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Article ; Online: Preparation of Escherichia coli ghost of anchoring bovine Pasteurella multocida OmpH and its immunoprotective effect.

Chen, Nannan / Jiang, Dongjun / Liu, Yu / Zhang, Zecai / Zhou, Yulong / Zhu, Zhanbo

2023 Volume 19, Issue 1, Page(s) 192

Abstract: Pasteurella multocida is a pathogen that can infect humans and animals. A ghost is an empty bacterial body devoid of cytoplasm and nucleic acids that can be efficiently presented by antigen-presenting cells. To study a novel ghost vector vaccine with ... ...

Abstract	Pasteurella multocida is a pathogen that can infect humans and animals. A ghost is an empty bacterial body devoid of cytoplasm and nucleic acids that can be efficiently presented by antigen-presenting cells. To study a novel ghost vector vaccine with cross-immune protection, we used bacteriophage PhiX174 RF1 and Pasteurella multocida standard strain CVCC393 as templates to amplify the split genes E and OmpH to construct a bidirectional expression vector E'-OmpH-pET28a-ci857-E. This is proposed to prepare a ghost Escherichia coli (engineered bacteria) capable of attaching and producing Pasteurella multocida OmpH on the inner membrane of Escherichia coli (BL21). The aim is to assess the antibody levels and the effectiveness of immune protection by conducting a mouse immunoprotective test. The bidirectional expression vector E'-OmpH-pET28a-ci857-E was successfully constructed. After induction by IPTG, identification by SDS-PAGE, western blot, ghost culture and transmission electron microscope detection, it was proven that the Escherichia coli ghost anchored to Pasteurella multocida OmpH was successfully prepared. The immunoprotective test in mice showed that the antibody levels of Pasteurella multocida inactivated vaccine, OmpH, ghost (aluminum glue adjuvant) and ghost (Freund's adjuvant) on day 9 after immunization were significantly different from those of the PBS control group (P < 0.01). The immune protection rates were 100%, 80%, 75%, and 65%, respectively, and the PBS negative control was 0%, which proved that they all had specific immune protection effects. Therefore, this study lays the foundation for the further study of ghosts as carriers of novel vaccine-presenting proteins.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Animals ; Mice ; Pasteurella multocida/genetics ; Pasteurella multocida/metabolism ; Pasteurella Infections/prevention & control ; Pasteurella Infections/veterinary ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics ; Vaccines ; Bacterial Vaccines
Chemical Substances	Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins ; Vaccines ; Bacterial Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2191675-5
ISSN	1746-6148 ; 1746-6148
ISSN (online)	1746-6148
ISSN	1746-6148
DOI	10.1186/s12917-023-03743-9
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Article: New Insights into the Role and Therapeutic Potential of Heat Shock Protein 70 in Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection.

Chen, Nannan / Bai, Tongtong / Wang, Shuang / Wang, Huan / Wu, Yue / Liu, Yu / Zhu, Zhanbo

Microorganisms

2023 Volume 11, Issue 6

Abstract: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a positive-strand RNA virus of the genus Pestivirus in the Flaviviridae family, is the causative agent of bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease (BVD-MD). BVDV's unique virion structure, genome, and replication ... ...

Abstract	Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a positive-strand RNA virus of the genus Pestivirus in the Flaviviridae family, is the causative agent of bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease (BVD-MD). BVDV's unique virion structure, genome, and replication mechanism in the Flaviviridae family render it a useful alternative model for evaluating the effectiveness of antiviral drugs used against the hepatitis C virus (HCV). As one of the most abundant and typical heat shock proteins, HSP70 plays an important role in viral infection caused by the family Flaviviridae and is considered a logical target of viral regulation in the context of immune escape. However, the mechanism of HSP70 in BVDV infection and the latest insights have not been reported in sufficient detail. In this review, we focus on the role and mechanisms of HSP70 in BVDV-infected animals/cells to further explore the possibility of targeting this protein for antiviral therapy during viral infection.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-01
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2720891-6
ISSN	2076-2607
ISSN	2076-2607
DOI	10.3390/microorganisms11061473
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Article ; Online: The gut microbiota contributes to the infection of bovine viral diarrhea virus in mice.

