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Article ; Online: Prevalence and associated risk factors of transfusion transmissible infections among blood donors at Regional Blood Transfusion Center Nakuru and Tenwek Mission Hospital, Kenya

Grace Bartonjo / Joseph Oundo / Zipporah Ng’ang’a / Jane Mwangi

The Pan African Medical Journal, Vol 34, Iss

2019 Volume 31

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Unsafe transfusion practices can put millions of people at risk of Transfusion Transmissible Infections (TTIs). In Kenya the current blood transfusion scheme involves screening of blood for HIV, Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus ( ... ...

Abstract	INTRODUCTION: Unsafe transfusion practices can put millions of people at risk of Transfusion Transmissible Infections (TTIs). In Kenya the current blood transfusion scheme involves screening of blood for HIV, Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and syphilis. Malaria is also a blood-borne disease which is not currently screened for. In Kenya blood donor selection criteria were reviewed in 2009. Regular review of effectiveness of donor selection criteria can help reduce TTIs prevalence amongst donors and thus make the blood supply safer.
Keywords	ttis ; prevalence ; blood donors ; risk factors ; hiv ; hepatitis c virus (hcv) ; hepatitis b virus (hbv) ; syphilis ; malaria ; kenya ; Medicine ; R
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	The Pan African Medical Journal
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Schistosomiasis, soil transmitted helminthiasis, and malaria co-infections among women of reproductive age in rural communities of Kwale County, coastal Kenya

Victor Tunje Jeza / Francis Mutuku / Lydia Kaduka / Charles Mwandawiro / Janet Masaku / Collins Okoyo / Henry Kanyi / Joyce Kamau / Zipporah Ng’ang’a / Jimmy Hussein Kihara

BMC Public Health, Vol 22, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2022 Volume 15

Abstract: Abstract Background Schistosoma haematobium, soil transmitted helminthes (STH), and malaria lead to a double burden in pregnancy that eventually leads to poor immunity, increased susceptibility to other infections, and poor pregnancy outcomes. Many ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Schistosoma haematobium, soil transmitted helminthes (STH), and malaria lead to a double burden in pregnancy that eventually leads to poor immunity, increased susceptibility to other infections, and poor pregnancy outcomes. Many studies have been carried out on pre-school and school aged children but very little has been done among the at risk adult population including women of reproductive age (WRA). Our current study sought to establish the risk factors and burden of co-infection with S. haematobium, STH, and Plasmodium sp. among WRA in Kwale County, Coastal Kenya. Methods A total of 534 WRA between the ages of 15–50 were enrolled in this cross-sectional study from four villages; Bilashaka and Mwaluphamba in Matuga sub-County, and Mwachinga and Dumbule in Kinango sub-County. Socio-demographic information was collected using a pre-tested standardized questionnaire. Parasitological examination was done using urine filtration method for Schistosoma haematobium, Kato Katz for STH (Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworm, Trichuris trichiura), and standard slide microscopy for Plasmodium sp. Statistical analyses were carried out using STATA version 15.1. Results The overall prevalence of S. haematobium was 3.8% (95% CI: 2.6–5.4) while that for malaria was 4.9% (95% CI: 2.0–11.7). The prevalence of STH was 5.6% (95% CI: 2.8–11.3) with overall prevalence of 5.3% (95% CI: 2.5–10.9) for hookworm and 0.6% (95% CI: 0.2–1.9) for T. trichiura. The occurrence of co-infection was low and was recorded between S. haematobium and P. falciparum (0.6%), followed by S. haematobium and STH (0.4%). Among pregnant women, 2.6% had co-infection with S. haematobium and P. falciparum. Only 1.3% had co-infection with S. haematobium and hookworm or T. trichiura. Among non-pregnant women, co-infection with S. haematobium and P. falciparum was 0.2%. Similarly, co-infection with S. haematobium and hookworm or T. trichiura was 0.2%. Bed net ownership and usage among pregnant women was 87.8 and 96.6%, respectively. 66.3% of the ...
Keywords	S. Haematobium ; STH ; Malaria ; Co-infections ; WRA ; Coastal Kenya ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	941
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Evolutionary analyses of Sindbis virus strains isolated from mosquitoes in Kenya

