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Article ; Online: Is Neurodevelopmental Assessment in Early Childhood Predictive of Performance Assessed Later in Childhood and Adolescence in Sub-Saharan Africa? A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Zoumenou, Roméo / Bodeau-Livinec, Florence / Chausseboeuf, Léa / Boivin, Michael J / Wendland, Jaqueline

Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists

2023 Volume 39, Issue 1, Page(s) 98–116

Abstract: Background: Most neurodevelopmental tests used to assess child development in sub-Saharan Africa were developed in western or high-income countries, raising the question of their usefulness with African children.: Objective: This systematic review ... ...

Abstract	Background: Most neurodevelopmental tests used to assess child development in sub-Saharan Africa were developed in western or high-income countries, raising the question of their usefulness with African children. Objective: This systematic review identified and synthesized key findings from studies measuring development in children in Sub-Saharan Africa in early childhood and again at school age, to assess neurocognitive associations longitudinally from infancy through middle childhood. Methods: The study was based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses method, selecting articles referenced in the PubMed, PsycInfo, and Embase databases using the following inclusion criteria: published between 2000 and 2022, written in French or English, and presenting results dealing with the objective assessment of child's neurodevelopment. All articles were registered in the Zotero reference manager and analyzed by title, abstract, and full text. Results: Several of the seven selected studies confirmed that attention and working memory in infancy can predict children's neurocognitive performance, including mathematical ability, at school age. In two of the studies, children with poor mental development at 1 year of age are more likely to present with poorer behavioral development at school age, including learning difficulties in school and risk for grade repetition. Conclusion: Cognitive ability assessed in early childhood is strongly associated with performance at school age in cohorts of African children followed longitudinally. Even with assessments adapted cross-culturally, infants and preschoolers at risk for poor developmental outcomes can be identified to better receive strategic early interventions to enhance their development.
MeSH term(s)	Infant ; Child ; Humans ; Child, Preschool ; Adolescent ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Schools ; Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology ; Cognition ; Child Development
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Systematic Review ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	632972-x
ISSN	1873-5843 ; 0887-6177
ISSN (online)	1873-5843
ISSN	0887-6177
DOI	10.1093/arclin/acad051
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Zs.B 2993: Show issues

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Article ; Online: The Effects of Malaria in Pregnancy on Neurocognitive Development in Children at 1 and 6 Years of Age in Benin: A Prospective Mother-Child Cohort.

Garrison, Amanda / Boivin, Michael J / Fiévet, Nadine / Zoumenou, Roméo / Alao, Jules M / Massougbodji, Achille / Cot, Michel / Bodeau-Livinec, Florence

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

2021 Volume 74, Issue 5, Page(s) 766–775

Abstract: Background: Malaria in pregnancy (MiP) contributes significantly to infant mortality rates in sub-Saharan Africa and has consequences on survivors, such as preterm birth and low birth weight. However, its impact on long-term neurocognitive development ... ...

