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Article ; Online: Efficacy of infliximab in treatment of refractory panuveitis associated with Behçet disease

Živković Maja / Zlatanović Marko / Zlatanović Gordana / Jakšić Vesna / Hristov Aleksandra / Jovanović Svetlana

Srpski Arhiv za Celokupno Lekarstvo, Vol 145, Iss 11-12, Pp 635-

2017 Volume 638

Abstract: Introduction. Behcet disease (BD) is a chronic multi-system disorder with manifestations in the ocular, urological, articular, and vascular systems. Tumor necrosis factor alpha is believed to play a pivotal role in BD. Therapeutic blockade of its ... ...

Abstract	Introduction. Behcet disease (BD) is a chronic multi-system disorder with manifestations in the ocular, urological, articular, and vascular systems. Tumor necrosis factor alpha is believed to play a pivotal role in BD. Therapeutic blockade of its activity by infliximab is a novel therapeutic approach and has successfully led to remission of the disease. The aim is to report two cases of refractory BD-associated panuveitis (PU) treated with infliximab. The patients were followed for 12 months. The main therapy assessment parameters were the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in the better eye, slit lamp and fluorescein angiography (FAG) from baseline findings and from the final examination. Case outline. A male patient (45 years old, 25 years of BD history) and a female patient (45 years old, 15 years of BD history), both with posterior synechia, 3+ flare and complicated cataract, while the female also had hypopyon, were treated with infliximab administered at the dose of 5 mg/kg at weeks 0, 2, 6, and 14. The results for the male patient were as follows (baseline vs. the final examination): BCVA – 0.5 vs. 0.8; cellular reaction – 3+ vs. 1+; FAG – 1/2 vs. 0. The results for the female patient were as follows: BCVA – 0.1 vs. 0.3; FAG – 2/3 vs. 0. After 12 months, relapses or side-effects were not observed. Conclusion. Infliximab is an effective and promising drug in treating refractory BD-associated PU. It promptly reduces acute symptoms of PU, but it still remains to be seen if a long-term remission in a great number of patients will be achieved.
Keywords	Behçet disease ; TNF-α ; infliximab ; retinalvasculitis ; panuveitis ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Serbian Medical Society
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in different glaucoma stages measured by optical coherence tomography

Živković Maja / Jakšić Vesna / Jovanović Predrag / Zlatanović Marko / Zlatanović Gordana / Đorđević-Jocić Jasmina

Vojnosanitetski Pregled, Vol 74, Iss 2, Pp 121-

2017 Volume 126

Abstract: Background/Aim. One of the most reliable methods for structural measurements of glaucomatous damage is spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). The aim of this study was to measure peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness ... ...

Abstract	Background/Aim. One of the most reliable methods for structural measurements of glaucomatous damage is spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). The aim of this study was to measure peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness with SD-OCT in eyes with different stages of glaucoma, as well as to determine which sector in the peripapillary circle is the most vulnerable to glaucomatous damage. Methods. The study included 153 eyes of 93 patients with confirmed primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). All the patients underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, including visual field testing and peripapillary RNFL thickness measured by SD-OCT. They were divided into three subgroups: early, moderate and severe stage of glaucoma based on the mean deviation (MD) index of visual field. The results were presented as mean RNFL thickness: total, in the four quadrants and 12 clock-hour RNFL thickness. Results. The overall mean peripapillary RNFL was 74.95 ± 14.51 μm. The lower quadrant had the thickest RNFL (92.78 ± 25.84 μm), followed by upper (88.82 ± 22.04 μm), nasal (64.31 ± 11.67 μm) and temporal ones (54.02 ± 12.76 μm), showing a significant difference (χ2 = 273.36, DF = 3, p < 0.001). Comparison between RNFL thickness in early glaucoma and moderate and severe stages revealed that the most sensitive sectors were inferior and superior ones, as well as sectors at 5–7 clock hour position. The greatest decrease in RNFL thickness was observed in the 9 o'clock hour sector in all three glaucoma subgroups (46.99 ± 13.28 μm), while the RNFL was the thickest in the 6 o'clock hour sector (102.63 ± 34.12 μm). Conclusion. Peripapillary RNFL thickness is inversely proportional to the degree of glaucomatous damage: the greater the damage, the thinner peripapillary RNFL.
Keywords	glaucoma ; open-angle ; disease progression ; nerve fibers ; optic disk ; diagnosis ; tomography ; optical ; coherence ; sensitivity and specificity ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Military Health Department, Ministry of Defance, Serbia
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Clinical profile of presumed and definitive ocular sarcoidosis

