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Article ; Online: Contextualizing school discipline: Examining the role of general peer and teacher discrimination at the individual- and school-level on individual suspension.

Trovato, Daniel / Zimmerman, Gregory M

Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence

2024

Abstract: Past research has linked peer and teacher discrimination to risk factors for school discipline, but few studies have examined whether peer and teacher discrimination have a direct impact on school discipline. This study examines the effects of general ... ...

Abstract	Past research has linked peer and teacher discrimination to risk factors for school discipline, but few studies have examined whether peer and teacher discrimination have a direct impact on school discipline. This study examines the effects of general peer and teacher discrimination at the individual- and school-level on school suspension using nationally representative, secondary data on almost 12,000 youth across 131 schools. Hierarchical logistic regression models indicated that general teacher discrimination at the individual- and school-level-but not general peer discrimination-increased the odds of receiving school suspension. Findings suggest that general discrimination by direct learning instructors and teachers representing the broader school culture can shape student conduct. Reducing school discipline thus falls on teachers, staff, principals, and learners.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-05-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2017369-6
ISSN	1532-7795 ; 1050-8392
ISSN (online)	1532-7795
ISSN	1050-8392
DOI	10.1111/jora.12968
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Disproportionate burden of violence: Explaining racial and ethnic disparities in potential years of life lost among homicide victims, suicide decedents, and homicide-suicide perpetrators.

Zimmerman, Gregory M / Fridel, Emma E / Trovato, Daniel

PloS one

2024 Volume 19, Issue 2, Page(s) e0297346

Abstract: Research indicates that the burden of violent death in the United States is disproportionate across racial and ethnic groups. Yet documented disparities in rates of violent death do not capture the full extent of this inequity. Recent studies examining ... ...

Abstract	Research indicates that the burden of violent death in the United States is disproportionate across racial and ethnic groups. Yet documented disparities in rates of violent death do not capture the full extent of this inequity. Recent studies examining race-specific rates of potential years of life lost-a summary measure of premature mortality-indicate that persons of color may die at younger ages than their counterparts, leading to increased trauma among surviving family members, friends, and communities. This study examines racial and ethnic disparities in potential years of life lost among people who died by homicide and suicide. We calculated potential years of life lost using life expectancy values specific to each racial and ethnic group, thereby isolating racial differences in potential years of life lost due to violence. Findings indicated that persons of color were disproportionately impacted by violence. Non-Hispanic African American homicide victims, suicide decedents, and homicide-suicide perpetrators died eleven or more years earlier than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Similar disparities were observed for non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander decedents. Less pronounced differences were observed for Hispanic and non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native decedents. These racial and ethnic disparities were partly accounted for by a broad array of individual differences, incident characteristics, and contextual factors. The results suggest that homicide and suicide exact a high societal cost, and the burden of that cost is disproportionately high among persons of color.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; United States/epidemiology ; Homicide ; Cause of Death ; Suicide ; Ethnicity ; Violence
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0297346
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Article ; Online: The salience of social context, opioid antagonist use, and prior opioid exposure as determinants of fatal and non-fatal opioid overdoses.

Zimmerman, Gregory M / Douglas, Stephen D / Turchan, Brandon S / Braga, Anthony A

Health & place

2023 Volume 79, Page(s) 102970

Abstract: This study examines the salience of social context for opioid overdoses in Boston from 2014 to 2019. Longitudinal negative binomial models with random effects indicated that higher levels of concentrated disadvantage, residential instability, and illicit ...

Abstract	This study examines the salience of social context for opioid overdoses in Boston from 2014 to 2019. Longitudinal negative binomial models with random effects indicated that higher levels of concentrated disadvantage, residential instability, and illicit drug activity increased annual block group counts of opioid overdoses. Logistic hierarchical and cross-classified random effects models indicated that the use of Narcan and greater exposure to drugs through previous opioid overdose and contextual lillicit drug crime activity reduced the odds of fatal opioid overdose relative to non-fatal opioid overdose. The findings suggest that the accurate tracking of both fatal and non-fatal overdoses, and a consideration of the broader social context, can facilitate effective public health resource allocation to reduce opioid overdoses.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects ; Narcotic Antagonists/therapeutic use ; Opiate Overdose ; Opioid-Related Disorders/drug therapy ; Drug Overdose ; Social Environment
Chemical Substances	Analgesics, Opioid ; Narcotic Antagonists
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1262540-1
ISSN	1873-2054 ; 1353-8292
ISSN (online)	1873-2054
ISSN	1353-8292
DOI	10.1016/j.healthplace.2023.102970
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Article ; Online: Examining the Factors that Impact Suicide Following Heterosexual Intimate Partner Homicide: Social Context, Gender Dynamics, and Firearms.