Abstract	Background: Malaria in pregnancy (MiP) contributes significantly to infant mortality rates in sub-Saharan Africa and has consequences on survivors, such as preterm birth and low birth weight. However, its impact on long-term neurocognitive development in children remains unknown. Methods: Our prospective cohort included pregnant women and their live-born singletons from the Malaria in Pregnancy Preventive Alternative Drugs clinical trial. MiP was assessed using microscopy and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Neurocognitive development in children was assessed using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning and the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, 2nd edition (KABC-II), at 1 and 6 years of age, respectively. Results: Of 493 pregnant women, 196 (40%) were infected with malaria at least once: 121 (31%) with placental malaria diagnosed by qPCR. Multiple linear regression B-coefficients showed that impaired gross motor scores were associated with MiP at least once (-2.55; confidence interval [95% CI]: -5.15, 0.05), placental malaria by qPCR (-4.95; 95% CI: -7.65, -2.24), and high parasite density at delivery (-1.92; 95% CI: -3.86, 0.02) after adjustment. Malaria and high parasite density at the second antenatal care visit were associated with lower KABC-II Non-Verbal Index scores at 6 years (-2.57 [95% CI: -4.86, -0.28] and -1.91 [-3.51, -0.32]), respectively. Conclusions: This prospective cohort study provides evidence that MiP, particularly late term, could have important negative consequences on child development at 1 and 6 years of age. Mechanisms behind this association must be further investigated and diagnostic methods in low-income countries should be strengthened to provide adequate treatment. Clinical trials registration: NCT00811421.
MeSH term(s)	Benin/epidemiology ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Malaria/complications ; Malaria/epidemiology ; Malaria/prevention & control ; Mother-Child Relations ; Placenta ; Pregnancy ; Premature Birth ; Prospective Studies
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Clinical Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1099781-7
ISSN	1537-6591 ; 1058-4838
ISSN (online)	1537-6591
ISSN	1058-4838
DOI	10.1093/cid/ciab569
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Zs.A 1505: Show issues			Location: Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand) bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG) ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
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Article ; Online: [Formula: see text]Neurodevelopmental assessment at one year of age predicts neuropsychological performance at six years in a cohort of West African Children.

Boivin, Michael J / Zoumenou, Roméo / Sikorskii, Alla / Fievet, Nadine / Alao, Jules / Davidson, Leslie / Cot, Michel / Massougbodji, Achille / Bodeau-Livinec, Florence

Child neuropsychology : a journal on normal and abnormal development in childhood and adolescence

2021 Volume 27, Issue 4, Page(s) 548–571

Abstract: Rural children from Benin, west Africa were evaluated with the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) at one year of age and then at six years with the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC-II), the visual computerized Tests of Variables of ... ...

Abstract	Rural children from Benin, west Africa were evaluated with the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) at one year of age and then at six years with the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC-II), the visual computerized Tests of Variables of Attention (TOVA), and the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test (BOT-2) of motor proficiency (N = 568). Although both the MSEL and KABC-II were available to the assessors in French, instructions to the mother/child were in local language of Fon. Mothers were evaluated with the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS), Caldwell HOME Scale, educational level and literacy, and a Socio-Economic Scale - also in their local language (Fon). After adjusting for maternal factors, MSEL cognitive composite was correlated with KABC-II with moderate effect sizes, but not with TOVA scores. Overall eta-squared effect for the multivariate models were moderately to strongly correlated (.07 to .37). Neurodevelopmental assessments in early childhood adapted cross-culturally are predictive of school-age neuropsychological cognitive ability.
MeSH term(s)	Africa, Western ; Child ; Child Development ; Cognition/physiology ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Neuropsychological Tests
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1262599-1
ISSN	1744-4136 ; 0929-7049
ISSN (online)	1744-4136
ISSN	0929-7049
DOI	10.1080/09297049.2021.1876012
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Zs.A 5753: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Lead Exposure in Infancy and Subsequent Growth in Beninese Children.

Ahmadi, Shukrullah / Botton, Jérémie / Zoumenou, Roméo / Ayotte, Pierre / Fievet, Nadine / Massougbodji, Achille / Alao, Maroufou Jules / Cot, Michel / Glorennec, Philippe / Bodeau-Livinec, Florence

Toxics

2022 Volume 10, Issue 10

Abstract: Studies suggest that elevated postnatal blood lead levels (BLLs) are negatively associated with child growth. This study aimed to investigate the associations of childhood BLLs at age one year and growth outcomes at age six years (n = 661) in a cohort of ...