Jovanović Svetlana / Zlatanović Gordana / Jovanović Zorica / Radotić Filip

Srpski Arhiv za Celokupno Lekarstvo, Vol 141, Iss 1-2, Pp 13-

2013 Volume 16

Abstract: Introduction. Sarcoidosis is an antigen-mediated disease of unknown cause defined by granulomatous inflammation of different organs. Objective. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical picture in 26 patients with a definitive and presumed ocular ...

Abstract	Introduction. Sarcoidosis is an antigen-mediated disease of unknown cause defined by granulomatous inflammation of different organs. Objective. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical picture in 26 patients with a definitive and presumed ocular sarcoidosis. Methods. The following tests were conducted: angiotensin-converting enzyme, tuberculin skin test, liver enzymes and calcium in urine and serum. Enlarged hilar lymph glands were diagnosed using X-ray tomography or computed tomography of the mediastinum. A biopsy of lymph glands was performed either transbronchially or transmediastinally. Ophthalmic examination included biomicroscopic examination, intraocular pressure measurement, photofundus, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography and computerized perimetry. Results. The average follow-up period of the disease was 6.1 years. The average age was 52.0 years. There were 62.5% female patients, with bilateral incidence of 69.2%. The clinical picture included: panuveitis (in 30.8% of patients), anterior uveitis (26.9%), posterior uveitis (26.9%), intermediate uveitis (7.7%) and vitritis in (7.7%). The following complications were observed: cataract (in 34.6% of patients), cystoid macular edema (23.1%), glaucoma (15.4%), macroaneurysms (15.4%), neovascularization (7.7%) and band keratopathy (3.8%). There was a statistically significant difference in the visual acuity (p=0.033) and severity of clinical symptoms (p=0.02) between the groups of patients with retinal vasculitis associated with “candle-wax” phenomenon and the group of patients with multiple chorioretinal lesions - “white dot” syndrome. Conclusion. To our consideration, the differences observed between the two groups are the result of retinal vasculitis and subsequent macular edema, which is significantly more frequent in the group with “candle-wax” phenomenon.
Keywords	sarcoidosis ; vasculitis ; candle-wax ; white dot ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Serbian Medical Society
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Efficacy of TNF-α antagonist and other immunomodulators in the treatment of patients with ophthalmologic manifestations of Behcet's disease and HLA B51 positive vasculitis

Zlatanović Gordana / Jovanović Svetlana / Veselinović Dragan / Živković Maja

Vojnosanitetski Pregled, Vol 69, Iss 2, Pp 168-

2012 Volume 174

Abstract: Bacground/Aim. Behcet's disease is genetically conditioned, immune-mediated multisystem occlusive vasculitis of small blood vessels, espesially venules, of unknown etiology. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical features, disease activity and ...