Sigei, Faith / Fredrick Nindo / Rosemary Sang / Silvanos Mukunzi / Zipporah Ng’ang’a

Archives of virology. 2018 Sept., v. 163, no. 9

2018

Abstract: Sindbis virus (SINV) is a mosquito borne virus maintained in nature in a mosquito-bird cycle, with human outbreaks known to occur in Northern Europe and parts of Africa. We analyzed five SINV strains isolated in Kenya from five different mosquito species ...

Abstract	Sindbis virus (SINV) is a mosquito borne virus maintained in nature in a mosquito-bird cycle, with human outbreaks known to occur in Northern Europe and parts of Africa. We analyzed five SINV strains isolated in Kenya from five different mosquito species and geographic locations between 2007 and 2013. Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary inferences were performed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic inference approaches. Selection analyses were carried out based on the virus envelope glycoproteins (E1, E2) and non-structural protein (nsP4) genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the Kenyan SINV isolates belonged to genotype 1 with selection analyses suggesting that SINV E1, E2 and nsP4 protein encoding genes were predominantly evolving under negative selection.
Keywords	Culicidae ; genes ; genotype ; glycoproteins ; humans ; phylogeny ; Sindbis virus ; statistical analysis ; viral nonstructural proteins ; viruses ; Kenya ; Northern European region
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-09
Size	p. 2465-2469.
Publishing place	Springer Vienna
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	7491-3
ISSN	1432-8798 ; 0304-8608
ISSN (online)	1432-8798
ISSN	0304-8608
DOI	10.1007/s00705-018-3869-8
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Detection of pandemic influenza A/H1N1/pdm09 virus among pigs but not in humans in slaughterhouses in Kenya, 2013–2014

Eric Mogaka Osoro / Shirley Lidechi / Jeremiah Nyaundi / Doris Marwanga / Athman Mwatondo / Mathew Muturi / Zipporah Ng’ang’a / Kariuki Njenga

BMC Research Notes, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2019 Volume 6

Abstract: Abstract Objective We conducted four cross-sectional studies over 1 year among humans and pigs in three slaughterhouses in Central and Western Kenya (> 350 km apart) to determine infection and exposure to influenza A viruses. Nasopharyngeal (NP) and ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Objective We conducted four cross-sectional studies over 1 year among humans and pigs in three slaughterhouses in Central and Western Kenya (> 350 km apart) to determine infection and exposure to influenza A viruses. Nasopharyngeal (NP) and oropharyngeal (OP) swabs were collected from participants who reported acute respiratory illness (ARI) defined as fever, cough or running nose. Nasal swabs and blood samples were collected from pigs. Human NP/OP and pig nasal swabs were tested for influenza A virus by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and pig serum was tested for anti-influenza A antibodies by ELISA. Results A total of 288 participants were sampled, 91.3% of them being male. Fifteen (5.2%) participants had ARI but the nine swabs collected from them were negative for influenza A virus by PCR. Of the 1128 pigs sampled, five (0.4%) nasal swabs tested positive for influenza A/H1N1/pdm09 by PCR whereas 214 of 1082 (19.8%) serum samples tested for Influenza A virus antibodies. There was higher seroprevalence in colder months and among pigs reared as free-range. These findings indicate circulation of influenza A/H1N1/pdm09 among pigs perhaps associated with good adaptation of the virus to the pig population after initial transmission from humans to pigs.
Keywords	Swine ; Human ; Influenza A virus ; Surveillance ; Medicine ; R ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Science (General) ; Q1-390
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Seroprevalence of influenza A virus in pigs and low risk of acute respiratory illness among pig workers in Kenya

