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Article ; Online: Integrating filter paper extraction, isothermal amplification, and lateral flow dipstick methods to detect Streptococcus agalactiae in milk within 15 min

Lingling Zhu / Fengju Gong / Xia Liu / Xueqiang Sun / Yong Yu / Jie Shu / Zihao Pan

Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Vol

2023 Volume 10

Abstract: IntroductionMastitis is one of the most serious diseases affecting dairy farming, causing huge economic losses worldwide. Streptococcus agalactiae is the main pathogenic bacterium of contagious mastitis and can deliver a devastating blow to a farm's ... ...

Abstract	IntroductionMastitis is one of the most serious diseases affecting dairy farming, causing huge economic losses worldwide. Streptococcus agalactiae is the main pathogenic bacterium of contagious mastitis and can deliver a devastating blow to a farm's economy. Rapid detection is the key to disease control.MethodsIn this study, a rapid detection method for S. agalactiae was established. This method combines filter paper extraction, multienzyme isothermal rapid amplification (MIRA), and lateral flow dipsticks (LFD). To simplify the extraction procedure, we designed a disposable extraction device (DED). First, DED performance was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and then the lysis formula and extraction time were optimized. Second, this study compared the extraction performance of a filter paper and an automatic nucleic acid extraction instrument. After screening primers, MIRA for S. agalactiae was established and combined with LFD. Specificity and sensitivity were evaluated after optimizing the reaction conditions.ResultsThe results showed that the lowest extraction line for DED was 0.01–0.001 ng/μl. In the specificity study, 12 different bacteria were tested, and only S. agalactiae was found to be positive. In the sensitivity study, seven dilution gradients were established, and the lowest detection line was 3.52 × 102 CFU/ml.DiscussionIn summary, the method established in this study does not require laboratory equipment and is suitable for on-site detection. The entire method takes only 15 min, is low in cost, has high precision and low technical requirements for operators, which is in contrast with the high cost and cumbersome operation of traditional methods, and is suitable for on-site testing in areas with limited facilities.
Keywords	Streptococcus agalactiae ; filter paper extraction ; isothermal amplification ; lateral flow dipsticks ; rapid detection ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: A New Method for Long-Term River Discharge Estimation of Small- and Medium-Scale Rivers by Using Multisource Remote Sensing and RSHS

Hezhen Lou / Yujia Zhang / Shengtian Yang / Xuelei Wang / Zihao Pan / Ya Luo

Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 1798, p

Application and Validation

2022 Volume 1798

Abstract: River discharge is an important hydrological parameter of river water resources. Especially in small- and medium-scale rivers, data deficiency is the biggest problem for studies of river discharge. In recent years, remote sensing has become a rapid and ... ...

Abstract	River discharge is an important hydrological parameter of river water resources. Especially in small- and medium-scale rivers, data deficiency is the biggest problem for studies of river discharge. In recent years, remote sensing has become a rapid and convenient method to estimate river discharge. However, remote sensing images still have some difficulty generating continuous long-term river discharge. To address this problem, we developed a new method coupling the remote sensing hydrology station method (RSHS) with statistical regression downscaling, using data from optical satellites (Landsat-8, Sentinel-2), radar satellites (Sentinel-1), and un-manned aerial vehicles (UAVs). We applied this method to monitor monthly river discharge for small- and medium-scale rivers from 2016 to 2020 on Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and evaluated the accuracy of the results. The results show that (1) by applying the newly constructed method, the water body continuity index obtained by Landsat-8 increased by 7% and the average river length percentage in the channel reached 90.7%, a 40% increase; (2) there were only 10 river flow data points, on average, in the 5-year period obtained before this method was applied; after this method was applied, more than 50 river flow data points could be obtained, on average, extending the quantity of data fivefold; in addition, improper extreme values could also be avoided; (3) with better continuity of water body distribution, the images provided steadier river widths. The relative error of daily flow estimation from Landsat-8 images was reduced by 60% and the mean percentage error was reduced by one-fourth. The relative error of the multisource remote sensing composited flow was reduced by 37% with a reduction in the mean percentage error of over a half; (4) in addition, we found that when the threshold difference between water bodies and land in remote sensing images is more than 0.2, the impact of water body recognition error on flow accuracy can be ignored. This method helps to overcome the ...
Keywords	long-term discharge ; multisource remote sensing ; RSHS ; downscaling ; water continuity ; Science ; Q
Subject code	550 ; 333
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The response of plant diversity to human dominance in the meta-watershed ecosystem of Southwest China

Chaojun Li / Hezhen Lou / Shengtian Yang / Zihao Pan / Yujia Zhang / Jun Zhang / Xi Li

Ecological Indicators, Vol 143, Iss , Pp 109389- (2022)

2022

Abstract: Plant diversity is essential to maintain terrestrial ecosystem stability and balance, but it is highly susceptible to environmental changes that are generally dominated by human activities. In the natural habitat, plant growth and distribution patterns ... ...