Abstract	Bacground/Aim. Behcet's disease is genetically conditioned, immune-mediated multisystem occlusive vasculitis of small blood vessels, espesially venules, of unknown etiology. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical features, disease activity and therapy of the patients with ophthalmologic manifestation of Behcet's disease. Methods. In this study symptoms and signs of the disease were analyzed both prospectively and retrospectively during the active manifestation of the disease. The diagnosis was reached according to the International Criteria for Behcet's Disease (2006). The treatment effects were evaluated based on the presence of the best corrected visual acuity and the inflammation of the vitreous humour before and after the application of our therapeutic method. The applied therapeutic modality consisted of the primary application of corticosteroid therapy in the active stage of the disease complemented with the choice of drugs from the immunosuppressive group. In this study there drugs were cyclosporine or methotrexate. A treatment refractory patients with poor vision prognosis were treated with a third drug, the biological preparation infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) antagonist. Results. The mean age of 11 patients with ophthalmologic manifestation of Behcet's disease was 50.6 years. HLA B-5(51) was positive in 81% of the patients while 36% of the patients had positive pathergy test. Changes in affected eyes included vitritis (100%), posterior uveitis (45%), panuveitis (54%), retinal vasculitis (54%), cystoid macular edema (54%), and cystoid degeneration (18%). Increased intraocular pressure was observed in 27% of the patients. There was no statistically significant variation in disease activity parameters in any of the patients (p > 0.05). A statistically significant improvement in visual acuity (p < 0.05) and a high statistically significant decrease of inflammation of the worst affected eyes (p = 0.001) were detected. Conclusion. Our therapeutic method is useful for producing the optimal therapeutic plan for the acute - chronic stage of the difficult ophtamological manifestation of Behcet's desease as well as the prevention of relapse. However the high cost of the therapy and the potential complications should be taken into consideration when prescribing this therapy, especially a TNF-α antagonist.
Keywords	Behcet syndrome ; retinal diseases ; uveitis ; diagnosis ; cyclosporine ; methotrexate ; treatment outcome ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Military Health Department, Ministry of Defance, Serbia
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Vitreoretinal interface changes after uncomplicated phacoemulsification

Zlatanović Marko / Živković Maja / Jakšić Vesna / Novak Saša / Hristov Aleksandra / Zlatanović Gordana / Sefić-Kasumović Sanja / Radosavljević Aleksandra / Jovanović Svetlana

Srpski Arhiv za Celokupno Lekarstvo, Vol 146, Iss 11-12, Pp 653-

2018 Volume 656

Abstract: Introduction/Objective. The aim of this work was to examine the incidence of posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) after uncomplicated phacoemulsification, as well as the importance of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in detecting early changes on ... ...

Abstract	Introduction/Objective. The aim of this work was to examine the incidence of posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) after uncomplicated phacoemulsification, as well as the importance of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in detecting early changes on vitreoretinal interface. Methods. PVD was evaluated in 120 eyes of 120 patients aged between 50 and 70 years by the combination of OCT and ultrasonography immediately prior and one, six, and 12 month after the phacoemulsification cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation. Results. The mean age was 57 Ѓ} 8.8 years in female and 58.6 Ѓ} 8.8 years in male subjects. The progress statuses were compared after cataract surgery at three time-points: after one, six, and 12 months. Significant progression of PVD in time was confirmed (χ2 = 78.32, p < 0.001). The Wilcoxon test determined that after six months (p < 0.001) and 12 months (p < 0.001) the disease progression was statistically significant in comparison to measurements after one month. In addition, after 12 months, in relation to progression status established after six months, there was significant progression of the disease (p < 0.001). Conclusion. Vitreous body detachment after phacoemulsification surgery is common, and OCT plays a very important role in detecting initial changes on the vitreoretinal interface.
Keywords	posterior vitreus detachment ; phacoemulsification ; optical coherence tomography ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	796
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Serbian Medical Society
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Diagnostics of dry eye

Stanković-Babić Gordana / Gligorijević Jasmina / Zlatanović Gordana

Medicinski Pregled, Vol 64, Iss 1-2, Pp 68-

2011 Volume 72

Abstract: Introduction. Dry eye is a multi-factorial disease of tears and ocular surface resulting in symptoms of discomforts, vision disabilities, unstable tear film and possible damage to the ocular surface. The final diagnosis of dry eye results from collecting ...