Abstract	Studies suggest that elevated postnatal blood lead levels (BLLs) are negatively associated with child growth. This study aimed to investigate the associations of childhood BLLs at age one year and growth outcomes at age six years (n = 661) in a cohort of children in Allada, Benin. The growth outcomes studied are weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ), height-for-age Z-score (HAZ), BMI-for-age Z-score (BMIZ), weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ), head circumference (HC), growth velocities, underweight, stunting, and wasting. Multivariable regression models examined the associations between BLLs and growth outcomes, with adjustment for potential confounders. The geometric mean BLLs was 59.3 μg/L and 82% of children had BLLs >35 μg/L at the age of 12.8 months. After adjusting for confounding factors, no overall association was found between BLL quartiles and HAZ, WAZ, BMIZ, WHZ, growth velocities, wasting, and underweight. However, boys in the highest quartile had a 1.02 cm lower HC (95% CI: [−1.81, −0.24]) as compared to the lowest quartile. Furthermore, an increased odds of being stunted was observed in children in the highest quartile of exposure compared to the first (OR: 2.43; 95% CI: [1.11−5.33]) which remained statistically significant only among girls in sex-specific strata. Blood lead was found to be associated with an increased risk of childhood stunting and a lower head circumference in a resource-limited setting.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-08
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2733883-6
ISSN	2305-6304 ; 2305-6304
ISSN (online)	2305-6304
ISSN	2305-6304
DOI	10.3390/toxics10100595
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Article ; Online: Neurocognitive testing in West African children 3-6 years of age: Challenges and implications for data analyses.

Bodeau-Livinec, Florence / Davidson, Leslie L / Zoumenou, Roméo / Massougbodji, Achille / Cot, Michel / Boivin, Michael J

Brain research bulletin

2018 Volume 145, Page(s) 129–135

Abstract: Objective: When testing African children with developmental and cognitive standardized tests from high-income countries (HIC), investigators are uncertain as to whether to apply the HIC norms for these tests when standardizing a child's raw-score ... ...

Abstract	Objective: When testing African children with developmental and cognitive standardized tests from high-income countries (HIC), investigators are uncertain as to whether to apply the HIC norms for these tests when standardizing a child's raw-score performance on the basis of age. The present study compared the construct validity of both raw and HIC-based standardized scores for the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) and the Kaufman Assessment Battery in Children - 2nd edition (KABC-II) for Beninese children in a rural setting from three to six years of age. Methods: Seventy-four children 3-4 yrs of age were assessed with the MSEL, and 61 eligible older children (5-6 yrs of age) were assessed with the KABC-II. Assessors spoke the instructions to the children and caregivers for the assessment items in the local language. The developmental quality of the home environment was evaluated with the Caldwell Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) inventory, and a material possessions and housing quality checklist was used as a measure of socio-economic status (SES). Children's mothers were given the Raven's Progressive Matrices test (nonverbal cognitive ability), and the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) (emotional wellbeing). Results: For the MSEL, the 4-yr old group performed significantly better than the 3-yr old group on both the raw and standardized score comparisons for all scales. These differences were attenuated when using standardized scores, although the MSEL standardized cognitive composite score was still highly significant between years of age. When comparing 5- to 6-yr olds on KABC-II subtest and global scale performance, comparisons between the raw and standardized mean score performances were much less consistent. Generally, 6-yr olds performed significantly better than 5-yr olds on the raw score comparisons on the KABC-II subtests, but not so for standardized scores. Parent-child interactions assessed through the HOME measure was associated with both raw and standardized MSEL cognitive composite score outcomes on a multiple regression analysis. SES was the only significant predictor for KABC-II raw and standardized outcomes. Conclusion: Standardization using HIC norms was not optimal, resulting in minimal impact to account for age when using the MSEL, and lower scores for oldest children compared with youngest children when using the KABC2. This is likely due to children in Benin drifting away from HIC-based norms with each passing year of age, systematically lowering standardized performance measures. These findings support the importance of having a local comparison group of reference or control children to allow for adjusted (for age, HOME, and SES) raw score comparisons when using western-based tests for developmental and neuropsychological evaluation.
MeSH term(s)	Africa, Western ; Child ; Child Development ; Child, Preschool ; Data Analysis ; Female ; Humans ; Learning ; Male ; Mental Status and Dementia Tests/standards ; Neuropsychological Tests/standards ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/standards
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-04-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	197620-5
ISSN	1873-2747 ; 0361-9230
ISSN (online)	1873-2747
ISSN	0361-9230
DOI	10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.04.001
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Zs.A 1243: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Consequences of prenatal geophagy for maternal prenatal health, risk of childhood geophagy and child psychomotor development.

