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Article: Species composition and abundance of fruit flies (Díptera: Tephritidae) in subtropical fruit orchards in the Mbombela Local Municipality, South Africa

Grové, T. / de Beer, M .S.

2019 Volume 74, Issue 1, Page(s) 18

Language	French
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	240538-6
ISSN	0016-2299 ; 0248-1294 ; 0248-1324
Database	Current Contents Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

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Article: Monitoring fruit flies in litchi orchards in South Africa and determining the presence of alien invasive Bactrocera species

Grové, T / De Beer, M.S

Acta horticulturae. 2014 Apr., , no. 1029

2014

Abstract: Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) includes about 4300 species in almost 500 genera. It is amongst the largest families of Diptera and one of the most economically important. The larvae of many species develop in the seed bearing organs of plants. ... ...

Abstract	Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) includes about 4300 species in almost 500 genera. It is amongst the largest families of Diptera and one of the most economically important. The larvae of many species develop in the seed bearing organs of plants. Several species are known to attack commercially grown crops. Losses are due to direct feeding damage by larvae and also due to loss of export markets. Approximately 50 species in Africa are of economic importance. Most species which attack commercially grown fruit crops belong to two genera only, namely Ceratitis and Dacus. A few species belong to other genera such as Trirhithrum and Bactrocera. Bactrocera is a large genus in Asia and Oceania and several species have been introduced to Africa. The invasive fruit fly, Bactrocera invadens poses a great threat for the South African fruit industry. Fruit flies were monitored in litchi orchards in different production areas during the 2011/12 season. The objectives were to identify fruit fly species present and to facilitate early detection of invasive fruit fly species in areas. Yellow bucket traps with three different lures were used i.e., methyl eugenol, Cuelure and three component lure. Bactrocera invadens was not collected from any of the methyl eugenol baited traps. The pumpkin fruit fly, Dacus bivittatus, was a common species collected in the traps with Cuelure. Dacus bivittatus is common and a widespread pest, especially being associated with Cucurbitaceae, and is not a pest of litchi. The Natal fruit fly, Ceratitis rosa was the dominant species collected in traps with three-component lure and is a well-documented pest of litchi. This information is important in formulating an integrated pest management strategy.
Keywords	Bactrocera invadens ; Ceratitis rosa ; Cucurbitaceae ; Dacus bivittatus ; bait traps ; cue-lure ; exports ; fruit crops ; fruit flies ; industry ; integrated pest management ; introduced species ; invasive species ; larvae ; markets ; methyl eugenol ; monitoring ; orchards ; pumpkins ; Asia ; Pacific Ocean Islands ; South Africa
Language	English
Dates of publication	2014-04
Size	p. 425-432.
Document type	Article
Note	Paper presented at the Fourth International Symposium on Lychee, Longan and Other Sapindaceae Fruits, held December 2-6, 2012, White River, Kruger National Park, South Africa.
ISSN	0567-7572
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Monitoring fruit flies in avocado orchards in Mpumalanga

Grové, T / De Beer, M.S

Acta horticulturae. 2013 Sept., , no. 1007

2013

Abstract: Three fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae) are of economic importance in subtropical fruit production in South Africa, i.e., Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), the Marula fruit fly, Ceratitis cosyra (Walker) and the Natal fruit ... ...

