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Book ; Thesis: Determinants of growth after kidney transplantation in prepubertal children

Grohs, Julia / Haffner, Dieter / Živičnjak, Miroslav

= Determinanten des präpubertären Wachstums von Kindern nach Nierentransplantation

2022

Title variant	Determinanten des präpubertären Wachstums von Kindern nach Nierentransplantation
Institution	Medizinische Hochschule Hannover Klinik für Pädiatrische Nieren-, Leber- und Stoffwechselerkrankungen und Neuropädiatrie
Author's details	vorgelegt von Julia Grohs ; aus der Klinik für Pädiatrische Nieren-, Leber- und Stoffwechselerkrankungen der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover ; Betreuer der Arbeit: Prof. Dr. med. Dieter Haffner, Ko-Betreuer: Miroslav Živičnjak (PhD)
Language	German ; English
Size	39 Blätter, Diagramme
Publishing place	Hannover
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Book ; Thesis
Thesis / German Habilitation thesis	Dissertation, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 2023
Note	Text auf Deutsch, Sonderabdruck auf Englisch ; Enthält 1 Zeitschriftenaufsatz aus "Pediatric Nephrology", Jg. 36 (2021)
HBZ-ID	HT030666299
Database	Catalogue ZB MED Medicine, Health

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Article ; Online: Pubertal development in children with chronic kidney disease.

Haffner, Dieter / Zivicnjak, Miroslav

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)

2016 Volume 32, Issue 6, Page(s) 949–964

Abstract: Impairment of pubertal growth and sexual maturation resulting in reduced adult height is an significant complication in children suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD). Delayed puberty and reduced pubertal growth are most pronounced in children with ...

Abstract	Impairment of pubertal growth and sexual maturation resulting in reduced adult height is an significant complication in children suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD). Delayed puberty and reduced pubertal growth are most pronounced in children with pre-existing severe stunting before puberty, requiring long-term dialysis treatment, and in transplanted children with poor graft function and high glucocorticoid exposure. In pre-dialysis patients, therapeutic measures to improve pubertal growth are limited and mainly based on the preservation of renal function and the use of growth hormone treatment. In patients with end-stage CKD, early kidney transplantation with steroid withdrawal within 6 months of renal transplantation allows for normal pubertal development in the majority of patients. This review focuses on the underlying pathophysiology and strategies for improving height and development in these patients.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Body Height/drug effects ; Child ; Female ; Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use ; Graft Rejection/prevention & control ; Growth Disorders/drug therapy ; Growth Disorders/etiology ; Human Growth Hormone/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/complications ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy ; Kidney Transplantation/adverse effects ; Male ; Puberty, Delayed/drug therapy ; Puberty, Delayed/etiology ; Renal Dialysis/adverse effects ; Sex Factors ; Sexual Maturation ; Testosterone/therapeutic use ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Glucocorticoids ; Human Growth Hormone (12629-01-5) ; Testosterone (3XMK78S47O)
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-07-27
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	631932-4
ISSN	1432-198X ; 0931-041X
ISSN (online)	1432-198X
ISSN	0931-041X
DOI	10.1007/s00467-016-3432-3
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Article: Predictors of growth patterns in children with mucopolysaccharidosis I after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Maier, Stefanie / Zivicnjak, Miroslav / Grigull, Lorenz / Hennermann, Julia B / Aries, Charlotte / Maecker-Kolhoff, Britta / Sauer, Martin / Das, Anibh M / Beier, Rita

JIMD reports

2022 Volume 63, Issue 4, Page(s) 371–378

Abstract: Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is an autosomal-recessive metabolic disorder caused by an enzyme deficiency of lysosomal alpha-l-iduronidase (IDUA). Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the therapeutic option of choice in MPS I ... ...

