the durability, a 3D-ordered membrane electrode assembly (MEA) based on ... ...

Abstract	Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) suffer from high consumption of Pt and low durability under harsh operating conditions. To reduce the consumption of Pt and improve the durability, a 3D-ordered membrane electrode assembly (MEA) based on ultrathin Pt skin on open-walled PdCo nanotube arrays (NTAs) was nano-engineered for PEMFCs via template-assisted underpotential deposition (UPD) and galvanic displacement. Benefiting from the advanced nanostructure, a maximum power density of 222.5 kW gPₜ⁻¹ was achieved with a cathodic Pt loading of 3.5 μg cm⁻², which was 13.7 fold higher than that of a conventional MEA. Accelerated degradation tests demonstrate that the prepared nanostructured MEA is more stable than the conventional MEA.
Keywords	chemistry ; durability ; electrodes ; fuel cells ; nanotubes
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-0417
Size	p. 6521-6533.
Publishing place	The Royal Society of Chemistry
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2702232-8
ISSN	2050-7496 ; 2050-7488
ISSN (online)	2050-7496
ISSN	2050-7488
DOI	10.1039/c7ta10901f
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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