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Book ; Online: Bayesian Calibrated Click-Through Auction

Chen, Junjie / Li, Minming / Xu, Haifeng / Zuo, Song

2023

Abstract: We study information design in click-through auctions, in which the bidders/advertisers bid for winning an opportunity to show their ads but only pay for realized clicks. The payment may or may not happen, and its probability is called the click-through ... ...

Abstract	We study information design in click-through auctions, in which the bidders/advertisers bid for winning an opportunity to show their ads but only pay for realized clicks. The payment may or may not happen, and its probability is called the click-through rate(CTR). This auction format is widely used in the industry of online advertising. Bidders have private values, whereas the seller has private information about each bidder's CTRs. We are interested in the seller's problem of partially revealing CTR information to maximize revenue. Information design in click-through auctions turns out to be intriguingly different from almost all previous studies in this space since any revealed information about CTRs will never affect bidders' bidding behaviors -- they will always bid their true value for a click -- but only affect the auction's allocation and payment rule. This makes information design effectively a (constrained) mechanism design problem. We primarily focus on the two-bidder situation, which is already notoriously challenging as demonstrated in recent works, and adopt the algorithmic lens of developing approximate algorithms. Our first result is an FPTAS to compute an approximately optimal mechanism. The design of this algorithm leverages Bayesian bidder values which help to ``smooth'' the seller's revenue function and lead to better tractability. Our second result seeks to design ``simple'' and more practical signaling schemes. When bidders' CTR distribution is symmetric, we develop a simple prior-free signaling scheme, whose construction relies on a single parameter called optimal signal ratio. The constructed scheme provably obtains a good approximation as long as the maximum and minimum of bidders' value density functions do not differ much.
Keywords	Computer Science - Computer Science and Game Theory
Subject code	005
Publishing date	2023-06-10
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
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Article ; Online: Effect of interventional embolization based on absolute ethanol for peripheral arteriovenous malformations.

Wang, Yanlin / Liu, Dakan / Xiao, Li / Zuo, Song / Ren, Tengfei / Dong, Changxian / Li, Tianxiao

Biotechnology & genetic engineering reviews

2023 , Page(s) 1–12

Abstract: Background: Interventional embolization schedules based on absolute ethanol are usually used for peripheral arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs), and clinicians often choose the scheme according to the classification.: Aim: To evaluate different ... ...

Abstract	Background: Interventional embolization schedules based on absolute ethanol are usually used for peripheral arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs), and clinicians often choose the scheme according to the classification. Aim: To evaluate different interventional embolization schedules based on absolute ethanol for PAVMs. Methods: A retrospective study was performed of 165 patients with PAVMs treated with interventional embolization based on absolute ethanol in Henan Provincial People's Hospital from January 2018 to May 2021. PAVMs were classified as type II ( Results: PAVMs were classified as type II ( Conclusions: PAVMs occur maxillofacial usually, and Type II can achieve better effect by spring coil and absolute ethanol, while Type III and Type IV have no ideal effect by Pingyangmycin + iodized oil + PVA + absolute ethanol and spring coil + absolute ethanol, respectively. Both the two happen to be complications, and wound accounts the highest.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	49457-4
ISSN	2046-5556 ; 0264-8725
ISSN (online)	2046-5556
ISSN	0264-8725
DOI	10.1080/02648725.2023.2217617
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Article ; Online: GFANet: Gated Fusion Attention Network for skin lesion segmentation.

Qiu, Shihan / Li, Chengfei / Feng, Yue / Zuo, Song / Liang, Huijie / Xu, Ao

Computers in biology and medicine

2023 Volume 155, Page(s) 106462

Abstract: Automatic segmentation of skin lesions is crucial for diagnosing and treating skin diseases. Although current medical image segmentation methods have significantly improved the results of skin lesion segmentation, the following major challenges still ... ...

Abstract	Automatic segmentation of skin lesions is crucial for diagnosing and treating skin diseases. Although current medical image segmentation methods have significantly improved the results of skin lesion segmentation, the following major challenges still affect the segmentation performance: (i) segmentation targets have irregular shapes and diverse sizes and (ii) low contrast or blurred boundaries between lesions and background. To address these issues, this study proposes a Gated Fusion Attention Network (GFANet) which designs two progressive relation decoders to accurately segment skin lesions images. First, we use a Context Features Gated Fusion Decoder (CGFD) to fuse multiple levels of contextual features, and then a prediction result is generated as the initial guide map. Then, it is optimized by a prediction decoder consisting of a shape flow and a final Gated Convolution Fusion (GCF) module, where we iteratively use a set of Channel Reverse Attention (CRA) modules and GCF modules in the shape flow to combine the features of the current layer and the prediction results of the adjacent next layer to gradually extract boundary information. Finally, to speed up network convergence and improve segmentation accuracy, we use GCF to fuse low-level features from the encoder and the final output of the shape flow. To verify the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed GFANet, we conduct extensive experiments on four publicly available skin lesion datasets (International Skin Imaging Collaboration [ISIC] 2016, ISIC 2017, ISIC 2018, and PH
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Skin Diseases ; Skin ; Benchmarking ; Software ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	127557-4
ISSN	1879-0534 ; 0010-4825
ISSN (online)	1879-0534
ISSN	0010-4825
DOI	10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106462
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Book ; Online: Autobidding Auctions in the Presence of User Costs

Deng, Yuan / Mao, Jieming / Mirrokni, Vahab / Zhang, Hanrui / Zuo, Song

2023

Abstract: We study autobidding ad auctions with user costs, where each bidder is value-maximizing subject to a return-over-investment (ROI) constraint, and the seller aims to maximize the social welfare taking into consideration the user's cost of viewing an ad. ... ...