Abstract	Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is an autosomal-recessive metabolic disorder caused by an enzyme deficiency of lysosomal alpha-l-iduronidase (IDUA). Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the therapeutic option of choice in MPS I patients younger than 2.5 years, which has a positive impact on neurocognitive development. However, impaired growth remains a problem. In this monocentric study, 14 patients with MPS I (mean age 1.72 years, range 0.81-3.08) were monitored according to a standardised follow-up program after successful allogeneic HSCT. A detailed anthropometric program was carried out to identify growth patterns and to determine predictors of growth in these children. All patients are alive and in outpatient care (mean follow-up 8.1 years, range 0.1-16.0). Progressively lower standard deviation scores (SDS) were observed for body length (mean SDS -1.61; -4.58 - 3.29), weight (-0.56; -3.19 - 2.95), sitting height (-3.28; -7.37 - 0.26), leg length (-1.64; -3.88 - 1.49) and head circumference (0.91; -2.52 - 6.09). Already at the age of 24 months, significant disproportions were detected being associated with increasing deterioration in growth for age. Younger age at HSCT, lower counts for haemoglobin and platelets, lower potassium, higher donor-derived chimerism, higher counts for leukocytes and recruitment of a matched unrelated donor (MUD) positively correlated with body length (
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2672872-2
ISSN	2192-8312 ; 2192-8304
ISSN (online)	2192-8312
ISSN	2192-8304
DOI	10.1002/jmd2.12291
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Article ; Online: Growth hormone treatment in the pre-transplant period is associated with superior outcome after pediatric kidney transplantation.

Jagodzinski, Celina / Mueller, Sophia / Kluck, Rika / Froede, Kerstin / Pavičić, Leo / Gellermann, Jutta / Mueller, Dominik / Querfeld, Uwe / Haffner, Dieter / Zivicnjak, Miroslav

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)

2021 Volume 37, Issue 4, Page(s) 859–869

Abstract: Background: Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) is frequently used for treatment of short stature in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) prior to kidney transplantation (KT). To what extent this influences growth and transplant function after ...

Abstract	Background: Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) is frequently used for treatment of short stature in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) prior to kidney transplantation (KT). To what extent this influences growth and transplant function after KT is yet unknown. Methods: Post-transplant growth (height, sitting height, leg length) and clinical parameters of 146 CKD patients undergoing KT before the age of 8 years, from two German pediatric nephrology centers, were prospectively investigated with a mean follow-up of 5.56 years. Outcome in patients with (rhGH group) and without (non-prior rhGH group) prior rhGH treatment was assessed by the use of linear mixed-effects models. Results: Patients in the rhGH group spent longer time on dialysis and less frequently underwent living related KT compared to the non-prior rhGH group but showed similar height z-scores at the time of KT. After KT, steroid exposure was lower and increments in anthropometric z-scores were significantly higher in the rhGH group compared to those in the non-prior rhGH group, although 18% of patients in the latter group were started on rhGH after KT. Non-prior rhGH treatment was associated with a faster decline in transplant function, lower hemoglobin, and higher C-reactive protein levels (CRP). After adjustment for these confounders, growth outcome did statistically differ for sitting height z-scores only. Conclusions: Treatment with rhGH prior to KT was associated with superior growth outcome in prepubertal kidney transplant recipients, which was related to better transplant function, lower CRP, less anemia, lower steroid exposure, and earlier maturation after KT. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Growth Disorders/drug therapy ; Growth Disorders/etiology ; Human Growth Hormone/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy ; Kidney Transplantation/adverse effects ; Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use ; Renal Dialysis ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications ; Steroids/therapeutic use ; Treatment Outcome
Chemical Substances	Recombinant Proteins ; Steroids ; Human Growth Hormone (12629-01-5)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-20
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	631932-4
ISSN	1432-198X ; 0931-041X
ISSN (online)	1432-198X
ISSN	0931-041X
DOI	10.1007/s00467-021-05222-5
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Article ; Online: Chest configuration in children and adolescents with infantile nephropathic cystinosis compared with other chronic kidney disease entities and its clinical determinants.