Abstract	Three fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae) are of economic importance in subtropical fruit production in South Africa, i.e., Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), the Marula fruit fly, Ceratitis cosyra (Walker) and the Natal fruit fly, Ceratitis rosa Karsch. The avocado is not a good host for the development of fruit flies and usually under normal orchard practices no larval development takes place in fruit on the tree. Damage begins when the female fly punctures the skin and lays eggs underneath it, which results in a star shaped crack lesion developing on the fruit. Fruit flies are important quarantine pests and indirect losses result from quarantine restrictions that are imposed by importing countries, to prevent entry and the possible establishment of unwanted fruit fly species. Fruit flies were monitored in avocado orchards at the ARC-Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops experimental farm at Burgershall near Hazyview in the Mpumalanga Province. The orchards included a ‘Pinkerton’, a ‘Hass’ and a ‘Lamb Hass’ orchard. Five yellow bucket traps with Biolure®, a three component lure that consists of putrescine, ammonium acetate and trimethylamine were used. Biolure is a food bait that attracts both males and females and is not species-specific. Traps were placed in the orchards during September 2006 and fruit flies were monitored for a one year period. Ceratitis rosa was the most abundant species collected, while C. capitata and C. cosyra were also trapped. More females in comparison to males were captured. Peak numbers of C. capitata were present during April to July, while C. cosyra had peak numbers during January, April, September, August and October and C. rosa during January and February.
Keywords	Ceratitis capitata ; Ceratitis cosyra ; Ceratitis rosa ; ammonium acetate ; avocados ; demonstration farms ; eggs ; females ; fruit flies ; fruit growing ; larval development ; males ; monitoring ; orchards ; pests ; putrescine ; quarantine ; traps ; trimethylamine ; tropical and subtropical crops ; South Africa
Language	English
Size	p. 445-449.
Publishing place	International Society for Horticultural Science
Document type	Article
Note	Paper presented at the International Symposium on the Second All Africa Horticulture Congress, held January 15 - January 20, 2012, Skukuza, Kruger National Park, South Africa.
ISSN	0567-7572
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Host status of commercial mango cultivars to Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in South Africa.

Grové, T / De Beer, M S / Joubert, P H

Journal of economic entomology

2013 Volume 105, Issue 6, Page(s) 1954–1962

Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the host status of commercially cultivated mango fruit, Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae) to Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in South Africa. T. leucotreta was monitored with ... ...

Abstract	The objective of this study was to determine the host status of commercially cultivated mango fruit, Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae) to Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in South Africa. T. leucotreta was monitored with parapheromone traps in mango orchards in Limpopo and Mpumalanga from 2007 to 2010. Fruit were inspected for the presence of T leucotreta eggs in mango orchards. Mango fruit of the cultivars 'Tommy Atkins', 'Kent', 'Keitt', and 'Sensation' were artificially infested with T. leucotreta eggs on the tree to determine if the larvae were able to develop in fruit. Mature fruit of these cultivars were harvested and were then exposed to T leucotreta eggs and the larval development monitored. Before harvest, fruit were inspected for natural infestations and a packhouse survey was conducted during the 2009-2010 season to determine if any infested fruit were present. T. leucotreta was present in all mango orchards where monitoring was done with traps but no eggs were found on the fruit, which suggests the presence of antixenosis. Development occurred in mature harvested fruit of all cultivars that had been exposed to T. leucotreta eggs. Depending on the cultivar, between 0 and 5.05% of immature fruit on the tree supported development and demonstrate antibiosis. No naturally infested fruit were found in the orchards or during the packhouse survey. Mango in South Africa is not a natural host for T. leucotreta. Mature mango fruit is an acceptable host for T. leucotreta larval development under artificial conditions. The latex plays an important role in the resistance mechanism of mango fruit to T. leucotreta.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Food Parasitology ; Fruit/parasitology ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Mangifera/parasitology ; Moths/physiology ; Ovum ; South Africa
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-01-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	3031-4
ISSN	0022-0493
ISSN	0022-0493
DOI	10.1603/ec12019
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Arthropod pests of Litchi in South Africa

Grové, T / Schoeman, P.S / De Beer, M.S

Acta horticulturae. 2014 Apr., , no. 1029

2014

Abstract: The litchi, Litchi chinensis (Sapindaceae) is subject to damage by a range of arthropod pests, the most important of which are the litchi moth, Cryptophlebia peltastica (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), the false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta ( ... ...