Mireku, Michael O / Davidson, Leslie L / Zoumenou, Romeo / Massougbodji, Achille / Cot, Michel / Bodeau-Livinec, Florence

Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH

2018 Volume 23, Issue 8, Page(s) 841–849

Abstract: Objective: To investigate the relationship between prenatal geophagy, maternal prenatal haematological indices, malaria, helminth infections and cognitive and motor development among offspring.: Methods: At least a year after delivery, 552 of 863 HIV- ...

Abstract	Objective: To investigate the relationship between prenatal geophagy, maternal prenatal haematological indices, malaria, helminth infections and cognitive and motor development among offspring. Methods: At least a year after delivery, 552 of 863 HIV-negative mothers with singleton births who completed a clinical trial comparing the efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and mefloquine during pregnancy in Allada, Benin, responded to a nutrition questionnaire including their geophagous habits during pregnancy. During the clinical trial, helminth infection, malaria, haemoglobin and ferritin concentrations were assessed at 1st and 2nd antenatal care visits (ANV) and at delivery. After the first ANV, women were administered daily iron and folic acid supplements until three what? post-delivery. Singleton children were assessed for cognitive function at age 1 year using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning. Results: The prevalence of geophagy during pregnancy was 31.9%. Pregnant women reporting geophagy were more likely to be anaemic (AOR = 1.9, 95% CI [1.1, 3.4]) at their first ANV if they reported geophagy at the first trimester. Overall, prenatal geophagy was not associated with maternal haematological indices, malaria or helminth infections, but geophagy during the third trimester and throughout pregnancy was associated with poor motor function (AOR = -3.8, 95% CI [-6.9, -0.6]) and increased odds of geophagous behaviour in early childhood, respectively. Conclusions: Prenatal geophagy is not associated with haematological indices in the presence of micronutrient supplementation. However, it may be associated with poor child motor function and infant geophagy. Geophagy should be screened early in pregnancy.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/prevention & control ; Child Development ; Child, Preschool ; Dietary Supplements ; Female ; Folic Acid/administration & dosage ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Maternal Exposure/prevention & control ; Maternal Health ; Pica/prevention & control ; Pica/therapy ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications/prevention & control ; Soil/parasitology ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Soil ; Folic Acid (935E97BOY8)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-06-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1314080-2
ISSN	1365-3156 ; 1360-2276
ISSN (online)	1365-3156
ISSN	1360-2276
DOI	10.1111/tmi.13088
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Zs.A 4415: Show issues

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Article ; Online: The Impact of Maternal Depression and Parent-Child Interactions on Risk of Parasitic Infections in Early Childhood: A Prospective Cohort in Benin.

Garrison, Amanda / Maselko, Joanna / Saurel-Cubizolles, Marie-Josèphe / Courtin, David / Zoumenou, Roméo / Boivin, Michael J / Massougbodji, Achille / Garcia, André / Alao, Maroufou Jules / Cot, Michel / Maman, Suzanne / Bodeau-Livinec, Florence