Müller, Sophia / Kluck, Rika / Jagodzinski, Celina / Brügelmann, Malina / Hohenfellner, Katharina / Büscher, Anja / Kemper, Markus J / Fröde, Kerstin / Oh, Jun / Billing, Heiko / Thumfart, Julia / Weber, Lutz T / Acham-Roschitz, Birgit / Arbeiter, Klaus / Tönshoff, Burkhard / Hagenberg, Martina / Pavičić, Leo / Haffner, Dieter / Zivicnjak, Miroslav

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)

2023 Volume 38, Issue 12, Page(s) 3989–3999

Abstract: Background: Infantile nephropathic cystinosis (INC) is a systemic lysosomal storage disease causing intracellular cystine accumulation, resulting in renal Fanconi syndrome, progressive kidney disease (CKD), rickets, malnutrition, and myopathy. An INC- ... ...

Abstract	Background: Infantile nephropathic cystinosis (INC) is a systemic lysosomal storage disease causing intracellular cystine accumulation, resulting in renal Fanconi syndrome, progressive kidney disease (CKD), rickets, malnutrition, and myopathy. An INC-specific disproportionately diminished trunk length compared to leg length poses questions regarding the functionality of the trunk. Methods: Thus, we prospectively investigated thoracic dimensions and proportions, as well as their clinical determinants in 44 pediatric patients with INC with CKD stages 1-5 and 97 age-matched patients with CKD of other etiology between the ages of 2-17 years. A total of 92 and 221 annual measurements of patients with INC and CKD, respectively, were performed, and associations between anthropometric and clinical parameters were assessed using linear mixed-effects models. Results: Patients with INC exhibited altered chest dimensions that were distinct from CKD controls, characterized by markedly increased chest depth to height and chest depth to chest width ratio z-scores (> 1.0), while those of patients with CKD were only mildly affected (z-score within ± 1.0). Ratio z-scores differed significantly between both patient groups from 2-6 years of age onward. The degree of chest disproportion in INC patients was significantly associated with both the degree of CKD and tubular dysfunction (e.g., low serum phosphate and bicarbonate) across three different age groups (2-6, 7-12, and 13-17 years). Conclusion: Our data show an INC-specific alteration in thoracic shape from early childhood onward, which is distinct from CKD of other etiologies, suggesting early childhood subclinical changes of the musculoskeletal unit of the thoracic cage, which are associated with kidney function. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Adolescent ; Cystinosis/complications ; Kidney ; Fanconi Syndrome/complications ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-07
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	631932-4
ISSN	1432-198X ; 0931-041X
ISSN (online)	1432-198X
ISSN	0931-041X
DOI	10.1007/s00467-023-06058-x
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Article ; Online: Body growth, upper arm fat area, and clinical parameters in children with nephropathic cystinosis compared with other pediatric chronic kidney disease entities.

Kluck, Rika / Müller, Sophia / Jagodzinski, Celina / Hohenfellner, Katharina / Büscher, Anja / Kemper, Markus J / Oh, Jun / Billing, Heiko / Thumfart, Julia / Weber, Lutz T / Acham-Roschitz, Birgit / Arbeiter, Klaus / Tönshoff, Burkhard / Hagenberg, Martina / Kanzelmeyer, Nele / Pavičić, Leo / Haffner, Dieter / Zivicnjak, Miroslav

Journal of inherited metabolic disease

2022 Volume 45, Issue 2, Page(s) 192–202

Abstract: Children with infantile nephropathic cystinosis (INC), an inherited lysosomal storage disease resulting in cystine accumulation in all body cells, are prone to progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD), impaired growth and reduced weight gain; however, ... ...

