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Article ; Online: Case Report: Visceral Leishmaniasis and Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis: Three Clinical Cases, Three Different Patterns.

Cruz, Geydson Silveira / de Jesus, Amélia Ribeiro / Almeida, Roque Pacheco / Porto, Maria Aurélia

The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene

2021 Volume 105, Issue 1, Page(s) 138–141

Abstract: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease with more than 30,000 cases annually reported worldwide. In Brazil, about 3,700 cases are annually reported. The VL clinical presentation is variable, from asymptomatic to severe cases with a ... ...

Abstract	Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease with more than 30,000 cases annually reported worldwide. In Brazil, about 3,700 cases are annually reported. The VL clinical presentation is variable, from asymptomatic to severe cases with a high risk of death. We reported three cases of VL with clinical sign similarities but distinct development. All cases had bone marrow hemophagocytosis and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) criteria. HLH is a rare condition that may have secondary causes, including infectious and parasitic diseases, like VL. The delayed recognition of the secondary HLH (sHLH) association to VL may cause unfavorable outcomes and death.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Amphotericin B/therapeutic use ; Antiprotozoal Agents/therapeutic use ; Brazil/epidemiology ; Fatal Outcome ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins/therapeutic use ; Leishmaniasis, Visceral/complications ; Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis ; Leishmaniasis, Visceral/drug therapy ; Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology ; Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic/diagnosis ; Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic/epidemiology ; Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic/etiology ; Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic/therapy ; Male ; Methylprednisolone/therapeutic use ; Neglected Diseases/complications ; Neglected Diseases/diagnosis ; Neglected Diseases/drug therapy ; Neglected Diseases/epidemiology ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Antiprotozoal Agents ; Immunoglobulins ; Amphotericin B (7XU7A7DROE) ; Methylprednisolone (X4W7ZR7023)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Case Reports
ZDB-ID	2942-7
ISSN	1476-1645 ; 0002-9637
ISSN (online)	1476-1645
ISSN	0002-9637
DOI	10.4269/ajtmh.20-1435
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Article ; Online: CD4

de Franca, Mariana Nobre Farias / Rodrigues, Lorranny Santana / Barreto, Aline Silva / da Cruz, Geydson Silveira / Aragão-Santos, José Carlos / da Silva, Angela Maria / de Jesus, Amélia Ribeiro / Palatnik-de-Sousa, Clarisa B / de Almeida, Roque Pacheco / Corrêa, Cristiane Bani

Frontiers in immunology

2024 Volume 15, Page(s) 1277557

Abstract: Introduction: In VL, a proinflammatory phenotype is typically associated with enhanced phagocytosis and a Th1 mediated immune response resulting in infection control. In contrast, an anti-inflammatory phenotype, associated with a predominant regulatory ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: In VL, a proinflammatory phenotype is typically associated with enhanced phagocytosis and a Th1 mediated immune response resulting in infection control. In contrast, an anti-inflammatory phenotype, associated with a predominant regulatory response, typically enables intracellular multiplication of Methods: To investigate the impact of chemotherapy on Th2 and Th17 immune responses in patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL), we assessed all combinations of intracellular expression of IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-4 and IL-17 in the CD4 Results: We found that the frequency of IFN-γ-producingCD4 Discussion: Our results confirmed that the clinical improvement of VL patients correlates with the decrease of an IL-4 and IL-10 CD4
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; Interleukin-10 ; Interleukin-17 ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism ; Leishmaniasis, Visceral ; Interleukin-4 ; Interferon-gamma/metabolism ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Th17 Cells/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Interleukin-10 (130068-27-8) ; Interleukin-17 ; Interleukin-4 (207137-56-2) ; Interferon-gamma (82115-62-6) ; Cytokines
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-12
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2606827-8
ISSN	1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
ISSN (online)	1664-3224
ISSN	1664-3224
DOI	10.3389/fimmu.2024.1277557
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Article ; Online: Association between genetic variants in TREM1, CXCL10, IL4, CXCL8 and TLR7 genes with the occurrence of congenital Zika syndrome and severe microcephaly.