Maternal and child health journal

2021 Volume 26, Issue 5, Page(s) 1049–1058

Abstract: Objectives: Maternal depression occurs in 13-20% of women from low-income countries, which is associated with negative child health outcomes, including diarrheal disease. However, few studies have investigated its impact on child risk of infectious ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: Maternal depression occurs in 13-20% of women from low-income countries, which is associated with negative child health outcomes, including diarrheal disease. However, few studies have investigated its impact on child risk of infectious disease. We studied the impacts of maternal depressive symptoms and parent-child interactions, independently, on the risk of Plasmodium falciparum malaria and soil-transmitted helminth infection in Beninese children. Methods: Our population included mothers and children enrolled in a clinical trial during pregnancy (MiPPAD) in Benin. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) assessed maternal depressive symptoms and the home observation measurement of the environment (HOME) assessed parent-child interactions. Blood and stool sample analyses diagnosed child malaria and helminth infection at 12, 18, and 24 months. Negative binomial and Poisson regression models with robust variance tested associations. Results: Of the 302 mother-child pairs, 39 (12.9%) mothers had depressive symptoms. Median number of malaria episodes per child was 3 (0-14) and 29.1% children had at least one helminth infection. Higher EPDS scores were associated with lower HOME scores; relative risk (RR) 0.97 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.95, 0.99), particularly with lower acceptance, involvement, and variety subscales; RR 0.92 (95% CI 0.85, 0.99), RR 0.82 (95% CI 0.77, 0.88), RR 0.93 (95% CI 0.88, 0.99), respectively. However, neither exposure was associated with risk of parasitic infection in children. Conclusions for practice: Maternal depressive symptoms are associated with poor parent-child interactions, particularly acceptance of behavior, involvement with children, and variety of interactions, but these exposures do not independently impact risk of parasitic infection in children.
MeSH term(s)	Benin/epidemiology ; Child, Preschool ; Depression/epidemiology ; Depression, Postpartum/epidemiology ; Female ; Helminthiasis/complications ; Helminthiasis/epidemiology ; Humans ; Malaria ; Mothers ; Parent-Child Relations ; Pregnancy ; Prospective Studies
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Clinical Trial ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1339905-6
ISSN	1573-6628 ; 1092-7875
ISSN (online)	1573-6628
ISSN	1092-7875
DOI	10.1007/s10995-021-03317-x
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Article ; Online: Hunting, Sale, and Consumption of Bushmeat Killed by Lead-Based Ammunition in Benin.

Ahmadi, Shukrullah / Maman, Suzanne / Zoumenou, Roméo / Massougbodji, Achille / Cot, Michel / Glorennec, Philippe / Bodeau-Livinec, Florence

International journal of environmental research and public health

2018 Volume 15, Issue 6

Abstract: Human consumption of animal meat killed by lead ammunition has been reported as a risk factor for elevated blood lead levels. However, little is known about how meat killed by lead ammunition is hunted, prepared, sold, and consumed. We explored the ... ...

Abstract	Human consumption of animal meat killed by lead ammunition has been reported as a risk factor for elevated blood lead levels. However, little is known about how meat killed by lead ammunition is hunted, prepared, sold, and consumed. We explored the process from hunting to consumption within communities in Benin from the perspective of preventive measures. We conducted 38 semi-structured interviews with hunters (
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Benin ; Child ; Commerce ; Cooking ; Female ; Food Contamination ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Lead/analysis ; Lead Poisoning ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Qualitative Research ; Red Meat ; Risk Assessment
Chemical Substances	Lead (2P299V784P)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-06-01
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1660-4601
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
DOI	10.3390/ijerph15061140
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Article ; Online: Comparison of growth models to describe growth from birth to 6 years in a Beninese cohort of children with repeated measurements.

Ahmadi, Shukrullah / Bodeau-Livinec, Florence / Zoumenou, Roméo / Garcia, André / Courtin, David / Alao, Jules / Fievet, Nadine / Cot, Michel / Massougbodji, Achille / Botton, Jérémie

BMJ open

2020 Volume 10, Issue 9, Page(s) e035785

Abstract: Objective: To select a growth model that best describes individual growth trajectories of children and to present some growth characteristics of this population.: Settings: Participants were selected from a prospective cohort conducted in three ... ...