Abstract	Children with infantile nephropathic cystinosis (INC), an inherited lysosomal storage disease resulting in cystine accumulation in all body cells, are prone to progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD), impaired growth and reduced weight gain; however, systematic anthropometric analyses are lacking. In this prospective multicenter study we investigated linear growth, body proportion, body mass index (BMI), upper arm fat area (UFA) and biochemical parameters in 43 pediatric INC patients with CKD stages 1 to 5 and 49 age-matched CKD controls, with 193 annual measurements. INC patients showed more impaired height than CKD controls (-1.8 vs -0.7 z-score; P < .001), despite adequate cysteamine therapy, treatment for Fanconi syndrome and more frequent use of growth hormone. Only the youngest INC patients shared the same body pattern with CKD controls characterized by preferential impairment of leg length and rather preserved trunk length. In late-prepuberty, body pattern changed only in INC patients due to improved leg growth and more impaired trunk length. Mean UFA z-score in INC patients was slightly reduced in early childhood and progressively decreased thereafter reaching -0.8 z-score in adolescence, while CKD controls showed a steady increase in standardized BMI and UFA especially during adolescent age. Menarche in female INC patients was significantly delayed compared to CKD controls. Our data indicate that with age and progression of disease, pediatric INC patients undergo unique changes of body growth and fat stores that are distinct from those with CKD stemming from other causes, suggesting other factors apart from CKD to contribute to this development. Pediatric patients with infantile nephropathic cystinosis display more severe impaired linear growth than other peer CKD patients, despite of cysteamine treatment, supplementation for Fanconi syndrome, and more frequent use of growth hormone, with a distinct change of body proportions and overall lower body fat.
MeSH term(s)	Adipose Tissue ; Adolescent ; Arm ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cysteamine/therapeutic use ; Cystinosis/drug therapy ; Fanconi Syndrome/drug therapy ; Female ; Growth Hormone/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Chemical Substances	Cysteamine (5UX2SD1KE2) ; Growth Hormone (9002-72-6)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Multicenter Study ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	438341-2
ISSN	1573-2665 ; 0141-8955
ISSN (online)	1573-2665
ISSN	0141-8955
DOI	10.1002/jimd.12473
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Article ; Online: Determinants of growth after kidney transplantation in prepubertal children.

Grohs, Julia / Rebling, Rainer-Maria / Froede, Kerstin / Hmeidi, Kristin / Pavičić, Leo / Gellermann, Jutta / Müller, Dominik / Querfeld, Uwe / Haffner, Dieter / Živičnjak, Miroslav

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)

2021 Volume 36, Issue 7, Page(s) 1871–1880

Abstract: Background: Short stature is a frequent complication after pediatric kidney transplantation (KT). Whether the type of transplantation and prior treatment with recombinant human growth hormone (GH) affects post-transplant growth, is unclear.: Methods: ...

Abstract	Background: Short stature is a frequent complication after pediatric kidney transplantation (KT). Whether the type of transplantation and prior treatment with recombinant human growth hormone (GH) affects post-transplant growth, is unclear. Methods: Body height, leg length, sitting height, and sitting height index (as a measure of body proportions) were prospectively investigated in 148 prepubertal patients enrolled in the CKD Growth and Development study with a median follow-up of 5.0 years. We used linear mixed-effects models to identify predictors for body dimensions. Results: Pre-transplant Z scores for height (- 2.18), sitting height (- 1.37), and leg length (- 2.30) were reduced, and sitting height index (1.59) was increased compared to healthy children, indicating disproportionate short stature. Catch-up growth in children aged less than 4 years was mainly due to stimulated trunk length, and in older children to improved leg length, resulting in normalization of body height and proportions before puberty in the majority of patients. Use of GH in the pre-transplant period, congenital CKD, birth parameters, parental height, time after KT, steroid exposure, and transplant function were significantly associated with growth outcome. Although, unadjusted growth data suggested superior post-transplant growth after (pre-emptive) living donor KT, this was no longer true after adjusting for the abovementioned confounders. Conclusions: Catch-up growth after KT is mainly due to stimulated trunk growth in young children (< 4 years) and improved leg growth in older children. Beside transplant function, steroid exposure and use of GH in the pre-transplant period are the main potentially modifiable factors associated with better growth outcome.
MeSH term(s)	Body Height ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Dwarfism ; Growth Disorders/etiology ; Human Growth Hormone ; Humans ; Kidney Transplantation/adverse effects ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; Steroids
Chemical Substances	Steroids ; Human Growth Hormone (12629-01-5)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-23
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	631932-4
ISSN	1432-198X ; 0931-041X
ISSN (online)	1432-198X
ISSN	0931-041X
DOI	10.1007/s00467-021-04922-2
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Article ; Online: Effects of Burosumab Treatment on Mineral Metabolism in Children and Adolescents With X-linked Hypophosphatemia.