Zhang, Zecai / Huang, Jiang / Li, Chuang / Zhao, Zhicheng / Cui, Yueqi / Yuan, Xueying / Wang, Xue / Liu, Yu / Zhou, Yulong / Zhu, Zhanbo

Journal of virology

2024 Volume 98, Issue 2, Page(s) e0203523

Abstract: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is prevalent worldwide and causes significant economic losses. Gut microbiota is a large microbial community and has a variety of biological functions. However, whether there is a correlation between gut microbiota and ... ...

Abstract	Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is prevalent worldwide and causes significant economic losses. Gut microbiota is a large microbial community and has a variety of biological functions. However, whether there is a correlation between gut microbiota and BVDV infection and what kind of relation between them have not been reported. Here, we found that gut microbiota composition changed in normal mice after infecting with BVDV, but mainly the low abundance microbe was affected. Interestingly, BVDV infection significantly reduced the diversity of gut microbiota and changed its composition in gut microbiota-dysbiosis mice. Furthermore, compared with normal mice of BVDV infection, there were more viral loads in the duodenum, jejunum, spleen, and liver of the gut microbiota-dysbiosis mice. However, feces microbiota transplantation (FMT) reversed these effects. The data above indicated that the dysbiosis of gut microbiota was a key factor in the high infection rate of BVDV. It is found that the IFN-I signal was involved by investigating the underlying mechanisms. The inhibition of the proliferation and increase in the apoptosis of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were also observed. However, FMT treatment reversed these changes by regulating PI3K/Akt, ERK, and Caspase-9/Caspase-3 pathways. Furthermore, the involvement of butyrate in the pathogenesis of BVDV was also further confirmed. Our results showed for the first time that gut microbiota acts as a key endogenous defense mechanism against BVDV infection; moreover, targeting regulation of gut microbiota structure and abundance may serve as a new strategy to prevent and control the disease.IMPORTANCEWhether the high infection rate of BVDV is related to gut microbiota has not been reported. In addition, most studies on BVDV focus on
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cattle ; Mice ; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/complications ; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/microbiology ; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/therapy ; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/virology ; Butyrates/metabolism ; Caspase 3/metabolism ; Caspase 9/metabolism ; Diarrhea ; Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/pathogenicity ; Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/physiology ; Dysbiosis/complications ; Dysbiosis/microbiology ; Dysbiosis/virology ; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/immunology ; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism ; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Interferon Type I/immunology ; Interferon Type I/metabolism ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal
Chemical Substances	Butyrates ; Caspase 3 (EC 3.4.22.-) ; Caspase 9 (EC 3.4.22.-) ; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases (EC 2.7.11.24) ; Interferon Type I ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases (EC 2.7.1.-) ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt (EC 2.7.11.1)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	80174-4
ISSN	1098-5514 ; 0022-538X
ISSN (online)	1098-5514
ISSN	0022-538X
DOI	10.1128/jvi.02035-23
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Article ; Online: Phlorizin Limits Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection in Mice via Regulating Gut Microbiota Composition.

Zhao, Zhicheng / Li, Chuang / Huang, Jiang / Yuan, Xueying / Cui, Yueqi / Liu, Yu / Zhou, Yulong / Zhu, Zhanbo / Zhang, Zecai

Journal of agricultural and food chemistry

2024 Volume 72, Issue 17, Page(s) 9906–9914

Abstract: Phlorizin (PHZ) is one of the main pharmacologically active ingredients ... ...

Abstract	Phlorizin (PHZ) is one of the main pharmacologically active ingredients in
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects ; Mice ; Cattle ; Bacteria/classification ; Bacteria/isolation & purification ; Bacteria/genetics ; Bacteria/drug effects ; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease ; Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/drug effects ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage ; Feces/microbiology ; Feces/virology ; Female ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Male
Chemical Substances	Antiviral Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	241619-0
ISSN	1520-5118 ; 0021-8561
ISSN (online)	1520-5118
ISSN	0021-8561
DOI	10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01228
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Zs.A 1172: Show issues

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Article: Short‐term treatment with zingerone ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium‐induced mouse experimental colitis

Zhang, Zecai / Cui, Yueqi / Liu, Siyu / Huang, Jiang / Liu, Yu / Zhou, Yulong / Zhu, Zhanbo