Abstract	Objective: To select a growth model that best describes individual growth trajectories of children and to present some growth characteristics of this population. Settings: Participants were selected from a prospective cohort conducted in three health centres (Allada, Sekou and Attogon) in a semirural region of Benin, sub-Saharan Africa. Participants: Children aged 0 to 6 years were recruited in a cohort study with at least two valid height and weight measurements included (n=961). Primary and secondary outcome measures: This study compared the goodness-of-fit of three structural growth models (Jenss-Bayley, Reed and a newly adapted version of the Gompertz growth model) on longitudinal weight and height growth data of boys and girls. The goodness-of-fit of the models was assessed using residual distribution over age and compared with the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). The best-fitting model allowed estimating mean weight and height growth trajectories, individual growth and growth velocities. Underweight, stunting and wasting were also estimated at age 6 years. Results: The three models were able to fit well both weight and height data. The Jenss-Bayley model presented the best fit for weight and height, both in boys and girls. Mean height growth trajectories were identical in shape and direction for boys and girls while the mean weight growth curve of girls fell slightly below the curve of boys after neonatal life. Finally, 35%, 27.7% and 8% of boys; and 34%, 38.4% and 4% of girls were estimated to be underweight, wasted and stunted at age 6 years, respectively. Conclusion: The growth parameters of the best-fitting Jenss-Bayley model can be used to describe growth trajectories and study their determinants.
MeSH term(s)	Bayes Theorem ; Benin ; Body Height ; Body Weight ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Prospective Studies
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2599832-8
ISSN	2044-6055 ; 2044-6055
ISSN (online)	2044-6055
ISSN	2044-6055
DOI	10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035785
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Article ; Online: Follow-Up of Elevated Blood Lead Levels and Sources in a Cohort of Children in Benin.

Ahmadi, Shukrullah / Le Bot, Barbara / Zoumenou, Roméo / Durand, Séverine / Fiévet, Nadine / Ayotte, Pierre / Massougbodji, Achille / Alao, Maroufou Jules / Cot, Michel / Glorennec, Philippe / Bodeau-Livinec, Florence

International journal of environmental research and public health

2020 Volume 17, Issue 22

Abstract: Lead exposure is associated with poor cognitive development in children. Very few studies in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have studied blood lead levels (BLLs) and non-gasoline sources of exposure in children. Data from a birth cohort in Benin (2011-2013) ... ...

Abstract	Lead exposure is associated with poor cognitive development in children. Very few studies in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have studied blood lead levels (BLLs) and non-gasoline sources of exposure in children. Data from a birth cohort in Benin (2011-2013) suggested that 58% of 1-year-old children had BLLs > 50 ug/L. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of elevated BLLs (>50 µg/L and >100 µg /L) among 425 of these children at 6 years of age in 2016-2018 and to compare BLLs between age 1 and 6 years, and study sources of lead at age 6 years. BLLs were analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Multiple linear regression and quantile regressions were used to study potential sources of lead. The prevalence of BLLs > 50 µg/L in children was 59.5% (Geometric Mean (GM) 56.4 µg/L, 95% CI: 54.1-58.7) at 6 years of age compared to 54.8% (GM 56.5 µg/L, 95% CI: 53.4-59.6) at 1 year of age. The prevalence of children with BLLs > 100 µg/L decreased from 14.4% at 1 year of age to 8.2% at 6 years of age. After adjustment for all other covariates, consumption of peanuts more than once per month was significantly associated with a 22.0% (95% CI: 4.6, 42.5) increment in BLLs at age 6 years compared with no consumption. Consumption of bushmeat killed by lead bullets at age 6 years was associated with an increase in the higher percentiles of BLLs (P75) compared with the absence of this source. Other potential sources of lead associated with BLLs with marginal significance were consumption of rice, paternal occupational exposure, and the presence of activity with the potential use of lead. This prospective cohort confirms the persistently high prevalence of elevated BLLs in children residing in a rural region in the south of Benin, as well as the presence of multiple and continuous sources of lead. These results highlight the need for prevention programs to reduce and eliminate lead exposure in children.
MeSH term(s)	Benin/epidemiology ; Child ; Environmental Exposure ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Infant ; Lead/blood ; Lead Poisoning ; Male ; Prospective Studies
Chemical Substances	Lead (2P299V784P)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-23
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1660-4601
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
DOI	10.3390/ijerph17228689
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