Zimmerman, Gregory M / Fridel, Emma E / McArdle, Kara

Journal of interpersonal violence

2022 Volume 38, Issue 3-4, Page(s) 2850–2880

Abstract: Despite a wealth of research on intimate partner homicide, research on intimate partner homicide followed by suicide of the perpetrator is sparse. Existing studies on intimate partner homicide-suicide: tend to be descriptive, not keeping pace with ... ...

Abstract	Despite a wealth of research on intimate partner homicide, research on intimate partner homicide followed by suicide of the perpetrator is sparse. Existing studies on intimate partner homicide-suicide: tend to be descriptive, not keeping pace with quantitative advances in the epidemiological and social sciences; have yet to examine how context impacts intimate partner homicide-suicide; and are typically limited to male perpetrators, given small localized samples of female-perpetrated intimate partner (homicide and) homicide-suicide. This study uses data on 7584 heterosexual intimate partner homicide and homicide-suicide cases distributed across 2465 places and 42 U.S. states from the National Violent Death Reporting System (2003-2018) to examine the victim and perpetrator characteristics, relationship dynamics, situational factors, and contextual features that influence the likelihood of committing suicide following intimate partner homicide. Hierarchical logistic regression models indicate that victim characteristics that increase the vulnerability to victimization (alcohol and drug use, mental health problems, less than some college education) decrease the odds of committing suicide following intimate partner homicide. Similarly, situational (victim weapon usage, additional perpetrators) and contextual (concentrated disadvantage, residential instability) risk factors decrease the odds of committing suicide following intimate partner homicide. Conversely, impairment of the perpetrator (alcohol use, mental health problems) and a more intimate victim-perpetrator relationship (spousal relationship, caregiver) increases the odds of homicide-suicide. Additionally, results indicate that firearms play an integral part in homicide-suicide as well as in decreasing the gender gap in homicide-suicide. The findings suggest that the internalization of guilt by perpetrators of intimate partner homicide may play a key role in subsequent suicide. Practically, limiting firearm exposure will not only reduce the lethality of intimate partner violence, but will decrease the odds of perpetrator suicide following intimate partner homicide. This is particularly true for female-perpetrated homicide-suicide, which is unlikely to occur without a firearm.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Male ; Female ; Homicide ; Heterosexuality ; Suicide ; Intimate Partner Violence ; Firearms ; Social Environment ; Risk Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2028900-5
ISSN	1552-6518 ; 0886-2605
ISSN (online)	1552-6518
ISSN	0886-2605
DOI	10.1177/08862605221104523
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Article: Discrimination in Context: Examining Neighborhood-Level Variation in the Incidence and Adverse Effects of Perceived Racial and Ethnic Discrimination Among Chicago Youth.

Zimmerman, Gregory M / Trovato, Daniel / Miller-Smith, Ayanna

Race and social problems

2022 , Page(s) 1–24

Abstract: A growing body of research links interpersonal racial and ethnic discrimination to adverse youth outcomes. Yet, studies examining the relevance of neighborhood context for discrimination are sparse. This study examines neighborhood-level variation in the ...

Abstract	A growing body of research links interpersonal racial and ethnic discrimination to adverse youth outcomes. Yet, studies examining the relevance of neighborhood context for discrimination are sparse. This study examines neighborhood-level variation in the incidence and impact of perceived racial and ethnic discrimination on depressive symptoms, suicidal behavior, violent behavior, and substance use. Hierarchical regression models on a sample of 1333 African American and Hispanic youth (52.44% female; x̄ = 13.03 years, SD = 3.25 at wave 1) residing in 238 Chicago neighborhoods from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods indicated little to no neighborhood-level variation in the incidence and impact of discrimination. Findings suggest that the experience of discrimination among youth of color is ubiquitous.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2493937-7
ISSN	1867-1756 ; 1867-1748
ISSN (online)	1867-1756
ISSN	1867-1748
DOI	10.1007/s12552-022-09367-2
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Article ; Online: Effect of acupuncture on ischaemic stroke in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a nationwide propensity score-matched study.

Huang, Chia-Yu / Huang, Ming-Cheng / Liao, Hou-Hsun / Lin, Cheng-Li / Lee, Yu-Chen / Zimmerman, Gregory / Wu, Mei-Yao / Yen, Hung-Rong

BMJ open

2024 Volume 14, Issue 2, Page(s) e075218

Abstract: Objective: To demonstrate that acupuncture is beneficial for decreasing the risk of ischaemic stroke in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).: Design: A propensity score-matched cohort study.: Setting: A nationwide population-based study.: ... ...

