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Article: Predicting the Fracture Toughness of Human Cancellous Bone in Fractured Neck of Femur Patients Using Bone Volume and Micro-Architecture.

Adams, George J / Cook, Richard B / Gibson, Michael / Zioupos, Peter

2024 Volume 14, Issue 4

Abstract: The current protocol used to determine if an individual is osteoporotic relies on assessment of the individual's bone mineral density (BMD), which allows clinicians to judge the condition of a patient with respect to their peers. This, in essence, ... ...

Abstract	The current protocol used to determine if an individual is osteoporotic relies on assessment of the individual's bone mineral density (BMD), which allows clinicians to judge the condition of a patient with respect to their peers. This, in essence, evaluates a person's fracture risk, because BMD is a good surrogate measure for strength and stiffness. In recent studies, the authors were the first to produce fracture toughness (FT) data from osteoporotic (OP) and osteoarthritic (OA) patients, by using a testing technique which basically analyzes the prerequisite stress conditions for the onset of growth of a major crack through cancellous bone tissue. FT depends mainly on bone quantity (BV/TV, bone volume/tissue volume), but also on bone micro-architecture (mArch), the inner trabecular design of the bone. The working research hypothesis of the present study is that mArch offers added prediction power to BV/TV in determining FT parameters. Consequently, our aim was to investigate the use of predictive models for fracture toughness and also to investigate if there are any significant differences between the models produced from samples loaded across (A
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-03
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2662250-6
ISSN	2075-1729
ISSN	2075-1729
DOI	10.3390/life14040467
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Article ; Online: Forensic biomechanics.

Zioupos, Peter

Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials

2014 Volume 33, Page(s) 1–2

MeSH term(s)	Biomechanical Phenomena ; Forensic Sciences ; Humans ; Mechanical Phenomena
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-05
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Editorial ; Introductory Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2378381-3
ISSN	1878-0180 ; 1751-6161
ISSN (online)	1878-0180
ISSN	1751-6161
DOI	10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.11.005
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Article ; Online: Quantifying microcracks on fractured bone surfaces - Potential use in forensic anthropology.

Walden, Steven J / Rowe, Wendy / Mulville, Jacqui / Evans, Sam L / Zioupos, Peter

Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials

2023 Volume 142, Page(s) 105824

Abstract: Bone fracture surface morphology (FSM) can provide valuable information on the cause of failure in forensic and archaeological applications and it depends primarily on three factors, the loading conditions (like strain rate), the ambient conditions (wet ... ...

Abstract	Bone fracture surface morphology (FSM) can provide valuable information on the cause of failure in forensic and archaeological applications and it depends primarily on three factors, the loading conditions (like strain rate), the ambient conditions (wet or dry bone material) and the quality of bone material itself. The quality of bone material evidently changes in taphonomy as a result of the decomposition process and that in turn is expected to affect FSM. Porcine bones were fractured by a standardised impact during the course of soft tissue decomposition, at 28-day intervals, over 140 days (equivalent to 638 cooling degree days). Measurements of the associated microcracks on the fractured cortical bone surfaces indicated a progressive increase in mean length during decomposition from around 180 μm-375 μm. The morphology of these microcracks also altered, from multiple intersecting microcracks emanating from a central point at 0-28 cumulative cooling degree days, to longer linear cracks appearing to track lamellae as soft tissue decomposition progressed. The implications of these findings are that taphonomic changes of bone may offer the real possibility of distinguishing perimortem and taphonomic damage and also provide a new surrogate parameter for estimation of post-mortem interval (PMI) in forensics.
MeSH term(s)	Swine ; Animals ; Forensic Anthropology ; Fractures, Bone ; Bone and Bones ; Autopsy ; Forensic Medicine
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-03
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2378381-3
ISSN	1878-0180 ; 1751-6161
ISSN (online)	1878-0180
ISSN	1751-6161
DOI	10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105824
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Article: Parametrization of the Calcaneus and Medial Cuneiform to Aid Potential Advancements in Flatfoot Surgery.