Journal of the science of food and agriculture. 2022 Aug. 30, v. 102, no. 11

2022

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a relapsing and chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, which seriously threatens human health. Zingerone (ZO) has been proven to be effective for many diseases. The purpose of this study is to ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a relapsing and chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, which seriously threatens human health. Zingerone (ZO) has been proven to be effective for many diseases. The purpose of this study is to investigate the protective effects and potential mechanisms of ZO extracted from ginger on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced mouse ulcerative colitis (UC). RESULTS: The results showed that ZO alleviated the weight loss of UC model mice, reduced the disease activity index scores, and inhibited the shortening of colon length. ZO also improved DSS‐induced pathological changes in colon tissue and inhibited the secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in colon and mesenteric lymph nodes. Further mechanism analysis found that ZO inhibited DSS‐induced nuclear factor‐κB pathway activation, and regulated peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression. To further explore whether PPARγ was involved in the anti‐UC effect of ZO, PPARγ inhibitor GW9662 was used. Although ZO also showed a protective effect on GW9662‐treated colitis mice, the protective role was significantly weakened. Importantly, the administration of GW9662 significantly aggravated UC compared with the ZO + DSS group. In addition, we preliminarily found that ZO had the effects of inhibiting DSS‐induced oxidative stress, maintaining intestinal barrier, and inhibiting the content of LPS and the population of Escherichia coli. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicated that supplementation with ZO might be a new dietary strategy for the treatment of UC. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Keywords	Escherichia coli ; agriculture ; colon ; cytokines ; dextran sulfate ; digestive tract ; ginger ; human health ; lymph ; mice ; oxidative stress ; protective effect ; secretion ; ulcerative colitis ; weight loss
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0830
Size	p. 4873-4882.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	184116-6
ISSN	1097-0010 ; 0022-5142
ISSN (online)	1097-0010
ISSN	0022-5142
DOI	10.1002/jsfa.11850
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Article ; Online: Short-term treatment with zingerone ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced mouse experimental colitis.

Zhang, Zecai / Cui, Yueqi / Liu, Siyu / Huang, Jiang / Liu, Yu / Zhou, Yulong / Zhu, Zhanbo

Journal of the science of food and agriculture

2022 Volume 102, Issue 11, Page(s) 4873–4882

Abstract: Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a relapsing and chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, which seriously threatens human health. Zingerone (ZO) has been proven to be effective for many diseases. The purpose of this study is to ... ...

Abstract	Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a relapsing and chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, which seriously threatens human health. Zingerone (ZO) has been proven to be effective for many diseases. The purpose of this study is to investigate the protective effects and potential mechanisms of ZO extracted from ginger on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse ulcerative colitis (UC). Results: The results showed that ZO alleviated the weight loss of UC model mice, reduced the disease activity index scores, and inhibited the shortening of colon length. ZO also improved DSS-induced pathological changes in colon tissue and inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in colon and mesenteric lymph nodes. Further mechanism analysis found that ZO inhibited DSS-induced nuclear factor-κB pathway activation, and regulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression. To further explore whether PPARγ was involved in the anti-UC effect of ZO, PPARγ inhibitor GW9662 was used. Although ZO also showed a protective effect on GW9662-treated colitis mice, the protective role was significantly weakened. Importantly, the administration of GW9662 significantly aggravated UC compared with the ZO + DSS group. In addition, we preliminarily found that ZO had the effects of inhibiting DSS-induced oxidative stress, maintaining intestinal barrier, and inhibiting the content of LPS and the population of Escherichia coli. Conclusions: These results indicated that supplementation with ZO might be a new dietary strategy for the treatment of UC. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Colitis/chemically induced ; Colitis/drug therapy ; Colon/metabolism ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Dextran Sulfate ; Disease Models, Animal ; Guaiacol/analogs & derivatives ; Guaiacol/therapeutic use ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; PPAR gamma/genetics ; PPAR gamma/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Cytokines ; PPAR gamma ; zingerone (4MMW850892) ; Guaiacol (6JKA7MAH9C) ; Dextran Sulfate (9042-14-2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	184116-6
ISSN	1097-0010 ; 0022-5142
ISSN (online)	1097-0010
ISSN	0022-5142
DOI	10.1002/jsfa.11850
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Zs.B 808: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Anti-BVDV Activity of Traditional Chinese Medicine Monomers Targeting NS5B (RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase) In Vitro and In Vivo.