Abstract	Objective: To demonstrate that acupuncture is beneficial for decreasing the risk of ischaemic stroke in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Design: A propensity score-matched cohort study. Setting: A nationwide population-based study. Participants: Patients with RA diagnosed between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 2010, through the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. Interventions: Patients who were administered acupuncture therapy from the initial date of RA diagnosis to 31 December 2010 were included in the acupuncture cohort. Patients who did not receive acupuncture treatment during the same time interval constituted the no-acupuncture cohort. Primary outcome measures: A Cox regression model was used to adjust for age, sex, comorbidities, and types of drugs used. We compared the subhazard ratios (SHRs) of ischaemic stroke between these two cohorts through competing-risks regression models. Results: After 1:1 propensity score matching, a total of 23 226 patients with newly diagnosed RA were equally subgrouped into acupuncture cohort or no-acupuncture cohort according to their use of acupuncture. The basic characteristics of these patients were similar. A lower cumulative incidence of ischaemic stroke was found in the acupuncture cohort (log-rank test, p<0.001; immortal time (period from initial diagnosis of RA to index date) 1065 days; mean number of acupuncture visits 9.83. In the end, 341 patients in the acupuncture cohort (5.95 per 1000 person-years) and 605 patients in the no-acupuncture cohort (12.4 per 1000 person-years) experienced ischaemic stroke (adjusted SHR 0.57, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.65). The advantage of lowering ischaemic stroke incidence through acupuncture therapy in RA patients was independent of sex, age, types of drugs used, and comorbidities. Conclusions: This study showed the beneficial effect of acupuncture in reducing the incidence of ischaemic stroke in patients with RA.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Cohort Studies ; Stroke/epidemiology ; Stroke/therapy ; Stroke/etiology ; Propensity Score ; Brain Ischemia/epidemiology ; Brain Ischemia/etiology ; Brain Ischemia/therapy ; Acupuncture Therapy/adverse effects ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/complications ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/therapy ; Ischemic Stroke/complications ; Incidence ; Taiwan/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Retrospective Studies
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2599832-8
ISSN	2044-6055 ; 2044-6055
ISSN (online)	2044-6055
ISSN	2044-6055
DOI	10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075218
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Article ; Online: The impact of anticipated, vicarious, and experienced racial and ethnic discrimination on depression and suicidal behavior among Chicago youth.

Zimmerman, Gregory M / Miller-Smith, Ayanna

Social science research

2021 Volume 101, Page(s) 102623

Abstract: There is a growing body of research linking racial and ethnic discrimination to adverse youth outcomes. Beyond experienced racial and ethnic discrimination, this study considers the relevance of anticipated and vicarious racial and ethnic discrimination ... ...

Abstract	There is a growing body of research linking racial and ethnic discrimination to adverse youth outcomes. Beyond experienced racial and ethnic discrimination, this study considers the relevance of anticipated and vicarious racial and ethnic discrimination for depression and suicidal behavior. Hierarchical regression models on a diverse sample of 1147 youth (50.31 % female) within 79 neighborhoods from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods indicated that experienced, anticipated, and vicarious racial and ethnic discrimination were associated with an increased risk of depression and suicidal behavior. Additionally, African American and Hispanic youth were disproportionately exposed to-but not differentially impacted by-racial and ethnic discrimination. Findings suggest that developmental research should account for experienced, anticipated, and vicarious racial and ethnic discrimination.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Chicago ; Depression/etiology ; Ethnicity ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Racism ; Suicidal Ideation
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1096-0317
ISSN (online)	1096-0317
DOI	10.1016/j.ssresearch.2021.102623
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Article ; Online: The covariates of parent and youth reporting differences on youth secondary exposure to community violence.

Zimmerman, Gregory M

Journal of youth and adolescence

2014 Volume 43, Issue 9, Page(s) 1576–1593

Abstract: Survey data for studying youth's secondary exposure to community violence (i.e., witnessing or hearing violence in the community) come from both parents and their children. There are benefits of considering multiple informants in psychosocial assessments, ...