Cai, Yanni / Pascoletti, Giulia / Zioupos, Peter / Budair, Basil / Zanetti, Elisabetta M / Ringrose, Trevor J / Junaid, Sarah

Life (Basel, Switzerland)

2024 Volume 14, Issue 3

Abstract: Introduction: Flatfoot is a condition commonly seen in children; however, there is general disagreement over its incidence, characterization and correction. Painful flatfoot accompanied with musculoskeletal and soft tissue problems requires surgery to ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Flatfoot is a condition commonly seen in children; however, there is general disagreement over its incidence, characterization and correction. Painful flatfoot accompanied with musculoskeletal and soft tissue problems requires surgery to avoid arthritis in adulthood, the most common surgical approach being two osteotomies to the calcaneus and medial cuneiform bones of the foot. Objectives: This study focuses on the parametrization of these two bones to understand their bone morphology differences in a population sample among 23 normal subjects. Population differences could help in understanding whether bone shape may be an important factor in aiding surgical planning and outcomes. Methods: A total of 45 sets of CT scans of these subjects were used to generate surface meshes of the two bones and converted to be iso-topological meshes, simplifying the application of Generalized Procrustes Analysis and Principal Component Analysis, allowing the main sources of variation between the subjects to be quantified. Results: For the calcaneus, 16 Principal Components (PCs) and, for the medial cuneiform, 12 PCs were sufficient to describe 90% of the dataset variability. The quantitative and qualitative analyses confirm that for the calcaneus PC1 describes the Achilles attachment location and PC2 largely describes the anterior part of the bone. For the medial cuneiform, PC1 describes the medial part of the bone, while PC2 mainly describes the superior part. Conclusion: Most importantly, the PCs did not seem to describe the osteotomy sites for both bones, suggesting low population variability at the bone cutting points. Further studies are needed to evaluate how shape variability impacts surgical outcomes. Future implications could include better surgical planning and may pave the way for complex robotic surgeries to become a reality.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-29
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2662250-6
ISSN	2075-1729
ISSN	2075-1729
DOI	10.3390/life14030328
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Article ; Online: The interplay between BMU activity linked to mechanical stress, specific surface and inhibitory theory dictate bone mass distribution: Predictions from a 3D computational model.

Berli, Marcelo / Franco, Feliciano / Di Paolo, José / Zioupos, Peter / Borau, Carlos

Computers in biology and medicine

2022 Volume 148, Page(s) 105898

Abstract: Bone mechanical and biological properties are closely linked to its internal tissue composition and mass distribution, which are in turn governed by the purposeful action of the basic multicellular units (BMUs). The orchestrated action of osteoclasts and ...

Abstract	Bone mechanical and biological properties are closely linked to its internal tissue composition and mass distribution, which are in turn governed by the purposeful action of the basic multicellular units (BMUs). The orchestrated action of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, the resorbing and forming tissue cells respectively, in BMUs is responsible for tissue maintenance, repair and adaptation to changing load demands through the phenomenon known as remodelling. In this work, a computational mechano-biological model of bone remodelling based on the inhibitory theory and a new scheme of bone resorption introduced previously in a 2D model, is extended to a 3D model of the real external geometry of a femur under normal walking loads. Starting from a uniform apparent density (ratio of tissue local mass to total local volume) distribution, the BMU action can be shown to lead naturally to an internal density distribution similar to that of a real bone, provided that the initial density value is high enough to avoid unrealistic final mass deposition in zones of high energy density and excessive damage. Physiological internal density values are reached throughout the whole 3D geometry, and at the same time a 'boomerang'-like relationship between apparent and material density (ratio of tissue mass to tissue volume) emerges naturally under the proposed remodelling scheme. It is also shown here that bone-specific surface is a key parameter that determines the intensity of BMU action linked to the mechanical and biological requirements. Finally, by engaging in simulations of bone in disuse, we were able to confirm the appropriate selection of the model parameters. As an example, our results show good agreement with experimental measurements of bone mass on astronauts a fact that strengthens our belief in the insightful nature of our novel 3D computational model.
MeSH term(s)	Bone Density ; Bone Remodeling ; Bone and Bones ; Models, Biological ; Osteoclasts ; Stress, Mechanical
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	127557-4
ISSN	1879-0534 ; 0010-4825
ISSN (online)	1879-0534
ISSN	0010-4825
DOI	10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105898
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Article ; Online: Evaluation of bone excision effects on a human skull model-II: Finite element analysis.

Franceskides, Constantinos / Gibson, Michael / Zioupos, Peter

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of engineering in medicine

2019 Volume 234, Issue 4, Page(s) 346–355

Abstract: Patient-specific computational models are powerful tools which may assist in predicting the outcome of invasive surgery on the musculoskeletal system, and consequently help to improve therapeutic decision-making and post-operative care. Unfortunately, at ...