Santos, Camilla Natália Oliveira / Magalhães, Lucas Sousa / Fonseca, Adriana Barbosa de Lima / Bispo, Ana Jovina Barreto / Porto, Roseane Lima Santos / Alves, Juliana Cardoso / Dos Santos, Cliomar Alves / de Carvalho, Jaira Vanessa / da Silva, Angela Maria / Teixeira, Mauro Martins / de Almeida, Roque Pacheco / Dos Santos, Priscila Lima / de Jesus, Amélia Ribeiro

Scientific reports

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 3466

Abstract: Congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) is a cluster of malformations induced by Zika virus (ZIKV) infection and the underline mechanisms involved in its occurrence are yet not fully understood. Along with epidemiological and environmental factors, the genetic ... ...

Abstract	Congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) is a cluster of malformations induced by Zika virus (ZIKV) infection and the underline mechanisms involved in its occurrence are yet not fully understood. Along with epidemiological and environmental factors, the genetic host factors are suggested as important to the CZS occurrence and development, however, few studies have evaluated this. This study enrolled a total of 245 individuals in a case-control association study compound a cohort of high specific interest constituted by 75 mothers who had delivered CZS infants, their 76 infants, and 47 mothers that had delivered healthy infants, and their 47 infants. Sixteen single-nucleotide polymorphisms on TREM1, CXCL10, IL4, CXCL8, TLR3, TLR7, IFNR1, CXCR1, IL10, CCR2 and CCR5 genes were genotyped to investigate their association as risk factors to CZS. The results show an association between C allele at TREM1 rs2234246 and C allele at IL4 rs224325 in mothers infected with ZIKV during pregnancy, with the increased susceptibility to CZS occurrence in their infants and the SNP CXCL8 rs4073 and the G allele at CXCL10 rs4508917 with presence of CZS microcephaly in the infants. Furthermore, the T allele at CXCL8 rs4073 and TRL7 rs179008 SNPs were associated with the severity of microcephaly in children with CZS. These results suggest that these polymorphisms in genes of innate immune responses addressed here are associated to increased risk of occurrence and severity of CZS in pregnant mothers infected with ZIKV and their CZS infants.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Pregnancy ; Chemokine CXCL10/genetics ; Interleukin-4/genetics ; Microcephaly/genetics ; Microcephaly/virology ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Toll-Like Receptor 7/genetics ; Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1/genetics ; Zika Virus ; Zika Virus Infection/congenital ; Zika Virus Infection/genetics
Chemical Substances	Chemokine CXCL10 ; CXCL10 protein, human ; CXCL8 protein, human ; Interleukin-4 (207137-56-2) ; TLR7 protein, human ; Toll-Like Receptor 7 ; TREM1 protein, human ; Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-30342-3
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Article ; Online: Co-infection of Leishmania infantum and a Crithidia-related species in a case of refractory relapsed visceral leishmaniasis with non-ulcerated cutaneous manifestation in Brazil.

Rogerio, Luana Aparecida / Takahashi, Talita Yuri / Cardoso, Luria / Takamiya, Nayore Tamie / de Melo, Enaldo Vieira / de Jesus, Amelia Ribeiro / de Oliveira, Fabricia Alvisi / Forrester, Sarah / Jeffares, Daniel C / da Silva, João Santana / Ribeiro, José Marcos / Almeida, Roque Pacheco / Maruyama, Sandra Regina

International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases

2023 Volume 133, Page(s) 85–88

Abstract: We report a refractory and relapsed visceral leishmaniasis case in a male child patient followed from 2016 to 2020, whose clinical isolates from multiple relapses were analyzed at the genome level. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report ... ...

Abstract	We report a refractory and relapsed visceral leishmaniasis case in a male child patient followed from 2016 to 2020, whose clinical isolates from multiple relapses were analyzed at the genome level. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report that both visceral leishmaniasis and non-ulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis have concomitantly manifested in the same patient. Importantly, sequence analysis revealed that the patient was co-infected with Leishmania infantum and a Crithidia-related parasite, which was previously found in a fatal case of visceral leishmaniasis from the same endemic region.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Humans ; Male ; Leishmaniasis, Visceral/complications ; Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis ; Leishmaniasis, Visceral/drug therapy ; Leishmania infantum/genetics ; Brazil/epidemiology ; Coinfection/diagnosis ; Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/parasitology ; Crithidia
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-12
Publishing country	Canada
Document type	Case Reports
ZDB-ID	1331197-9
ISSN	1878-3511 ; 1201-9712
ISSN (online)	1878-3511
ISSN	1201-9712
DOI	10.1016/j.ijid.2023.05.012
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Article ; Online: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the diagnosis of leprosy in Brazil: An ecological and population-based study.

da Paz, Wandklebson Silva / Souza, Mariana do Rosário / Tavares, Débora Dos Santos / de Jesus, Amélia Ribeiro / Dos Santos, Allan Dantas / do Carmo, Rodrigo Feliciano / de Souza, Carlos Dornels Freire / Bezerra-Santos, Márcio

Lancet Regional Health. Americas

2022 Volume 9, Page(s) 100181

Abstract: Background: The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has seriously affected global health, resulting in the suspension of many regular health services, making the diagnosis of other infections difficult. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the impact of the ... ...