Ewert, Annika / Rehberg, Mirko / Schlingmann, Karl Peter / Hiort, Olaf / John-Kroegel, Ulrike / Metzing, Oliver / Wühl, Elke / Schaefer, Franz / Kemper, Markus J / Derichs, Ute / Richter-Unruh, Annette / Patzer, Ludwig / Albers, Norbert / Dunstheimer, Desiree / Haberland, Holger / Heger, Sabine / Schröder, Carmen / Jorch, Norbert / Schmid, Elmar /

Staude, Hagen / Weitz, Marcus / Freiberg, Clemens / Leifheit-Nestler, Maren / Zivicnjak, Miroslav / Schnabel, Dirk / Haffner, Dieter

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism

2023 Volume 108, Issue 10, Page(s) e998–e1006

Abstract: Context: Burosumab has been approved for the treatment of children and adults with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH). Real-world data and evidence for its efficacy in adolescents are lacking.: Objective: To assess the effects of 12 months of burosumab ... ...

Abstract	Context: Burosumab has been approved for the treatment of children and adults with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH). Real-world data and evidence for its efficacy in adolescents are lacking. Objective: To assess the effects of 12 months of burosumab treatment on mineral metabolism in children (aged <12 years) and adolescents (aged 12-18 years) with XLH. Design: Prospective national registry. Setting: Hospital clinics. Patients: A total of 93 patients with XLH (65 children, 28 adolescents). Main outcome measures: Z scores for serum phosphate, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate per glomerular filtration rate (TmP/GFR) at 12 months. Results: At baseline, patients showed hypophosphatemia (-4.4 SD), reduced TmP/GFR (-6.5 SD), and elevated ALP (2.7 SD, each P < .001 vs healthy children) irrespective of age, suggesting active rickets despite prior therapy with oral phosphate and active vitamin D in 88% of patients. Burosumab treatment resulted in comparable increases in serum phosphate and TmP/GFR in children and adolescents with XLH and a steady decline in serum ALP (each P < .001 vs baseline). At 12 months, serum phosphate, TmP/GFR, and ALP levels were within the age-related normal range in approximately 42%, 27%, and 80% of patients in both groups, respectively, with a lower, weight-based final burosumab dose in adolescents compared with children (0.72 vs 1.06 mg/kg, P < .01). Conclusions: In this real-world setting, 12 months of burosumab treatment was equally effective in normalizing serum ALP in adolescents and children, despite persistent mild hypophosphatemia in one-half of patients, suggesting that complete normalization of serum phosphate is not mandatory for substantial improvement of rickets in these patients. Adolescents appear to require lower weight-based burosumab dosage than children.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Child ; Adolescent ; Familial Hypophosphatemic Rickets/drug therapy ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects ; Prospective Studies ; Phosphates ; Hypophosphatemia ; Fibroblast Growth Factors ; Minerals
Chemical Substances	burosumab (G9WJT6RD29) ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Phosphates ; Fibroblast Growth Factors (62031-54-3) ; Minerals
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	3029-6
ISSN	1945-7197 ; 0021-972X
ISSN (online)	1945-7197
ISSN	0021-972X
DOI	10.1210/clinem/dgad223
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Article ; Online: Growth hormone treatment of renal growth failure during infancy and early childhood.

Franke, Doris / Zivicnjak, Miroslav / Ehrich, Jochen H H

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)

2009 Volume 24, Issue 6, Page(s) 1093–1096

Abstract: Despite major progress in dialysis, nutrition and drug treatment in the past 20 years, growth of infants and toddlers with chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains a major challenge in paediatric nephrology. Our hypothesis is that early growth deficit is one ...