Eric Mogaka Osoro / Shirley Lidechi / Doris Marwanga / Jeremiah Nyaundi / Athman Mwatondo / Mathew Muturi / Zipporah Ng’ang’a / Kariuki Njenga

Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, Vol 24, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2019 Volume 9

Abstract: Abstract Background Influenza A viruses pose a significant risk to human health because of their wide host range and ability to reassort into novel viruses that can cause serious disease and pandemics. Since transmission of these viruses between humans ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Influenza A viruses pose a significant risk to human health because of their wide host range and ability to reassort into novel viruses that can cause serious disease and pandemics. Since transmission of these viruses between humans and pigs can be associated with occupational and environmental exposures, we investigated the association between occupational exposure to pigs, occurrence of acute respiratory illness (ARI), and influenza A virus infection. Methods The study was conducted in Kiambu County, the county with the highest level of intensive small-scale pig farming in Kenya. Up to 3 participants (> 2 years old) per household from pig-keeping and non-pig-keeping households were randomly recruited and followed up in 2013 (Sept-Dec) and 2014 (Apr-Aug). Oropharyngeal (OP) and nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs were collected from participants with ARI at the time of study visit. For the animal study, nasal and oropharyngeal swabs, and serum samples were collected from pigs and poultry present in enrolled households. The human and animal swab samples were tested for viral nucleic acid by RT-PCR and sera by ELISA for antibodies. A Poisson generalized linear mixed-effects model was developed to assess the association between pig exposure and occurrence of ARI. Results Of 1137 human participants enrolled, 625 (55%) completed follow-up visits including 172 (27.5%) pig workers and 453 (72.5%) non-pig workers. Of 130 human NP/OP swabs tested, four (3.1%) were positive for influenza A virus, one pig worker, and three among non-pig workers. Whereas none of the 4462 swabs collected from pig and poultry tested positive for influenza A virus by RT-PCR, 265 of 4273 (6.2%) of the sera tested positive for virus antibodies by ELISA, including 11.6% (230/1990) of the pigs and 1.5% (35/2,283) of poultry. The cumulative incidence of ARI was 16.9% among pig workers and 26.9% among the non-pig workers. The adjusted risk ratio for the association between being a pig worker and experiencing an episode of ARI was 0.56 ...
Keywords	Acute respiratory illness ; Influenza A virus ; Pig workers ; Zoonoses ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Komiyama Printing Co. Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Male Involvement in Maternal Health Planning Key to Utilization of Skilled Birth Services in Malindi Subcounty, Kenya

Lilian Nyamusi Nyandieka / Mercy Karimi Njeru / Zipporah Ng’ang’a / Elizabeth Echoka / Yeri Kombe

Advances in Public Health, Vol

2016 Volume 2016

Abstract: Background. In Malindi, rural populations face challenges in accessing skilled birth services. Consequently, the majority of women deliver at home and only seek help when they have complications. This paper reports part findings from a study conducted to ...

Abstract	Background. In Malindi, rural populations face challenges in accessing skilled birth services. Consequently, the majority of women deliver at home and only seek help when they have complications. This paper reports part findings from a study conducted to assess health priority setting process and its implication on availability, access, and use of emergency obstetric care services in Malindi. Methods. The study utilized qualitative methods to collect data from health personnel and maternal health stakeholders including community members. Source and method triangulation was used to strengthen the credibility of study findings. Data was categorized manually into themes around issues relating to utilization of skilled birth services discussed in this paper. Findings. Various barriers to utilization of skilled birth services were cited. However, most were linked to mwenye (the husband) who decides on the place of birth for the wife. Conclusion. Husbands are very influential in regard to decisions on skilled birth service utilization in this community. Their lack of involvement in maternal health planning may contribute as a barrier to utilization of skilled care by pregnant women. There is need to address the mwenye factor in an attempt to mitigate some of the barriers cited for nonutilization of skilled birth services.
Keywords	Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: An in vitro evaluation of drugs used in the Kenyan art program

Joseph Muriuki / Zipporah Ng'ang'a / Raphael Lihana / Raphael Lwembe / Joseph Mwangi / Matilu Mwau

The Pan African Medical Journal, Vol 23, Iss

2016 Volume 134

Abstract: The majority of anti-HIV drug susceptibility tests have been performed on subtype B HIV-1 strains, since these are the most prevalent in countries designing, testing, and manufacturing the current anti-HIV agents. The increasing global spread of HIV ... ...