Abstract	Background: The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has seriously affected global health, resulting in the suspension of many regular health services, making the diagnosis of other infections difficult. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the diagnosis of leprosy in Brazil during the year 2020. Methods: We evaluated the monthly incidence of leprosy and calculated the percentage change to verify whether there was an increase or decrease in the number of leprosy cases in 2020, considering the monthly average of cases over the previous 5 years. We used interrupted time series analysis to assess the trend in the diagnosis of leprosy before and after the start of COVID-19 in Brazil and prepared spatial distribution maps, considering the percentage variation in each state. Findings: We verified a reduction of 41.4% of leprosy cases in Brazil in 2020. Likewise, there was a reduction of leprosy notifications in children under 15 years-old (-56.82%). Conversely, the diagnosis of multibacillary leprosy increased (8.1%). There was a decreasing trend in the leprosy incidence in the general population between 2015 and 2020 in Brazil. Spatial distribution maps depicted a reduction of up to 100% in new cases of leprosy in some states. Interpretation: Along with COVID-19 spread there was a reduction in leprosy diagnosis in the general population and children under 15 years-old, and also an increase in multibacillary cases diagnosed, signalling a serious impact of the pandemic on leprosy control strategies in Brazil. Funding: This research received no specific grants.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2667-193X
ISSN (online)	2667-193X
DOI	10.1016/j.lana.2021.100181
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Article: Leishmania infantum (syn. L. chagasi) parasites affect the release of soluble CD14 by infected macrophages

Melo, Michelle Barreto Gomes / Cunha, Luana Celina Seraphim / Barreto, Cárcia Santana Passos / de Oliveira Mendonça, Fabrícia Alvisi / Santos, Micheli Luize Barbosa / Sacramento, Danielle / de Jesus, Amélia Ribeiro / Almeida, Roque Pacheco / dos Santos, Priscila Lima

Parasitology research. 2021 Sept., v. 120, no. 9

2021

Abstract: Functionally, cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) is a co-receptor of the complex formed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS-binding protein expressed on the membrane of a variety of cells. However, CD14 can be shed from the cell membrane into the ... ...

Abstract	Functionally, cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) is a co-receptor of the complex formed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS-binding protein expressed on the membrane of a variety of cells. However, CD14 can be shed from the cell membrane into the circulation as soluble CD14 (sCD14) upon cell activation. Previously, our group reported that elevated sCD14 serum levels were associated with the clinical and laboratory findings in the context of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), but not in the context of LPS stimulation or bacterial infection. In the present study, we investigated the secretion dynamics of sCD14 in the context of Leishmania infantum (syn. L. chagasi) in vitro infection. Macrophages from treated VL patients and delayed-type hypersensitivity positive (DTH⁺) subjects were infected with L. infantum (syn. L. chagasi) promastigotes, and the infection index was evaluated (number of amastigotes per 100 infected macrophages). Additionally, the levels of sCD14, Inteleukin (IL)10, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were measured in the culture supernatants using the Luminex assay. Interestingly, the release of sCD14 was inversely correlated with the L. infantum (syn. L. chagasi) infection index. Of note, the release of sCD14 was upregulated and downregulated in the context of infected macrophages from DTH⁺ subjects and treated VL patients, respectively. Additionally, we also observed that the levels of sCD14 in the culture supernatants were positively correlated with the levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10. Therefore, our data suggest that macrophages from treated VL patients and DTH⁺ subjects respond differently to L. infantum (syn. L. chagasi) infection in the context of the release of sCD14; therefore, the release of sCD14 may be associated with the outcome of VL.
Keywords	Leishmania infantum ; amastigotes ; bacterial infections ; blood serum ; cell membranes ; delayed hypersensitivity ; interleukin-10 ; interleukin-6 ; lipopolysaccharides ; macrophages ; parasitology ; promastigotes ; research ; secretion ; tumor necrosis factor-alpha ; visceral leishmaniasis
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-09
Size	p. 3325-3330.
Publishing place	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	284966-5
ISSN	1432-1955 ; 0932-0113 ; 0044-3255
ISSN (online)	1432-1955
ISSN	0932-0113 ; 0044-3255
DOI	10.1007/s00436-021-07258-w
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Antimony resistance associated with persistence of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum infection in macrophages