Abstract	Patient-specific computational models are powerful tools which may assist in predicting the outcome of invasive surgery on the musculoskeletal system, and consequently help to improve therapeutic decision-making and post-operative care. Unfortunately, at present the use of personalized models that predict the effect of biopsies and full excisions is so specialized that tends to be restricted to prominent individuals, such as high-profile athletes. We have developed a finite element analysis model to determine the influence of the location of an ellipsoidal excision (14.2 mm × 11.8 mm) on the structural integrity of a human skull when exposed to impact loading, representing a free fall of an adult male from standing height. The finite element analysis model was compared to empirical data based on the drop-tower testing of three-dimensional-printed physical skull models where deformations were recorded by digital image correlation. In this bespoke example, we found that the excision site did not have a major effect on the calculated stress and strain magnitudes unless the excision was in the temporal region, where the reduction in stiffness around the excision caused failure within the neighboring area. The finite element analysis model allowed meaningful conclusions to be drawn for the implications of using such a technique based on what we know about such conditions indicating that the approach could be both clinically beneficial and also cost-effective for wider use.
MeSH term(s)	Finite Element Analysis ; Humans ; Models, Anatomic ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; Skull/surgery
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1065942-0
ISSN	2041-3033 ; 0046-2039 ; 0954-4119
ISSN (online)	2041-3033
ISSN	0046-2039 ; 0954-4119
DOI	10.1177/0954411919892799
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Article ; Online: Ageing bone fractures: The case of a ductile to brittle transition that shifts with age.

Zioupos, Peter / Kirchner, Helmut O K / Peterlik, Herwig

Bone

2019 Volume 131, Page(s) 115176

Abstract: Human bone becomes increasingly brittle with ageing. Bones also fracture differently under slow and fast loadings, being ductile and brittle, respectively. The effects of a combination of these two factors have never been examined before. Here we show ... ...

Abstract	Human bone becomes increasingly brittle with ageing. Bones also fracture differently under slow and fast loadings, being ductile and brittle, respectively. The effects of a combination of these two factors have never been examined before. Here we show that cortical bone is most fracture-resistant at the physiologically prevalent intermediate strain rates of 10
MeSH term(s)	Aged, 80 and over ; Aging ; Bone Density ; Bone and Bones ; Fractures, Bone ; Humans ; Tensile Strength
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	632515-4
ISSN	1873-2763 ; 8756-3282
ISSN (online)	1873-2763
ISSN	8756-3282
DOI	10.1016/j.bone.2019.115176
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Article ; Online: Age related changes of rib cortical bone matrix and the application to forensic age-at-death estimation.

Bonicelli, Andrea / Zioupos, Peter / Arnold, Emily / Rogers, Keith D / Xhemali, Bledar / Kranioti, Elena F

Scientific reports

2021 Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 2086

Abstract: Forensic anthropology includes, amongst other applications, the positive identification of unknown human skeletal remains. The first step in this process is an assessment of the biological profile, that is: sex, age, stature and ancestry. In forensic ... ...

Abstract	Forensic anthropology includes, amongst other applications, the positive identification of unknown human skeletal remains. The first step in this process is an assessment of the biological profile, that is: sex, age, stature and ancestry. In forensic contexts, age estimation is one of the main challenges in the process of identification. Recently established admissibility criteria are driving researchers towards standardisation of methodological procedures. Despite these changes, experience still plays a central role in anthropological examinations. In order to avoid this issue, age estimation procedures (i) must be presented to the scientific community and published in peer reviewed journals, (ii) accurately explained in terms of procedure and (iii) present clear information about the accuracy of the estimation and possible error rates. In order to fulfil all these requirements, a number of methods based on physiological processes which result in biochemical changes in various tissue structures at the molecular level, such as modifications in DNA-methylation and telomere shortening, racemization of proteins and stable isotopes analysis, have been developed. The current work proposes a new systematic approach in age estimation based on tracing physicochemical and mechanical degeneration of the rib cortical bone matrix. This study used autopsy material from 113 rib specimens. A set of 33 parameters were measured by standard bio-mechanical (nanoindentation and microindentation), physical (TGA/DSC, XRD and FTIR) and histomorphometry (porosity-ImageJ) methods. Stepwise regressions were used to create equations that would produce the best 'estimates of age at death' vs real age of the cadavers. Five equations were produced; in the best of cases an equation counting 7 parameters had an R
MeSH term(s)	Age Determination by Skeleton/methods ; Cortical Bone/anatomy & histology ; Death ; Forensic Anthropology/methods ; Humans ; Reproducibility of Results ; Ribs/anatomy & histology ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared/methods ; Thermogravimetry/methods ; X-Ray Diffraction/methods
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-021-81342-0
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Article ; Online: Assessing bone maturity: Compositional and mechanical properties of rib cortical bone at different ages.