Abstract	We study autobidding ad auctions with user costs, where each bidder is value-maximizing subject to a return-over-investment (ROI) constraint, and the seller aims to maximize the social welfare taking into consideration the user's cost of viewing an ad. We show that in the worst case, the approximation ratio of social welfare by running the vanilla VCG auctions with user costs could as bad as 0. To improve the performance of VCG, We propose a new variant of VCG based on properly chosen cost multipliers, and prove that there exist auction-dependent and bidder-dependent cost multipliers that guarantee approximation ratios of 1/2 and 1/4 respectively in terms of the social welfare.
Keywords	Computer Science - Computer Science and Game Theory
Publishing date	2023-02-01
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Integrated exploration of experimentation and molecular simulation in ester-containing polyimide dielectrics.

Luo, Jinpeng / Tong, Hui / Mo, Song / Zhou, Fei / Zuo, Song / Yin, Chuanqiang / Xu, Ju / Li, Xiaomin

RSC advances

2023 Volume 13, Issue 2, Page(s) 963–972

Abstract: With the growing development of film capacitors in various applications, the requirements for polymer dielectrics have increased accordingly. In this work, a series of ester-cotaining polyimide (EPI) dielectrics were designed and fabricated. Futhermore, ... ...

Abstract	With the growing development of film capacitors in various applications, the requirements for polymer dielectrics have increased accordingly. In this work, a series of ester-cotaining polyimide (EPI) dielectrics were designed and fabricated. Futhermore, integrated exploration of experimentation and molecular simulation is proposed to achieve polymer dielectrics with advanced comprehensive performance, as well as to analyze the dielectric mechanism in-depth. The EPIs show superior thermal resistance and dielectric properties. A Weibull breakdown strength of 440-540 MV m
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2046-2069
ISSN (online)	2046-2069
DOI	10.1039/d2ra06376j
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Book ; Online: The Matthew Effect in Computation Contests

Zeng, Yulong / Zuo, Song

High Difficulty May Lead to 51% Dominance

2019

Abstract: We study the computation contests where players compete for searching a solution to a given problem with a winner-take-all reward. The search processes are independent across the players and the search speeds of players are proportional to their ... ...

Abstract	We study the computation contests where players compete for searching a solution to a given problem with a winner-take-all reward. The search processes are independent across the players and the search speeds of players are proportional to their computational powers. One concrete application of this abstract model is the mining process of proof-of-work type blockchain systems, such as Bitcoin. Although one's winning probability is believed to be proportional to his computational power in previous studies on Bitcoin, we show that it is not the case in the strict sense. Because of the gaps between the winning probabilities and the proportions of computational powers, the Matthew effect will emerge in the system, where the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. In addition, we show that allowing the players to pool with each other or reducing the number of solutions to the problem may aggravate the Matthew effect and vice versa. Comment: WWW 2019
Keywords	Computer Science - Computer Science and Game Theory
Publishing date	2019-02-24
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: Efficiency of the First-Price Auction in the Autobidding World

Deng, Yuan / Mao, Jieming / Mirrokni, Vahab / Zhang, Hanrui / Zuo, Song

2022

Abstract: We study the price of anarchy of the first-price auction in the autobidding world, where bidders can be either utility maximizers (i.e., traditional bidders) or value maximizers (i.e., autobidders). We show that with autobidders only, the price of ... ...

Abstract	We study the price of anarchy of the first-price auction in the autobidding world, where bidders can be either utility maximizers (i.e., traditional bidders) or value maximizers (i.e., autobidders). We show that with autobidders only, the price of anarchy of the first-price auction is $1/2$, and with both kinds of bidders, the price of anarchy degrades to about $0.457$ (the precise number is given by an optimization). These results complement the recent result by Jin and Lu [2022] showing that the price of anarchy of the first-price auction with traditional bidders only is $1 - 1/e^2$. We further investigate a setting where the seller can utilize machine-learned advice to improve the efficiency of the auctions. There, we show that as the accuracy of the advice increases, the price of anarchy improves smoothly from about $0.457$ to $1$.
Keywords	Computer Science - Computer Science and Game Theory ; Computer Science - Data Structures and Algorithms
Subject code	303
Publishing date	2022-08-22
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: Mechanism Design for Large Language Models

Duetting, Paul / Mirrokni, Vahab / Leme, Renato Paes / Xu, Haifeng / Zuo, Song

2023

Abstract: We investigate auction mechanisms to support the emerging format of AI-generated content. We in particular study how to aggregate several LLMs in an incentive compatible manner. In this problem, the preferences of each agent over stochastically generated ...