Magalhães, Lucas Sousa / Bomfim, Lays Gisele Santos / Santos, Camilla Natália Oliveira / dos Santos, Priscila Lima / Tanajura, Diego Moura / Lipscomb, Michael Wheeler / de Jesus, Amélia Ribeiro / de Almeida, Roque Pacheco / de Moura, Tatiana Rodrigues

Parasitology research. 2021 Aug., v. 120, no. 8

2021

Abstract: Visceral leishmaniasis is a severe disease caused by protozoan parasites that include Leishmania (L.) infantum. The disease is established when parasites subvert the immune response of the host. Notably, chemotherapy-based use of antimonial compounds can ...

Abstract	Visceral leishmaniasis is a severe disease caused by protozoan parasites that include Leishmania (L.) infantum. The disease is established when parasites subvert the immune response of the host. Notably, chemotherapy-based use of antimonial compounds can partially alleviate disease burden. Unfortunately, the resistance to drug treatments is increasing in areas endemic to the disease. In this report, we investigated immune responses within macrophages infected with antimony-resistant L. infantum isolates from patients with a relapse in the disease. Results revealed that antimony-resistant parasites persist in the first 24 h of infection. Activation of macrophage or blocking of thiol production during infection shows enhanced clearance of parasites, which is coordinately associated with increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, these results suggest that the mechanism of antimony resistance in L. infantum isolates may be related to a decrease in macrophage microbicidal functions.
Keywords	antimony ; burden of disease ; cytokines ; disease severity ; immune response ; macrophages ; parasitology ; relapse ; research ; thiols ; visceral leishmaniasis
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-08
Size	p. 2959-2964.
Publishing place	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	284966-5
ISSN	1432-1955 ; 0932-0113 ; 0044-3255
ISSN (online)	1432-1955
ISSN	0932-0113 ; 0044-3255
DOI	10.1007/s00436-021-07231-7
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Article ; Online: Leishmania donovani infection suppresses Allograft Inflammatory Factor-1 in monocytes and macrophages to inhibit inflammatory responses.

da Silva, Ricardo Louzada / Elizondo, Diana M / Brandy, Nailah Z D / Haddock, Naomi L / Boddie, Thomas A / de Oliveira, Laís Lima / de Jesus, Amélia Ribeiro / de Almeida, Roque Pacheco / de Moura, Tatiana Rodrigues / Lipscomb, Michael W

Scientific reports

2021 Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 946

Abstract: Macrophages and monocytes are important for clearance of Leishmania infections. However, immune evasion tactics employed by the parasite results in suppressed inflammatory responses, marked by deficient macrophage functions and increased accumulation of ... ...

Abstract	Macrophages and monocytes are important for clearance of Leishmania infections. However, immune evasion tactics employed by the parasite results in suppressed inflammatory responses, marked by deficient macrophage functions and increased accumulation of monocytes. This results in an ineffective ability to clear parasite loads. Allograft Inflammatory Factor-1 (AIF1) is expressed in myeloid cells and serves to promote immune responses. However, AIF1 involvement in monocyte and macrophage functions during parasitic infections has not been explored. This study now shows that Leishmania donovani inhibits AIF1 expression in macrophages to block pro-inflammatory responses. Mice challenged with the parasite had markedly reduced AIF1 expression in splenic macrophages. Follow-up studies using in vitro approaches confirmed that L. donovani infection in macrophages suppresses AIF1 expression, which correlated with reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokine production and increased parasite load. Ectopic overexpression of AIF1 in macrophages provided protection from infection, marked by robust pro-inflammatory cytokine production and efficient pathogen clearance. Further investigations found that inhibiting AIF1 expression in bone marrow cells or monocytes impaired differentiation into functional macrophages. Collectively, results show that AIF1 is a critical regulatory component governing monocyte and macrophage immune functions and that L. donovani infection can suppress the gene as an immune evasion tactic.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Apoptosis ; Bone Marrow Cells/cytology ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/physiology ; Cell Differentiation ; Female ; Immune Evasion/immunology ; Immune Evasion/physiology ; Inflammation/immunology ; Inflammation/metabolism ; Leishmania donovani/metabolism ; Leishmania donovani/pathogenicity ; Macrophages/immunology ; Macrophages/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microfilament Proteins/metabolism ; Microfilament Proteins/physiology ; Monocytes/immunology ; Monocytes/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Aif1 protein, mouse ; Calcium-Binding Proteins ; Microfilament Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-020-79068-6
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Article ; Online: Basic and associated causes of schistosomiasis-related mortality in Brazil: A population-based study and a 20-year time series of a disease still neglected.