Abstract	Plant diversity is essential to maintain terrestrial ecosystem stability and balance, but it is highly susceptible to environmental changes that are generally dominated by human activities. In the natural habitat, plant growth and distribution patterns are known to be regulated by abiotic environments such as water, temperature, and nutrient. However, how growing human dominance impacts plant diversity at the watershed scale remains unclear. From the view of the meta-watershed ecosystem, this study constructed indicators to examine the plant diversity responses in karst watersheds of different urban development intensities. The results revealed that the growing urban development intensity deteriorated plant diversity and riparian plant diversity in the meta-watershed ecosystem. Both socioeconomic and water conservancy development had noticeable adverse effects on plant diversity. The riparian plants were more susceptible to artificial development than forest plants. The predicted results of various development scenarios suggest that, by the middle of the 21st century, plant diversity and food production in the watershed will meet a crisis unless forest protection policies are applied, and large-scale urban expansion is curbed. In the meta-watershed ecosystem, growing human dominance increasingly destroys plant diversity and the ecosystem supply. Policies and measures are urgently needed to reverse the potential deteriorating trend of the ecosystem, maintain the stability of the ecosystem, and promote the sustainable development of human society.
Keywords	Plant diversity ; Human dominance ; Meta-watershed ecosystem ; Remote sensing ; Karst ; Ecology ; QH540-549.5
Subject code	580
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Detection and Analysis of the Variation in the Minimum Ecological Instream Flow Requirement in the Chinese Northwestern Inland Arid Region by Using a New Remote Sensing Method

Shengtian Yang / Jiekang Li / Hezhen Lou / Yunmeng Dai / Zihao Pan / Baichi Zhou / Huaixing Wang / Hao Li / Jianli Ding / Jianghua Zheng

Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 24, p

2023 Volume 5725

Abstract: With the development of human society, the balance between the minimum ecological instream flow requirement (MEIFR), which is an essential part of the ecological water demand in arid areas, and anthropogenic water depletion has received increasing ... ...

Abstract	With the development of human society, the balance between the minimum ecological instream flow requirement (MEIFR), which is an essential part of the ecological water demand in arid areas, and anthropogenic water depletion has received increasing attention. However, due to the lack of hydrological station data and river information on arid basins, previous researchers usually considered only the individual ecological water demand of rivers, lakes, or oases. To address this issue, a new method that combines river hydraulic parameters and the wet circumference obtained by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and remote sensing hydrological station (RSHS) technologies was applied to obtain the MEIFR and, then, systematically and quantitatively explore the balance from the perspective of the entire basin of Aiding Lake from 1990 to 2022, which is the lowest point of Chinese terrestrial territory. The results showed the following: (1) since 1990, the discharge of the seven rivers in the study area increased by 1–6%, and the MEIFR of these rivers increased by 15–100%; both quantities decreased by 3–5% from the upper to the lower reaches of the basin; (2) the surface area and water level of Aiding Lake decreased by 5% and 14%, respectively, but the MEIFR first decreased by 25% from 1990 to 2013 and, then, increased by 66.7% from 2013 to 2022; and (3) from 2011 to 2022, the MEIFR and anthropogenic water depletion exhibited a balance. Against the background of climate change, this research revealed that the MEIFR of the rivers in the Aiding Lake Basin have shown an upward trend over the past 30 years and quantitatively determined the above balance relationship and the period of its occurrence. This study supplied a method that could provide guidance for water resource management by decision-makers at a global level, thus helping achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs).
Keywords	minimum ecological instream flow requirement ; wet-circumferential method ; remote sensing hydrological station technique ; human–water relationship ; arid area ; Science ; Q
Subject code	550
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Insight Into the Virulence Related Secretion Systems, Fimbriae, and Toxins in O2:K1 Escherichia coli Isolated From Bovine Mastitis

Min Sun / Xing Gao / Kejie Zhao / Jiale Ma / Huochun Yao / Zihao Pan

Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Vol

2021 Volume 8

Abstract: Mastitis remains a major infection of dairy cows and an important issue for the dairy farmers, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bovine mastitis is a disease of significant economic importance in the dairy industry. Our study identified six isolates belong ... ...