Abstract	Introduction. Dry eye is a multi-factorial disease of tears and ocular surface resulting in symptoms of discomforts, vision disabilities, unstable tear film and possible damage to the ocular surface. The final diagnosis of dry eye results from collecting various data obtained in the course of several diagnostic procedures. Dry eye - diagnostic methods. Diagnosis of dry eye involves performing a series of clinical methods and laboratory tests. This paper presents some of the procedures used in the diagnosis of dry eye. Biomicroscopy of the eye with objective tests to check the tear film (Schirmer I, rose bengal, time break up precorneal tear film), verification of corneal sensitivity and impression cytology of the conjunctiva, are the optimum dry eye diagnostic routine procedures. Conclusion. The combination of clinical and histopathological methods of examination of the anterior ocular surface is the basis for a quality and precise diagnosis of dry eye.
Keywords	Dry Eye Syndromes ; Diagnosis ; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases ; Corneal Diseases ; Tears ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920 ; Medicine ; R ; DOAJ:Medicine (General) ; DOAJ:Health Sciences
Subject code	610
Language	Serbian
Publishing date	2011-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Serbian Medical Society, Society of Physicians of Vojvodina, Novi Sad
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Abnormalities in the thickness of the retinal ganglion cell/inner plexiform layer in age-related macular degeneration

Živković Maja / Jakšić Vesna / Zlatanović Marko / Sefić-Kasumović Sanja / Radosavljević Aleksandra / Zlatanović Nevena / Zlatanović Gordana / Đorđević-Jocić Jasmina / Jovanović Predrag / Radenković Marija / Jovanović Svetlana

Srpski Arhiv za Celokupno Lekarstvo, Vol 148, Iss 11-12, Pp 727-

2020 Volume 731

Abstract: Introduction/Objective. The study aims to analyze the thickness of both the ganglion cell layer and the inner plexiform layer (GCL + IPL) among patients suffering from dry and wet form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods. One hundred ... ...

Abstract	Introduction/Objective. The study aims to analyze the thickness of both the ganglion cell layer and the inner plexiform layer (GCL + IPL) among patients suffering from dry and wet form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods. One hundred ninety-five patients with AMD participated in the study, along with 94 healthy individuals (mean age 75.2 ± 7.8 years; range 55–86). They were divided into three groups: the first group, or group I, included 100 patients suffering from wet AMD; the second group, or group II, included 95 patients afflicted with dry AMD; the final 94 patients made up the control group, group III, of healthy individuals without systemic or ocular diseases. Measurements such as the average macular thickness, the average and minimum GCL + IPL thickness, and the GCL + IPL thickness in all six sectors were obtained by Cirrus spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA, USA). SPSS version 20.0 was used to analyze the data, while the level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results. In the case of patients with wet AMD, the average value for GCL + IPL thickness was 43.13 μm, for patients with dry AMD the value was 66.73 μm, and the average thickness measured for the control group was 86.23 μm. There was a statistically significant difference between the average GCL + IPL and minimum GCL + IPL thicknesses between the groups (p < 0.001). Lower values were noted for patients with wet AMD (p < 0.001) than those with dry AMD. In the latter, the average GCL + IPL and the minimum GCL + IPL thicknesses were lower than those of the healthy participants, at a level of statistical significance (p < 0.001). Conclusion. Participants with AMD exhibited thinner GCL + IPL than the healthy participants, as did the participants with wet AMD when compared to the participants with dry AMD.
Keywords	dry amd ; wet amd ; ganglion cell layer ; ganglion cell complex ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	616
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Serbian Medical Society
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article: [Clinical profile of presumed and definitive ocular sarcoidosis].