Chen, Nannan / Jiang, Dongjun / Shao, Baihui / Bai, Tongtong / Chen, Jinwei / Liu, Yu / Zhang, Zecai / Zhou, Yulong / Wang, Xue / Zhu, Zhanbo

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

2023 Volume 28, Issue 8

Abstract: Natural products have emerged as "rising stars" for treating viral diseases and useful chemical scaffolds for developing effective therapeutic agents. The nonstructural protein NS5B (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) of NADL strain BVDV was used as the ... ...

Abstract	Natural products have emerged as "rising stars" for treating viral diseases and useful chemical scaffolds for developing effective therapeutic agents. The nonstructural protein NS5B (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) of NADL strain BVDV was used as the action target based on a molecular docking technique to screen herbal monomers for anti-BVDV viral activity. The in vivo and in vitro anti-BVDV virus activity studies screened the Chinese herbal monomers with significant anti-BVDV virus effects, and their antiviral mechanisms were initially explored. The molecular docking screening showed that daidzein, curcumin, artemisinine, and apigenin could interact with BVDV-NADL-NS5B with the best binding energy fraction. In vitro and in vivo tests demonstrated that none of the four herbal monomers significantly affected MDBK cell activity. Daidzein and apigenin affected BVDV virus replication mainly in the attachment and internalization phases, artemisinine mainly in the replication phase, and curcumin was active in the attachment, internalization, replication, and release phases. In vivo tests demonstrated that daidzein was the most effective in preventing and protecting BALB/C mice from BVDV infection, and artemisinine was the most effective in treating BVDV infection. This study lays the foundation for developing targeted Chinese pharmaceutical formulations against the BVDV virus.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Mice ; Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral ; RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Curcumin/pharmacology ; Curcumin/metabolism ; Apigenin/pharmacology ; Apigenin/metabolism ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Virus Replication ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins/metabolism ; RNA, Viral/metabolism
Chemical Substances	artemisinin (9RMU91N5K2) ; RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (EC 2.7.7.48) ; Curcumin (IT942ZTH98) ; Apigenin (7V515PI7F6) ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins ; RNA, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-12
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1413402-0
ISSN	1420-3049 ; 1431-5165 ; 1420-3049
ISSN (online)	1420-3049
ISSN	1431-5165 ; 1420-3049
DOI	10.3390/molecules28083413
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Article ; Online: The activation of liver X receptors in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells and mice restricts infection by bovine viral diarrhea virus.

Cui, Yueqi / Yuan, Xueying / Zhao, Zhicheng / Li, Chuang / Liu, Yu / Zhou, Yulong / Zhu, Zhanbo / Zhang, Zecai

Veterinary microbiology

2023 Volume 288, Page(s) 109948

Abstract: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is prevalent worldwide and is an important pathogen that represents a serious threat to the development of the cattle industry by causing significant economic losses. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear ... ...

Abstract	Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is prevalent worldwide and is an important pathogen that represents a serious threat to the development of the cattle industry by causing significant economic losses. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily and have become attractive therapeutic targets for cardiovascular disease. In the present study, we found that LXRs in both Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells and mice were associated with BVDV infection. GW3965, an agonist for LXRs, significantly inhibited BVDV RNA and protein levels in MDBK cells. In vivo studies in a mouse model also confirmed the inhibitory role of GW3965 in BVDV replication and the ameliorating effect of GW3965 on pathological injury to the duodenum. In vitro investigations of the potential mechanisms involved showed that GW3965 significantly inhibited BVDV-induced increases in cholesterol levels and viral internalization. Furthermore, the antiviral activity of GW3965 was significantly reduced following cholesterol replenishment, thus demonstrating that cholesterol was involved in the resistance of GW3965 to BVDV replication. Further studies indicated the role of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H) in the antiviral activity of GW3965. We also demonstrated the significant antiviral effect of 25hydroxycholesterol (25HC), a product of the catalysis of cholesterol by CH25H. In addition, the anti-BVDV effects of demethoxycurcumin (DMC), cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), and saikosaponin-A (SSA), three natural agonizts of LXRs, were also confirmed in both MDBK cells and mice. However, the antiviral activities of these agents were weakened by SR9243, a synthetic inhibitor of LXRs. For the first time, our research demonstrated that the activation of LXRs can exert significant anti-BVDV effects in MDBK cells and mice.
MeSH term(s)	Cattle ; Animals ; Mice ; Cell Line ; Liver X Receptors ; Virus Replication/genetics ; Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/genetics ; Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral ; Kidney ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; Cholesterol ; Diarrhea/veterinary
Chemical Substances	GW 3965 ; Liver X Receptors ; Antiviral Agents ; Cholesterol (97C5T2UQ7J)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-12
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	753154-0
ISSN	1873-2542 ; 0378-1135
ISSN (online)	1873-2542
ISSN	0378-1135
DOI	10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109948
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Article ; Online: Blockade of BTLA alone or in combination with PD-1 restores the activation and proliferation of CD8