Abstract	Mastitis remains a major infection of dairy cows and an important issue for the dairy farmers, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bovine mastitis is a disease of significant economic importance in the dairy industry. Our study identified six isolates belong to phylogroup B2 from 69 bovine mastitis E. coli strains. Except for one serotype O1 strain, all group B2 isolates were identified into serotype O2 and showed significantly higher mortality in the mouse infection than other phylogroups' strains. Genomic analyses and further tests were performed to examine the role of secretion systems, fimbriae, and toxins during the systemic infection of O2:K1 strain BCE049. Two integral T6SS loci and three predicted effectors clusters were found to assemble the functional T6SS complex and deliver diverse toxic effectors to modulate bacterial virulence in the mouse infection model. A total of four T4SS loci were harbored in the BCE049 genome, three of them are encoded in different plasmids, respectively, whereas the last one locates within the bacterial chromosome at FQU84_16715 to FQU84_16760, and was significantly involved in the bacterial pathogenicity. Numerous predicted pilus biosynthesis gene loci were found in the BCE049 genome, whereas most of them lost long fragments encoding key genes for the pili assembly. Unexpectedly, a type IV pilus gene locus locating at FQU84_01405 to FQU84_01335 in the plasmid 2, was found to be required for the full virulence of mastitis strain BCE049. It should be noted that a genetic neighborhood inserted with diverse genes is encoded by the plasmid 1, which harbors three prominent toxins including β-hemolysin, cytotoxic necrotizing factor 2 and cytolethal distending toxin type III. Consequent studies verified that these toxins significantly contributed to the bacterial pathogenicity. These findings provide a molecular blueprint for understanding the underlying mechanisms employed by the bovine mastitis E. coli to colonize in host and cause systemic infection.
Keywords	bovine mastitis ; Escherichia coli ; secretion system ; type IV pilus ; toxin ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
Subject code	572 ; 630
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: CrfP, a fratricide protein, contributes to natural transformation in Streptococcus suis

Yinchu Zhu / Jiale Ma / Yue Zhang / Xiaojun Zhong / Qiankun Bai / Wenyang Dong / Zihao Pan / Guangjin Liu / Cun Zhang / Huochun Yao

Veterinary Research, Vol 52, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2021 Volume 14

Abstract: Abstract Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is an important zoonotic pathogen that causes septicaemia, meningitis and streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome in its host, and recent studies have shown that S. suis could be competent for natural genetic ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is an important zoonotic pathogen that causes septicaemia, meningitis and streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome in its host, and recent studies have shown that S. suis could be competent for natural genetic transformation. Transformation is an important mechanism for the horizontal transfer of DNA, but some elements that affect the transformation process need to be further explored. Upon entering the competent state, Streptococcus species stimulate the transcription of competence-related genes that are responsible for exogenous DNA binding, uptake and processing. In this study, we performed conserved promoter motif and qRT-PCR analyses and identified CrfP as a novel murein hydrolase that is widespread in S. suis and stimulated with a peptide pheromone in the competent state through a process controlled by ComX. A bioinformatics analysis revealed that CrfP consists of a CHAP hydrolase domain and two bacterial Src homology 3-binding (SH3b) domains. Further characterization showed that CrfP could be exported to extracellular bacterial cells and lytic S. suis strains of different serotypes, and this finding was verified by TEM and a turbidity assay. To investigate the potential effect of CrfP in vivo, a gene-deletion mutant (ΔcrfP) was constructed. Instead of stopping the natural transformation process, the inactivation of CrfP clearly reduced the effective transformation rate. Overall, these findings provide evidence showing that CrfP is important for S. suis serovar 2 competence.
Keywords	S. suis ; CrfP ; Murein hydrolase ; Competence ; Virulence ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
Subject code	572
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: SssP1, a Fimbria-like component of Streptococcus suis, binds to the vimentin of host cells and contributes to bacterial meningitis.

Zihao Pan / Peijuan He / Yue Zhang / Qibing Gu / Shengsheng Chen / Yong Yu / Jing Shao / Kaicheng Wang / Zongfu Wu / Huochun Yao / Jiale Ma

PLoS Pathogens, Vol 18, Iss 7, p e

2022 Volume 1010710

Abstract: Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is one of the important pathogens that cause bacterial meningitis in pigs and humans. Evading host immune defences and penetrating the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are the preconditions for S. suis to cause meningitis, while the ...