Abstract	The majority of anti-HIV drug susceptibility tests have been performed on subtype B HIV-1 strains, since these are the most prevalent in countries designing, testing, and manufacturing the current anti-HIV agents. The increasing global spread of HIV subtype highlights the need to determine the activity of anti-HIV drugs against subtypes of HIV other than subtype B. Furthermore an increasing number of individuals infected with many of the non subtype B virus strains now receive antiretroviral therapy because of rollout programs in developing\| countries as well as increasing migration to the developed world. The phenotypic susceptibility of two laboratory strains HIV-1JFRL and HIV-1IIIB (representing subtype B) and two clinical isolates HIV-104RTA and HIV-1025RTA (representing subtypes A and D respectively) was determined. The in vitro drug susceptibility testing of the isolates was carried out in C8166 cell line and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The study revealed that the drugs used in the Kenyan national ART program inhibited HIV-1 replication in-vitro as their inhibitory concentrations (IC50) compared well with the standard Inhibitory concentration values. The results also suggest a biochemical similarity of the reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease enzymes from these subtypes despite the divergence at the genetic level. The findings suggest that similar clinical benefits of antiviral therapy obtain in persons infected with other subtypes of HIV-1other than subtype B and that the generic drugs used in the national ART program in Kenya are as efficacious as branded drugs in inhibiting HIV replication in vitro despite the limited number of the viruses studied.
Keywords	hiv ; susceptibility ; anti retroviral therapy ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	570
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	The Pan African Medical Journal
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: An assessment of priority setting process and its implication on availability of emergency obstetric care services in Malindi District, Kenya

Lilian Nyamusi Nyandieka / Yeri Kombe / Zipporah Ng'ang'a / Jens Byskov / Mercy Karimi Njeru

The Pan African Medical Journal, Vol 22, Iss

2015 Volume 156

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: in spite of the critical role of Emergency Obstetric Care in treating complications arising from pregnancy and childbirth, very few facilities are equipped in Kenya to offer this service. In Malindi, availability of EmOC services does not ... ...

Abstract	INTRODUCTION: in spite of the critical role of Emergency Obstetric Care in treating complications arising from pregnancy and childbirth, very few facilities are equipped in Kenya to offer this service. In Malindi, availability of EmOC services does not meet the UN recommended levels of at least one comprehensive and four basic EmOC facilities per 500,000 populations. This study was conducted to assess priority setting process and its implication on availability, access and use of EmOC services at the district level. METHODS: a qualitative study was conducted both at health facility and community levels. Triangulation of data sources and methods was employed, where document reviews, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with health personnel, facility committee members, stakeholders who offer and/ or support maternal health services and programmes; and the community members as end users. Data was thematically analysed. RESULTS: imitations in the extent to which priorities in regard to maternal health services can be set at the district level were observed. The priority setting process was greatly restricted by guidelines and limited resources from the national level. Relevant stakeholders including community members are not involved in the priority setting process, thereby denying them the opportunity to contribute in the process. CONCLUSION: the findings illuminate that consideration of all local plans in national planning and budgeting as well as the involvement of all relevant stakeholders in the priority setting exercise is essential in order to achieve a consensus on the provision of emergency obstetric care services among other health service priorities.
Keywords	priority setting ; decision making ; emoc ; stakeholders ; accountability ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	The Pan African Medical Journal
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Sero-prevalence for Hepatitis B virus among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Juba Teaching Hospital, Republic of South Sudan

Anthony Laku Stephen Kirbak / Zipporah Ng'ang'a / Jared Omolo / Hakim Idris / Abdulmumini Usman / William Baguma Mbabazi

The Pan African Medical Journal, Vol 26, Iss

2017 Volume 72

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: hepatitis B virus infection is a major public health problem worldwide and in Africa. This would be the first ever documented study on epidemiology of Hepatitis B infections in the newly formed Republic of South Sudan. This study was ... ...