Abstract	Despite major progress in dialysis, nutrition and drug treatment in the past 20 years, growth of infants and toddlers with chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains a major challenge in paediatric nephrology. Our hypothesis is that early growth deficit is one of the most important factors for impaired final height in children with CKD, and we conclude that early implementation of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy should be offered to infants with growth failure. Infants with delayed growth, adequate caloric intake and stable parameters of bone metabolism are candidates for rhGH therapy. One predictive factor for the selection of infants for rhGH treatment may be growth retardation at birth. Our conclusion from the limited published data is that the use of rhGH in young children with CKD is effective and safe. Compared with its use in older children, the early use of growth hormone requires lower absolute dosages of rhGH, which therefore reduce the annual treatment costs and allow earlier renal transplantation. Furthermore, an early start on rhGH improves the psychosocial situation later in childhood and may lead to a further improvement in adult height. A multi-centre randomised controlled study should be initiated to analyse the short-term and long-term effects of early rhGH therapy on infants with CKD.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Child, Preschool ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Growth Disorders/therapy ; Human Growth Hormone/economics ; Human Growth Hormone/genetics ; Human Growth Hormone/pharmacology ; Human Growth Hormone/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy ; Recombinant Proteins/adverse effects ; Recombinant Proteins/economics ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology ; Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
Chemical Substances	Recombinant Proteins ; Human Growth Hormone (12629-01-5)
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-04-15
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Comment ; Editorial
ZDB-ID	631932-4
ISSN	1432-198X ; 0931-041X
ISSN (online)	1432-198X
ISSN	0931-041X
DOI	10.1007/s00467-009-1190-1
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Article: Sex-specific age-related changes of information processing rate indicators during childhood and adolescence.

Zebec, Mislav S / Budimir, Sanja / Merkas, Marina / Szirovicza, Lajos / Zivicnjak, Miroslav

Collegium antropologicum

2014 Volume 38, Issue 2, Page(s) 397–408

Abstract: Despite the relevant findings on non-average information processing rate (IPR) indicators-intelligence relation, and on age-related changes of some of these indicators during aging, the research on sex-specific age-related changes of these indicators ... ...

Abstract	Despite the relevant findings on non-average information processing rate (IPR) indicators-intelligence relation, and on age-related changes of some of these indicators during aging, the research on sex-specific age-related changes of these indicators during childhood and adolescence are lacking. In a transversal study, 1197 school children (598 girls) aged 8-18 have been individually measured on 5 IPR indicators--two averages (mean_t, median_t) and three non-averages (min_t, max_t, sd_t). The results corroborated the expected non-linear changes of average IPR indicators in the observed developmental period, whereby the sex difference in related developmental patterns was detected: marked age-related decrement in girls ceased at the age of 12, and in boys around the age of 13-14, after which progress in both sexes gradually ceased by the age of 18 and was less pronounced in girls. Generally similar non-linear age-related decrements of non-average indicators were registered, but they showed mutual intensity differences at specific ages and sex difference in developmental patterns was detected, analogously to average indicators. Systematic sex differences in the whole observed period were obtained only in two non-average indicators: girls showed minor sd_t and boys showed minor min_t. In specific age groups, a number of sex differences were obtained that are explainable by two possible mechanisms: earlier maturation in girls and sex bias of the IPR task content. The justifiability of separate, average and non-average, IPR indicators application was corroborated by their distribution form differences, by mutual, predominantly low and medium correlations, by the different intensity of their developmental changes and by their different ability to detect sex differences. For all registered phenomena, the theoretical and/or empirical explanations were offered from the domain of sex specific intellectual, motor and neural development, and it has been shown that non-average IPR indicators do register age and sex differences, which average indicators do not manage to register.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Automatic Data Processing ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Sex Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-06
Publishing country	Croatia
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	233430-6
ISSN	0350-6134 ; 0353-3735
ISSN	0350-6134 ; 0353-3735
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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