Abstract	Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is one of the important pathogens that cause bacterial meningitis in pigs and humans. Evading host immune defences and penetrating the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are the preconditions for S. suis to cause meningitis, while the underlying mechanisms during these pathogenic processes are not fully understood. By detecting the red blood and white blood cells counts, IL-8 expression, and the pathological injury of brain in a mouse infection model, a serine-rich repeat (SRR) glycoprotein, designated as SssP1, was identified as a critical facilitator in the process of causing meningitis in this study. SssP1 was exported to assemble a fimbria-like component, thus contributed to the bacterial adhesion to and invasion into human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs), and activates the host inflammatory response during meningitis but is not involved in the actin cytoskeleton rearrangement and the disruption of tight junctions. Furthermore, the deletion of sssP1 significantly attenuates the ability of S. suis to traverse the BBB in vivo and in vitro. A pull-down analysis identified vimentin as the potential receptors of SssP1 during meningitis and following Far-Western blot results confirmed this ligand-receptor binding mediated by the NR2 (the second nonrepeat region) region of SssP1. The co-localisation of vimentin and S. suis observed by laser scanning confocal microscopy with multiplex fluorescence indicated that vimentin significantly enhances the interaction between SssP1 and BBB. Further study identified that the NR216-781 and NR1711-2214 fragments of SssP1 play critical roles to bind to the BBB depending on the sialylation of vimentin, and this binding is significantly attenuated when the antiserum of NR216-781 or NR1711-2214 blocked the bacterial cells, or the vimentin antibody blocked the BBB. Similar binding attenuations are observed when the bacterial cells were preincubated with the vimentin, or the BBB was preincubated with the recombinant protein NR216-781, NR1711-2214 or ...
Keywords	Immunologic diseases. Allergy ; RC581-607 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	572
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Ginsenoside Rb2 inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition of colorectal cancer cells by suppressing TGF-β/Smad signaling

Dai, Guoliang / Bingting Sun / Tao Gong / Zihao Pan / Qinghai Meng / Wenzheng Ju

Phytomedicine. 2019 Mar. 15, v. 56

2019

Abstract: Treating colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to be a clinical challenge. Studies have shown that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical step in tumor progression and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling has been shown to play a ... ...

Abstract	Treating colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to be a clinical challenge. Studies have shown that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical step in tumor progression and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling has been shown to play a crucial role in EMT. Here, we investigate the inhibition effect of Ginsenoside Rb2, main bioactive component of ginseng, in human colorectal cancer cells via TGF-β1.The current study aims to study the inhibitory effect of Ginsenoside Rb2 on HCT116 and SW620 cells and its anti-tumor mechanism.Histomorphological analysis and western blot analysis were performed to evaluate expression of TGF-β1 in human cancerous colon samples and the adjacent normal samples. The docking simulation assay were performed to explore the potential mode of binding of Ginsenoside Rb2 to the TGF-β1 protein. CCK8, adhesion and invasion assay were used to assess the effects of Ginsenoside Rb2 in HCT116 and SW620 cells. RT-PCR, Western blot and Immunohistochemical staining were employed to detect the TGF-β1-related signaling pathways in the colon cancer cells and/or xenograft mice.The expression of TGF-β1 in human cancerous colon samples was significantly increased compared with the adjacent normal samples. Ginsenoside Rb2 inhibit the growth, adhesion, EMT and metastasis of human colorectal cancer cells. The docking simulation assay confirmed that Ginsenoside Rb2 bound to the hydrophobic pocket of TGF-β1, which partially overlaps with the binding sites on TGF-β1, and thus disrupted TGF-β1 dimerization. Western Blot analysis further confirmed that Ginsenoside Rb2 could inhibit the expression of TGF-β1 in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, Ginsenoside Rb2 could inhibit the expression of Smad4 and phosphorylated Smad2/3.Ginsenoside Rb2 could inhibit EMT of colorectal cancer cells through the TGF-β1/Smad signaling, and might be a potential candidate for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
Keywords	Panax ; Western blotting ; adhesion ; binding sites ; bioactive compounds ; colon ; colorectal neoplasms ; dimerization ; humans ; hydrophobicity ; immunohistochemistry ; metastasis ; neoplasm cells ; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ; signal transduction ; staining ; transforming growth factor beta 1
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-0315
Size	p. 126-135.
Publishing place	Elsevier GmbH
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1205240-1
ISSN	1618-095X ; 0944-7113
ISSN (online)	1618-095X
ISSN	0944-7113
DOI	10.1016/j.phymed.2018.10.025
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Streptococcus suis Uptakes Carbohydrate Source from Host Glycoproteins by N-glycans Degradation System for Optimal Survival and Full Virulence during Infection