Abstract	Survey data for studying youth's secondary exposure to community violence (i.e., witnessing or hearing violence in the community) come from both parents and their children. There are benefits of considering multiple informants in psychosocial assessments, but parents and youths often disagree about comparable information. These reporting differences present challenges for both researchers and clinicians. To shed new light on the individual, family, and neighborhood factors that contribute to parent and youth reporting differences regarding youth's secondary exposure to community violence, this study analyzed hierarchical item response models on a sample of youth respondents from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. Participants were aged approximately 9, 12, and 15 years (trimodal distribution; mean age = 12.0 years) at baseline (N = 2,344; 49.6% female). Descriptive analyses indicated that parents significantly underestimated their children's exposure to community violence. Logistic hierarchical item response models indicated that absolute discrepancies between parent and youth reports were a function of youth demographic characteristics (male, Hispanic or African American as compared to white, age, 3rd as compared to 1st generation immigrant), individual difference factors (lower levels of self-control, higher levels of violent peer exposure), and family factors (lower household socioeconomic status). Parental under-reporting of youth's exposure to violence was associated with youth demographic characteristics (male, age, 2nd as compared to 3rd generation immigrant), family factors (lower levels of parental supervision), and neighborhood characteristics (higher levels of violence, less access to youth services). The results suggest that a constellation of individual and contextual factors may contribute to the understanding of parent and youth reporting differences. The findings speak to the utility of examining parent and youth reporting differences from a hierarchical lens.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adolescent Behavior/psychology ; Chicago ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Models, Psychological ; Models, Statistical ; Parent-Child Relations ; Parents/psychology ; Psychology, Adolescent ; Residence Characteristics ; Self Report ; Social Support ; Violence/statistics & numerical data
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-01-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	186743-x
ISSN	1573-6601 ; 0047-2891
ISSN (online)	1573-6601
ISSN	0047-2891
DOI	10.1007/s10964-014-0099-6
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Article ; Online: Violent Lives: Pathways Linking Exposure to Violence To Suicidal Behavior in a National Sample.

Farrell, Chelsea / Zimmerman, Gregory M

Archives of suicide research : official journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research

2018 Volume 23, Issue 1, Page(s) 100–121

Abstract: This study explored the extent to which depression, somatic symptoms, and substance use mediated the effects of exposure to violence on suicidal ideation and attempted suicide, and whether these pathways varied across gender, age, and race/ethnicity. ... ...

Abstract	This study explored the extent to which depression, somatic symptoms, and substance use mediated the effects of exposure to violence on suicidal ideation and attempted suicide, and whether these pathways varied across gender, age, and race/ethnicity. Path analysis was conducted on 12,272 adolescents (mean = 15.3 years) from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. The impact of exposure to violence on suicidal ideation was fully mediated, and the impact of exposure to violence on attempted suicide was partially mediated by depression, somatic symptoms, and substance use. Mediating pathways were stronger for females and for younger adolescents. Understanding the impact of exposure to violence on adolescent suicidal behavior requires the consideration of direct, indirect, and conditional indirect effects.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adolescent Behavior/psychology ; Age Factors ; Depression/epidemiology ; Depression/psychology ; Exposure to Violence/ethnology ; Exposure to Violence/prevention & control ; Exposure to Violence/psychology ; Exposure to Violence/statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Medically Unexplained Symptoms ; Sex Factors ; Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology ; Substance-Related Disorders/psychology ; Suicidal Ideation ; Suicide, Attempted/prevention & control ; Suicide, Attempted/psychology ; United States/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-02-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1283671-0
ISSN	1543-6136 ; 1381-1118
ISSN (online)	1543-6136
ISSN	1381-1118
DOI	10.1080/13811118.2017.1404517
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Article ; Online: Parents, Peers, Perceived Risk of Harm, and the Neighborhood: Contextualizing Key Influences on Adolescent Substance Use.

Zimmerman, Gregory M / Farrell, Chelsea

Journal of youth and adolescence

2017 Volume 46, Issue 1, Page(s) 228–247

Abstract: Recent research has affirmed the need to examine contextual influences on adolescent substance use in a multilevel framework. This study examined the role of neighborhood opportunities for substance use in promoting adolescent substance use. Data came ... ...

Abstract	Recent research has affirmed the need to examine contextual influences on adolescent substance use in a multilevel framework. This study examined the role of neighborhood opportunities for substance use in promoting adolescent substance use. Data came from two components of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods: the Longitudinal Cohort Study, consisting of interviews with youth and their primary caregivers across three waves of data with an average span of 4.5 years; and a Community Survey of neighborhood residents. Analysis used an Item-Response Theory-based statistical approach on 6556 substance use item responses from 1639 youth (49.0 % female) within 80 neighborhoods to assess the extent to which neighborhood opportunities for substance use had direct and indirect effects on adolescent substance use. Neither direct nor mediated effects of neighborhood opportunities for substance use on adolescent substance use were detected. But, analyses revealed moderating effects such that higher levels of neighborhood opportunities for substance use: (1) amplified the detrimental effects of parental substance use and peer substance use on youth substance use; and (2) attenuated the protective effect of adolescents' perceived harm of substance use on adolescent substance use. The results suggest that the ways in which neighborhood characteristics impact adolescent behavior are nuanced. Rather than impact individual-level outcomes directly, neighborhood context may be particularly relevant by conditioning the effects of salient individual-level risk and protective factors for substance use.
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	186743-x
ISSN	1573-6601 ; 0047-2891
ISSN (online)	1573-6601
ISSN	0047-2891
DOI	10.1007/s10964-016-0475-5
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