Liu, Yu / Zhao, Zhibo / Su, Siyu / Li, Yang / Chen, Nannan / He, Linru / Dong, Meiqi / Xu, Bin / Zhang, Zecai / Zhou, Yulong / Zhu, Zhanbo

Veterinary microbiology

2024 Volume 290, Page(s) 110004

Abstract: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection can result in typical peripheral blood lymphopenia and immune dysfunction. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the onset of lymphopenia remains unclear. B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) is a novel ... ...

Abstract	Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection can result in typical peripheral blood lymphopenia and immune dysfunction. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the onset of lymphopenia remains unclear. B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) is a novel immune checkpoint molecule that primarily inhibits activation and proliferation of T cells. Blockade of BTLA with antibodies can boost the proliferation and anti-viral immune functions of T cells. Nonetheless, the immunomodulatory effects of BTLA in CD8
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor ; Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral ; Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral ; Lymphopenia/veterinary ; Cell Proliferation
Chemical Substances	Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-24
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	753154-0
ISSN	1873-2542 ; 0378-1135
ISSN (online)	1873-2542
ISSN	0378-1135
DOI	10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110004
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Article ; Online: Phloretin is protective in a murine salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection model

Zhang, Zecai / Liu, Siyu / Huang, Jiang / Cui, Yueqi / Liu, Yu / Zhou, Yulong / Zhu, Zhanbo

Microbial Pathogenesis. 2021 Dec., v. 161 p.105298-

2021

Abstract: Salmonella, an important zoonotic pathogen, causes significant morbidity and mortality in both humans and animals. Phloretin mainly isolated from strawberries and apples has the effects of treating inflammation and pathogenic bacteria, but its protective ...

Abstract	Salmonella, an important zoonotic pathogen, causes significant morbidity and mortality in both humans and animals. Phloretin mainly isolated from strawberries and apples has the effects of treating inflammation and pathogenic bacteria, but its protective efficacy and mechanism of action against Salmonella spp. are less clear. In this study, we found that phloretin alleviated body weight loss, colon length shortening, and colonic pathological damage caused by S. Typhimurium. Phloretin also decreased S. Typhimurium translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and spleen. Further mechanism studies showed that phloretin significantly inhibited inflammation and oxidative stress levels in the colonic tissue. Phloretin also prevented S. Typhimurium-mediated impairment in the colon epithelium barrier by the regulation ZO-1 and occludin levels. Interestingly, phloretin did not inhibit S. typhimurium growth in vitro, but reduced the internalization of S. Typhimurium into Caco-2 cells. Taken together, these findings indicated that phloretin may be a new dietary strategy to combat the disease.
Keywords	Salmonella Typhimurium ; body weight changes ; colon ; epithelium ; inflammation ; lymph ; mechanism of action ; mice ; models ; morbidity ; mortality ; occludins ; oxidative stress ; pathogenesis ; pathogens ; spleen ; Salmonella enterica serover typhimurium ; Phloretin ; Intestinal barrier
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-12
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	632772-2
ISSN	1096-1208 ; 0882-4010
ISSN (online)	1096-1208
ISSN	0882-4010
DOI	10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105298
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