Jiale Ma / Ze Zhang / Zihao Pan / Qiankun Bai / Xiaojun Zhong / Yinchu Zhu / Yue Zhang / Zongfu Wu / Guangjin Liu / Huochun Yao

Pathogens, Vol 9, Iss 387, p

2020 Volume 387

Abstract: Infection with the epidemic virulent strain of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) can cause septicemia in swine and humans, leading to pneumonia, meningitis and even cytokine storm of Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. Despite some progress ... ...

Abstract	Infection with the epidemic virulent strain of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) can cause septicemia in swine and humans, leading to pneumonia, meningitis and even cytokine storm of Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. Despite some progress concerning the contribution of bacterial adhesion, biofilm, toxicity and stress response to the SS2 systemic infection, the precise mechanism underlying bacterial survival and growth within the host bloodstream remains elusive. Here, we reported the SS2 virulent strains with a more than 20 kb endoSS -related insertion region that showed significantly higher proliferative ability in swine serum than low-virulent strains. Further study identified a complete N-glycans degradation system encoded within this insertion region, and found that both GH92 and EndoSS contribute to bacterial virulence, but that only DndoSS was required for optimal growth of SS2 in host serum. The supplement of hydrolyzed high-mannose-containing glycoprotein by GH92 and EndoSS could completely restore the growth deficiency of endoSS deletion mutant in swine serum. EndoSS only hydrolyzed a part of the model glycoprotein RNase B with high-mannose N-linked glycoforms into a low molecular weight form, and the solo activity of GH92 could not show any changes comparing with the blank control in SDS-PAGE gel. However, complete hydrolyzation was observed under the co-incubation of EndoSS and GH92, suggesting GH92 may degrade the high-mannose arms of N-glycans to generate a substrate for EndoSS. In summary, these findings provide compelling evidences that EndoSS-related N-glycans degradation system may enable SS2 to adapt to host serum-specific availability of carbon sources from glycoforms, and be required for optimal colonization and full virulence during systemic infection.
Keywords	Streptococcus suis ; N-glycans degradation system ; EndoSS ; GH92 ; serum growth ; virulence ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Viral infection detection using metagenomics technology in six poultry farms of eastern China.

Yuan Qiu / Suchun Wang / Baoxu Huang / Huanxiang Zhong / Zihao Pan / Qingye Zhuang / Cheng Peng / Guangyu Hou / Kaicheng Wang

PLoS ONE, Vol 14, Iss 2, p e

2019 Volume 0211553

Abstract: With rapidly increasing animal pathogen surveillance requirements, new technologies are needed for a comprehensive understanding of the roles of pathogens in the occurrence and development of animal diseases. We applied metagenomic technology to avian ... ...

Abstract	With rapidly increasing animal pathogen surveillance requirements, new technologies are needed for a comprehensive understanding of the roles of pathogens in the occurrence and development of animal diseases. We applied metagenomic technology to avian virus surveillance to study the main viruses infecting six poultry farms in two provinces in eastern China. Cloacal/throat double swabs were collected from 60 birds at each farm according to a random sampling method. The results showed that the method could simultaneously detect major viruses infecting farms, including avian influenza virus, infectious bronchitis virus, Newcastle disease virus, rotavirus G, duck hepatitis B virus, and avian leukemia virus subgroup J in several farms. The test results were consistent with the results from traditional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or reverse transcription-PCR analyses. Five H9N2 and one H3N8 avian influenza viruses were detected at the farms and were identified as low pathogenic avian influenza viruses according to HA cleavage sites analysis. One detected Newcastle disease virus was classified as Class II genotype I and avirulent type according to F0 cleavage sites analysis. Three avian infectious bronchitis viruses were identified as 4/91, CK/CH/LSC/99I and TC07-2 genotypes by phylogenetic analysis of S1 genes. The viral infection surveillance method using metagenomics technology enables the monitoring of multiple viral infections, which allows the detection of main infectious viruses.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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