Jovanović, Svetlana / Zlatanović, Gordana / Jovanović, Zorica / Radotić, Filip

Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo

2013 Volume 141, Issue 1-2, Page(s) 13–16

Abstract: Introduction: Sarcoidosis is an antigen-mediated disease of unknown cause defined by granulomatous inflammation of different organs.: Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical picture in 26 patients with a definitive and presumed ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Sarcoidosis is an antigen-mediated disease of unknown cause defined by granulomatous inflammation of different organs. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical picture in 26 patients with a definitive and presumed ocular sarcoidosis. Methods: The following tests were conducted: angiotensin-converting enzyme, tuberculin skin test, liver enzymes and calcium in urine and serum. Enlarged hilar lymph glands were diagnosed using X-ray tomography or computed tomography of the mediastinum. A biopsy of lymph glands was performed either transbronchially or transmediastinally. Ophthalmic examination included biomicroscopic examination, intraocular pressure measurement, photofundus, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography and computerized perimetry. Results: The average follow-up period of the disease was 6.1 years. The average age was 52.0 years. There were 62.5% female patients, with bilateral incidence of 69.2%. The clinical picture included: panuveitis (in 30.8% of patients), anterior uveitis (26.9%), posterior uveitis (26.9%), intermediate uveitis (7.7%) and vitritis in (7.7%). The following complications were observed: cataract (in 34.6% of patients), cystoid macular edema (23.1%), glaucoma (15.4%), macroaneurysms (15.4%), neovascularization (7.7%) and band keratopathy (3.8%). There was a statistically significant difference in the visual acuity (p = 0.033) and severity of clinical symptoms (p = 0.02) between the groups of patients with retinal vasculitis associated with"candle-wax" phenomenon and the group of patients with multiple chorioretinal lesions--"white dot" syndrome. Conclusion: To our consideration, the differences observed between the two groups are the result of retinal vasculitis and subsequent macular edema, which is significantly more frequent in the group with"candle-wax" phenomenon.
MeSH term(s)	Eye Diseases/diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Sarcoidosis/diagnosis
Language	Serbian
Publishing date	2013-02-05
Publishing country	Serbia
Document type	English Abstract ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	128567-1
ISSN	0370-8179 ; 0354-2793 ; 0049-0210
ISSN	0370-8179 ; 0354-2793 ; 0049-0210
DOI	10.2298/sarh1302013j
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Article: [Efficacy of TNF-alpha antagonist and other immunomodulators in the treatment of patients with ophthalmologic manifestations of Behcet's disease and HLA B51 positive vasculitis].

Zlatanović, Gordana / Jovanović, Svetlana / Veselinović, Dragan / Zivković, Maja

Vojnosanitetski pregled

2012 Volume 69, Issue 2, Page(s) 168–174

Abstract: Background/aim: Behcet's disease is genetically conditioned, immune-mediated multisystem occlusive vasculitis of small blood vessels, espesially venules, of unknown etiology. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical features, disease activity ... ...