Abstract	The litchi, Litchi chinensis (Sapindaceae) is subject to damage by a range of arthropod pests, the most important of which are the litchi moth, Cryptophlebia peltastica (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), the false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and fruit flies (Ceratitis spp.) (Diptera: Tephritidae). The damage caused by the two moth species is similar. Eggs are laid on the fruit skin and the newly hatched larva eats through the skin of the fruit and into the seed. Eggs are not laid during the early developmental stages of the fruit. More damage is caused by C. peltastica in comparison to T. leucotreta. The Natal fruit fly, Ceratitis rosa (Diptera: Tephritidae) is the dominant species collected in traps in litchi orchards and most properly responsible for most damage caused to fruit. Damage begins when the female fly punctures the skin and lays eggs underneath it. Fruit fermentation occurs at the sting mark and the litchi fruit is a poor host for the development of fruit flies. The coconut bug, Pseudotheraptus wayi (Hemiptera: Coreidae) causes drop of immature green fruit and also feeds on mature fruit. The mango scale, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), the Nigra scale, Parasaissetia nigra (Hemiptera: Coccidae), a Saissetia sp. (Hemiptera: Coccidae) and the Seychelles scale, Icerya seychellarum (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) were the common scales found on litchi. These scales are of minor importance in litchi production. Various species of fruit chafer beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) are associated with litchi fruit. They are especially attracted to fermenting fruit and are of minor importance.
Keywords	Aulacaspis ; Ceratitis rosa ; Cryptophlebia ; Hemiptera ; Icerya ; Litchi chinensis ; Parasaissetia nigra ; Pseudotheraptus wayi ; Saissetia ; Scarabaeidae ; Thaumatotibia leucotreta ; arthropod pests ; bites and stings ; coconuts ; developmental stages ; eggs ; females ; fermentation ; fruit flies ; mangoes ; moths ; orchards ; traps ; Seychelles ; South Africa
Language	English
Dates of publication	2014-04
Size	p. 409-416.
Document type	Article
Note	Paper presented at the Fourth International Symposium on Lychee, Longan and Other Sapindaceae Fruits, held December 2-6, 2012, White River, Kruger National Park, South Africa.
ISSN	0567-7572
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Developing a systems approach for Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on 'Hass' avocado in South Africa.

Grové, T / De Beer, M S / Joubert, P H

Journal of economic entomology

2010 Volume 103, Issue 4, Page(s) 1112–1128

Abstract: Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is pest of the avocado, Persea americana (Mill.) (Lauraceae), in South Africa and is regarded as a phytosanitary threat. The objective of this study was to develop a systems approach for T. ... ...

Abstract	Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is pest of the avocado, Persea americana (Mill.) (Lauraceae), in South Africa and is regarded as a phytosanitary threat. The objective of this study was to develop a systems approach for T. leucotreta on 'Hass' avocado that will mitigate the pest risk. T. leucotreta males were monitored with pheromone traps, and numbers declined during the winter. Field studies indicated that most of eggs were laid during January in the Deerpark area, and during harvest, only 0.029 lesions produced live larvae. Survival of larvae in fruit infested on the tree and left to develop after harvest varied and depended on the time of infestation before harvest. Fruit firmness was measured and fifth instars were only present in soft fruit. Fenpropathrin and a granulovirus were effective in reducing the infestation levels. Bags used to cover fruit also reduced infestation levels. Lesions caused by T. leucotreta were visible from two weeks after infestation and fruit with lesions can be sorted. The mean infestation rate per orchard was 0.003 lesions per fruit which makes T. leucotreta on Hass amenable to the alternative treatment efficacy approach and maximum pest limit. In the case of T. leucotreta on Hass, poor host status, production, preharvest and postharvest measures were studied and low infestation levels were observed; all these elements would make a systems approach an option. Furthermore, inspection and certification as well as shipping and distribution measures could be added.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Insect Control/instrumentation ; Insect Control/methods ; Male ; Moths/physiology ; Persea/parasitology ; Pest Control, Biological/methods ; Population Dynamics ; South Africa ; Systems Analysis ; Time Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-09-17
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	3031-4
ISSN	0022-0493
ISSN	0022-0493
DOI	10.1603/ec09045
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Scale and Mealybug survey on mango in Mpumalanga and Limpopo provinces, South Africa

Grové, T / De Beer, M.S / Daneel, M.S / Steyn, W.P

Acta horticulturae. 2013 Sept., , no. 1007

2013

Abstract: Different mango cultivars are commercially grown in South Africa with the most important production areas in Mpumalanga and Limpopo Provinces. The South African mango growers would like to access new export markets, but fruit flies (Ceratitis species) ( ... ...