Bonicelli, Andrea / Kranioti, Elena F / Xhemali, Bledar / Arnold, Emily / Zioupos, Peter

Bone

2021 Volume 155, Page(s) 116265

Abstract: Understanding what maturity entails for bone, when it arrives, and its pre- and post-maturity traits and properties are very important for understanding its evolution and physiology. There is a clear but fine distinction between the chronological age of ... ...

Abstract	Understanding what maturity entails for bone, when it arrives, and its pre- and post-maturity traits and properties are very important for understanding its evolution and physiology. There is a clear but fine distinction between the chronological age of bone (the age of its donor) and the tissue age of the bone packets it comprises at the microscopic level. Whole bone fragility changes with age due to mass and architecture effects, but so do the properties of bone at the tissue level. Tissue age and tissue-level properties are therefore increasingly attracting a great deal of attention recently. The present study investigated compositional and material changes in the hydroxyapatite crystals, the collagenous phase, changes in bone matrix composition and its nanoindentation properties and their decline with chronological age in later life. The aim was to track the age threshold at which cortical bone arrives at maturity and what happens following that threshold. To do so FTIR, DSC/TGA, XRD, nanoindentation and microindentation were used to investigate rib cortical bone material across a cohort of 86 individuals from one ethnic group with age spanning between 17 and 82 years. Results of this cross-sectional study showed a clear increase in mineral content relative to the organic and water contents across all ages. Furthermore, an increase in crystal size and consequent decrease in strain (coherence length) was detected associated with secondary mineralisation and an increase in carbonate substitution. Overall, we observe a number of modifications which contribute to a typical functional behaviour of bone showing an increase in both indentation modulus and hardness until the age of about 35 after which both of these properties decline gradually and concomitantly to other physicochemical changes and seemingly until the end of one's life.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Biomechanical Phenomena/physiology ; Bone Density/physiology ; Bone Development ; Cortical Bone ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Ribs ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	632515-4
ISSN	1873-2763 ; 8756-3282
ISSN (online)	1873-2763
ISSN	8756-3282
DOI	10.1016/j.bone.2021.116265
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Article ; Online: Association between nanoscale strains and tissue level nanoindentation properties in age-related hip-fractures.

Bonicelli, Andrea / Tay, Tabitha / Cobb, Justin P / Boughton, Oliver R / Hansen, Ulrich / Abel, Richard L / Zioupos, Peter

Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials

2022 Volume 138, Page(s) 105573

Abstract: Measurement of the properties of bone as a material can happen in various length scales in its hierarchical and composite structure. The aim of this study was to test the tissue level properties of clinically-relevant human bone samples which were ... ...

Abstract	Measurement of the properties of bone as a material can happen in various length scales in its hierarchical and composite structure. The aim of this study was to test the tissue level properties of clinically-relevant human bone samples which were collected from donors belonging to three groups: ageing donors who suffered no fractures (Control); untreated fracture patients (Fx-Untreated) and patient who experienced hip fracture despite being treated with bisphosphonates (Fx-BisTreated). Tissue level properties were assessed by (a) nanoindentation and (b) synchrotron tensile tests (STT) where strains were measured at the 'tissue', 'fibril' and 'mineral' levels by using simultaneous Wide-angle - (WAXD) and Small angle- X-ray diffraction (SAXD). The composition was analysed by thermogravimetric analysis and material level endo- and exo-thermic reactions by differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC3+). Irrespective of treatment fracture donors exhibited significantly lower tissue, fibril and mineral strain at the micro and nanoscale respectively and had a higher mineral content than controls. In nanoindentation only nanohardness was significantly greater for Controls and Fx-BisTreated versus Fx-Untreated. The other nanoindentation parameters did not vary significantly across the three groups. There was a highly significant positive correlation (p < 0.001) between organic content and tissue level strain behaviour. Overall hip-fractures were associated with lower STT nanostrains and it was behaviour measured by STT which proved to be a more effective approach for predicting fracture risk because evidently it was able to demonstrate the mechanical deficit for the bone tissue of the donors who had experienced fractures.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Bone and Bones ; Hip Fractures ; Aging ; X-Ray Diffraction ; Minerals ; Bone Density
Chemical Substances	Minerals
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-23
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2378381-3
ISSN	1878-0180 ; 1751-6161
ISSN (online)	1878-0180
ISSN	1751-6161
DOI	10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105573
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