Abstract	Background/aim: Behcet's disease is genetically conditioned, immune-mediated multisystem occlusive vasculitis of small blood vessels, espesially venules, of unknown etiology. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical features, disease activity and therapy of the patients with ophthalmologic manifestation of Behcet's disease. Methods: In this study symptoms and signs of the disease were analyzed both prospectively and retrospectively during the active manifestation of the disease. The diagnosis was reached according to the International Criteria for Behcet's Disease (2006). The treatment effects were evaluated based on the presence of the best corrected visual acuity and the inflammation of the vitreous humour before and after the application of our therapeutic method. The applied therapeutic modality consisted of the primary application of corticosteroid therapy in the active stage of the disease complemented with the choice of drugs from the immunosuppressive group. In this study there drugs were cyclosporine or methotrexate. A treatment refractory patients with poor vision prognosis were treated with a third drug, the biological preparation infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) antagonist. Results: The mean age of 11 patients with ophthalmologic manifestation of Behcet's disease was 50.6 years. HLA B-5 (51) was positive in 81% of the patients while 36% of the patients had positive pathergy test. Changes in affected eyes included vitritis (100%), posterior uveitis (45%), panuveitis (54%), retinal vasculitis (54%), cystoid macular edema (54%), and cystoid degeneration (18%). Increased intraocular pressure was observed in 27% of the patients. There was no statistically significant variation in disease activity parameters in any of the patients (p > 0.05). A statistically significant improvement in visual acuity (p < 0.05) and a high statistically significant decrease of inflammation of the worst affected eyes (p = 0.001) were detected. Conclusion: Our therapeutic method is useful for producing the optimal therapeutic plan for the acute--chronic stage of the difficult ophtamological manifestation of Behcet's desease as well as the prevention of relapse. However the high cost of the therapy and the potential complications should be taken into consideration when prescribing this therapy, especially a TNF-alpha antagonist.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use ; Behcet Syndrome/complications ; Behcet Syndrome/drug therapy ; Eye Diseases/complications ; Eye Diseases/drug therapy ; Female ; Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use ; HLA-B51 Antigen/analysis ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use ; Infliximab ; Macular Edema/complications ; Macular Edema/drug therapy ; Macular Edema/immunology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retinal Vasculitis/complications ; Retinal Vasculitis/drug therapy ; Retinal Vasculitis/immunology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors ; Uveitis/complications ; Uveitis/drug therapy ; Uveitis/immunology ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Glucocorticoids ; HLA-B51 Antigen ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Infliximab (B72HH48FLU)
Language	Serbian
Publishing date	2012-04-11
Publishing country	Serbia
Document type	English Abstract ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	123795-0
ISSN	0042-8450
ISSN	0042-8450
DOI	10.2298/vsp1202168z
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Article ; Online: Retinal hemorrhages as one of complications of optic disc drusen during pregnancy

Trenkić-Božinović Marija / Jovanović Predrag / Zlatanović Gordana / Veselinović Dragan / Aracki-Trenkić Aleksandra / Trenkić Milan

Medicinski Pregled, Vol 67, Iss 5-6, Pp 185-

2014 Volume 189

Abstract: Introduction. Drusen of the optic nerve head are relatively benign and asymptomatic. They represent retinal hyaline corpuscles resulting from impaired axoplasmic transport of the retinal ganglion cells of optic nerve in front of the lamina cribrosa. They ...

Abstract	Introduction. Drusen of the optic nerve head are relatively benign and asymptomatic. They represent retinal hyaline corpuscles resulting from impaired axoplasmic transport of the retinal ganglion cells of optic nerve in front of the lamina cribrosa. They are usually detected accidentally, during a routine ophthalmologic examination. Most patients with optic disc drusen are not aware of the deterioration of their eyesight because of the slow progression of visual field defects. Damage in visual acuity due to optic disc drusen is rare. Case Report. A 27-year-old female patient in the sixth month of pregnancy visited an ophthalmologist because of a visual impairment described as the appearance of mist and shadows over her right eye. When first examined, her visual acuity in both eyes was 20/20. The retinal hemorrhages framing the bottom half of the optic nerve were seen. Complete laboratory and clinical testing as well as specific ophthalmic examinations (photofundus, computerized visual field, optical coherence tomography, and ultrasound) were performed to exclude systemic causes and they presented no risk for the pregnancy. Echosonographic examination confirmed the presence of bilateral optic nerve head drusen. Conclusion. Hemodynamic changes during pregnancy are possible factors for the development of optical disc and retinal hemorrhages. Since treatment of optic disc drusen is limited, recognition of optic nerve drusen as a cause of hemorrhage during pregnancy prevents unnecessary diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Keywords	Retinal Hemorrhage ; Pregnancy ; Optic Disk Drusen ; Female ; Adult ; Early Diagnosis ; Pregnancy Complications ; Hematologic ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920 ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	610
Language	Serbian
Publishing date	2014-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Društvo lekara Vojvodine Srpskog lekarskog društva
Document type	Article ; Online
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