Abstract	Different mango cultivars are commercially grown in South Africa with the most important production areas in Mpumalanga and Limpopo Provinces. The South African mango growers would like to access new export markets, but fruit flies (Ceratitis species) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and the mango seed weevil, Sternochetus mangiferae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) are important quarantine pests. Furthermore, various scales and mealybugs of the superfamily Coccoidea and of the families Coccidae, Diaspididae, Monophlebidae and Pseudococcidae are known to attack mango in South Africa. Therefore a survey was carried out during the 2007/08 season on the cultivars 'Tommy Atkins', 'Kent', 'Sensation' and 'Keitt' to determine which species of scales and mealybugs were present at harvest. This information is important with regard to the entering of new export markets, because some Coccoidea are regarded as quarantine pests. A minimum of 18 orchards per cultivar in different production areas were inspected. In each orchard 10 fruit and 10 leaves from 12 trees were inspected. Various scale and mealybug species were recorded. The mango scale, Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) was the most abundant species. 'Keitt' had the highest level of infestation on both the leaves and the fruit and 'Tommy Atkins' was least affected.
Keywords	Aulacaspis ; Ceratitis ; Coccidae ; Cryptorhynchus mangiferae ; Hemiptera ; Pseudococcidae ; cultivars ; exports ; fruit flies ; growers ; leaves ; mangoes ; markets ; orchards ; pests ; quarantine ; surveys ; trees ; South Africa
Language	English
Size	p. 377-384.
Publishing place	International Society for Horticultural Science
Document type	Article
Note	Paper presented at the International Symposium on the Second All Africa Horticulture Congress, held January 15 - January 20, 2012, Skukuza, Kruger National Park, South Africa.
ISSN	0567-7572
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Host Status of Commercial Mango Cultivars to Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in South Africa

Grové, T. / de Beer, M .S. / Joubert, P. H.

Journal of economic entomology

2012 Volume 105, Issue 6, Page(s) 1954

Language	English
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	3031-4
ISSN	0022-0493
Database	Current Contents Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

In stock of ZB MED Bonn / Germany

Z 1776: Show issues

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Article ; Audio / Video: Developing a Systems Approach for Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on `Hass' Avocado in South Africa

Grové, T / De Beer, M.S / Joubert, P.H

Journal of economic entomology. 2010 Aug., v. 103, no. 4

2010

Abstract	Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is pest of the avocado, Persea americana (Mill.) (Lauraceae), in South Africa and is regarded as a phytosanitary threat. The objective of this study was to develop a systems approach for T. leucotreta on ‘Hass’ avocado that will mitigate the pest risk. T. leucotreta males were monitored with pheromone traps, and numbers declined during the winter. Field studies indicated that most of eggs were laid during January in the Deerpark area, and during harvest, only 0.029 lesions produced live larvae. Survival of larvae in fruit infested on the tree and left to develop after harvest varied and depended on the time of infestation before harvest. Fruit firmness was measured and fifth instars were only present in soft fruit. Fenpropathrin and a granulovirus were effective in reducing the infestation levels. Bags used to cover fruit also reduced infestation levels. Lesions caused by T. leucotreta were visible from two weeks after infestation and fruit with lesions can be sorted. The mean infestation rate per orchard was 0.003 lesions per fruit which makes T. leucotreta on Hass amenable to the alternative treatment efficacy approach and maximum pest limit. In the case of T. leucotreta on Hass, poor host status, production, preharvest and postharvest measures were studied and low infestation levels were observed; all these elements would make a systems approach an option. Furthermore, inspection and certification as well as shipping and distribution measures could be added.
Keywords	life cycle (organisms) ; avocados ; plant pests ; insect pests ; Tortricidae ; insect ecology ; population ecology ; seasons ; seasonal variation ; winter hardiness ; larvae ; viability ; mortality ; insecticides ; systems analysis ; pest monitoring ; insect surveys ; probability analysis ; risk assessment ; South Africa
Language	English
Dates of publication	2010-08
Size	p. 1112-1128.
Document type	Article ; Audio / Video
ZDB-ID	3031-4
ISSN	0022-0493
ISSN	0022-0493
DOI	10.1603/EC09045
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

In stock of ZB MED Bonn / Germany

Z 1776: Show issues

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Article: Monitoring fruit flies in mango orchards in South Africa and determining the time of fruit infestation

Grove, T / De Beer, M.S / Joubert, P.H

Acta horticulturae. 2009 Apr., no. 820

2009

Keywords	Mangifera indica ; mangoes ; fruit flies ; insect pests ; plant pests ; Ceratitis capitata ; Ceratitis rosa ; Ceratitis cosyra ; pest monitoring ; South Africa
Language	English
Dates of publication	2009-04
Size	p. 589-596.
Document type	Article
Note	Paper presented at the Eighth International Mango Symposium, held February 5-10, 2006, Sun City, South Africa.
ISSN	0567-7572
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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