Abstract	We investigate auction mechanisms to support the emerging format of AI-generated content. We in particular study how to aggregate several LLMs in an incentive compatible manner. In this problem, the preferences of each agent over stochastically generated contents are described/encoded as an LLM. A key motivation is to design an auction format for AI-generated ad creatives to combine inputs from different advertisers. We argue that this problem, while generally falling under the umbrella of mechanism design, has several unique features. We propose a general formalism -- the token auction model -- for studying this problem. A key feature of this model is that it acts on a token-by-token basis and lets LLM agents influence generated contents through single dimensional bids. We first explore a robust auction design approach, in which all we assume is that agent preferences entail partial orders over outcome distributions. We formulate two natural incentive properties, and show that these are equivalent to a monotonicity condition on distribution aggregation. We also show that for such aggregation functions, it is possible to design a second-price auction, despite the absence of bidder valuation functions. We then move to designing concrete aggregation functions by focusing on specific valuation forms based on KL-divergence, a commonly used loss function in LLM. The welfare-maximizing aggregation rules turn out to be the weighted (log-space) convex combination of the target distributions from all participants. We conclude with experimental results in support of the token auction formulation.
Keywords	Computer Science - Computer Science and Game Theory ; Economics - Theoretical Economics
Subject code	005
Publishing date	2023-10-16
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: Efficiency of the Generalized Second-Price Auction for Value Maximizers

Deng, Yuan / Mahdian, Mohammad / Mao, Jieming / Mirrokni, Vahab / Zhang, Hanrui / Zuo, Song

2023

Abstract: We study the price of anarchy of the generalized second-price auction where bidders are value maximizers (i.e., autobidders). We show that in general the price of anarchy can be as bad as $0$. For comparison, the price of anarchy of running VCG is $1/2$ ... ...

Abstract	We study the price of anarchy of the generalized second-price auction where bidders are value maximizers (i.e., autobidders). We show that in general the price of anarchy can be as bad as $0$. For comparison, the price of anarchy of running VCG is $1/2$ in the autobidding world. We further show a fined-grained price of anarchy with respect to the discount factors (i.e., the ratios of click probabilities between lower slots and the highest slot in each auction) in the generalized second-price auction, which highlights the qualitative relation between the smoothness of the discount factors and the efficiency of the generalized second-price auction.
Keywords	Computer Science - Computer Science and Game Theory
Publishing date	2023-10-04
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Evaluation of an algorithm-guided photoplethysmography for atrial fibrillation burden using a smartwatch.

Zhao, Zixu / Li, Qifan / Li, Sitong / Guo, Qi / Bo, Xiaowen / Kong, Xiangyi / Xia, Shijun / Li, Xin / Dai, Wenli / Guo, Lizhu / Liu, Xiaoxia / Jiang, Chao / Guo, Xueyuan / Liu, Nian / Li, Songnan / Zuo, Song / Sang, Caihua / Long, Deyong / Dong, Jianzeng /

Ma, Changsheng

Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE

2024 Volume 47, Issue 4, Page(s) 511–517

Abstract: Background: Wearable devices based on the PPG algorithm can detect atrial fibrillation (AF) effectively. However, further investigation of its application on long-term, continuous monitoring of AF burden is warranted.: Method: The performance of a ... ...

Abstract	Background: Wearable devices based on the PPG algorithm can detect atrial fibrillation (AF) effectively. However, further investigation of its application on long-term, continuous monitoring of AF burden is warranted. Method: The performance of a smartwatch with continuous photoplethysmography (PPG) and PPG-based algorithms for AF burden estimation was evaluated in a prospective study enrolling AF patients admitted to Beijing Anzhen Hospital for catheter ablation from September to November 2022. A continuous Electrocardiograph patch (ECG) was used as the reference device to validate algorithm performance for AF detection in 30-s intervals. Results: A total of 578669 non-overlapping 30-s intervals for PPG and ECG each from 245 eligible patients were generated. An interval-level sensitivity of PPG was 96.3% (95% CI 96.2%-96.4%), and specificity was 99.5% (95% CI 99.5%-99.6%) for the estimation of AF burden. AF burden estimation by PPG was highly correlated with AF burden calculated by ECG via Pearson correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.996) with a mean difference of -0.59 (95% limits of agreement, -7.9% to 6.7%). The subgroup study showed the robust performance of the algorithm in different subgroups, including heart rate and different hours of the day. Conclusion: Our results showed the smartwatch with an algorithm-based PPG monitor has good accuracy and stability in continuously monitoring AF burden compared with ECG patch monitors, indicating its potential for diagnosing and managing AF.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Atrial Fibrillation/diagnosis ; Photoplethysmography/methods ; Prospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Algorithms ; Electrocardiography/methods
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	424437-0
ISSN	1540-8159 ; 0147-8389
ISSN (online)	1540-8159
ISSN	0147-8389
DOI	10.1111/pace.14951
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