Abstract	INTRODUCTION: hepatitis B virus infection is a major public health problem worldwide and in Africa. This would be the first ever documented study on epidemiology of Hepatitis B infections in the newly formed Republic of South Sudan. This study was designed to estimate the sero-prevalence of Hepatitis B virus infection amongst pregnant women attending antenatal services in Juba. METHODS: a cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic services in Juba Teaching Hospital, in the period between December 2012 and March 2013. Any pregnant woman, attending antenatal care services at Juba Teaching Hospital, was included if she was a resident of Juba County for at least 1 year before pregnancy. A Hepatitis B case was defined as any women participating in the study and was found to be positive for HbsAg and confirmed by ELISA. RESULTS: this study documented that the prevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) among pregnant women attending ANC in Juba was 11% (31 out of the 280 samples). Other samples tested were indeterminate (36%), naturally immune (27.1%), susceptible (23%) and the remaining 1.8% was immune due to vaccination. Significant risk factors for Hepatitis B infection were loss of partner (OR 4.4 and CI of 1.4-13.9) and history of Jaundice (OR 1.7 and CI of 1.2-2.1). CONCLUSION: these study findings show that only 29% of infants in Juba county are born to immune mothers (naturally or vaccine induced). The remaining 70% of babies would be at risk of infection, if a birth dose of Hepatitis B is not provided. We therefore recommended introduction of Hepatitis B Vaccine birth dose into routine infants vaccination series to eliminate this risk.
Keywords	hepatitis b prevalence ; pregnant women ; south sudan ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	The Pan African Medical Journal
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Factors associated with adequate weekly reporting for disease surveillance data among health facilities in Nairobi County, Kenya, 2013

Athman Juma Mwatondo / Zipporah Ng'ang'a / Caroline Maina / Lyndah Makayotto / Moses Mwangi / Ian Njeru / Wences Arvelo

The Pan African Medical Journal, Vol 23, Iss

2016 Volume 165

Abstract: Introduction: Kenya adopted the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) strategy in 1998 to strengthen disease surveillance and epidemic response. However, the goal of weekly surveillance reporting among health facilities has not been ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Kenya adopted the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) strategy in 1998 to strengthen disease surveillance and epidemic response. However, the goal of weekly surveillance reporting among health facilities has not been achieved. We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of adequate reporting and factors associated with IDSR reporting among health facilities in one Kenyan County. Methods: health facilities (public and private) were enrolled using stratified random sampling from 348 facilities prioritized for routine surveillance reporting. Adequately-reporting facilities were defined as those which submitted 10 weekly reports during a twelve-week period and a poor reporting facilities were those which submitted 10 weekly reports. Multivariate logistic regression with backward selection was used to identify risk factors associated with adequate reporting.Results: from September 2 through November 30, 2013, we enrolled 175 health facilities; 130(74%) were private and 45(26%) were public. Of the 175 health facilities, 77 (44%) facilities classified as adequate reporting and 98 (56%) were reporting poorly. Multivariate analysis identified three factors to be independently associated with weekly adequate reporting: having weekly reporting forms at visit (AOR19, 95% CI: 6-65], having posters showing IDSR functions (AOR8, 95% CI: 2-12) and having a designated surveillance focal person (AOR7, 95% CI: 2-20).Conclusion: the majority of health facilities in Nairobi County were reporting poorly to IDSR and we recommend that the Ministry of Health provide all health facilities in Nairobi County with weekly reporting tools and offer specific trainings on IDSR which will help designate a focal surveillance person.
Keywords	surveillance ; prevalence ; kenya ; Medicine ; R
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	The Pan African Medical Journal
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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