Silva da Paz, Wandklebson / Dos Santos Reis, Erica / Leal, Iane Brito / Barbosa, Yanna Menezes / de Araújo, Karina Conceição Gm / de Jesus, Amélia Ribeiro / de Souza, Carlos Dornels Freire / Dos Santos, Allan Dantas / Bezerra-Santos, Márcio

Journal of global health

2021 Volume 11, Page(s) 4061

Abstract: Background: Schistosomiasis is a persistent public health problem in Brazil. Regardless advances in diagnosis and mass treatment, schistosomiasis has a severe impact on morbimortality in the country and remains a neglected tropical disease. Herein, we ... ...

Abstract	Background: Schistosomiasis is a persistent public health problem in Brazil. Regardless advances in diagnosis and mass treatment, schistosomiasis has a severe impact on morbimortality in the country and remains a neglected tropical disease. Herein, we assessed the basic and associated causes of schistosomiasis-related deaths and the temporal and spatial patterns of mortality from the disease in Brazil between 1999 and 2018. Methods: We conducted an ecological and time series study. The segmented log-linear regression model was applied to assess time trends, considering all deaths recorded in the category B65/ICD-10. Additionally, we elaborated maps of mortality rates from schistosomiasis in Brazil. Results: A total of 4168 schistosomiasis-related deaths were recorded in Brazil in this period, as an associated cause. Time trend analysis revealed an increase in the average age of deaths from schistosomiasis (annual percentage change (APC) = 0.84), and stable trend in Brazil (APC = 0.31). Concerning schistosomiasis-related deaths, we observed disorders related to the digestive system, liver diseases, septicemias, and chronic diseases. Surprisingly, there were deaths caused by non-endemic Conclusion: Altogether, our analyses demonstrated that schistosomiasis remains a significant cause of death in Brazil, and it is increasing in some areas, especially in the Northeast region. Additionally, women and the elderly showed a stable time trend of deaths. Thereby, it urgently requires improvements in the control programs strategies, in the sense of an effective reduction in cases and deaths from the disease in Brazil.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Brazil/epidemiology ; Cities ; Female ; Humans ; Neglected Diseases ; Public Health ; Schistosomiasis
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-09
Publishing country	Scotland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2741629-X
ISSN	2047-2986 ; 2047-2986
ISSN (online)	2047-2986
ISSN	2047-2986
DOI	10.7189/jogh.11.04061
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Article ; Online: Antimony resistance associated with persistence of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum infection in macrophages.

Magalhães, Lucas Sousa / Bomfim, Lays Gisele Santos / Santos, Camilla Natália Oliveira / Dos Santos, Priscila Lima / Tanajura, Diego Moura / Lipscomb, Michael Wheeler / de Jesus, Amélia Ribeiro / de Almeida, Roque Pacheco / de Moura, Tatiana Rodrigues

Parasitology research

2021 Volume 120, Issue 8, Page(s) 2959–2964

Abstract	Visceral leishmaniasis is a severe disease caused by protozoan parasites that include Leishmania (L.) infantum. The disease is established when parasites subvert the immune response of the host. Notably, chemotherapy-based use of antimonial compounds can partially alleviate disease burden. Unfortunately, the resistance to drug treatments is increasing in areas endemic to the disease. In this report, we investigated immune responses within macrophages infected with antimony-resistant L. infantum isolates from patients with a relapse in the disease. Results revealed that antimony-resistant parasites persist in the first 24 h of infection. Activation of macrophage or blocking of thiol production during infection shows enhanced clearance of parasites, which is coordinately associated with increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, these results suggest that the mechanism of antimony resistance in L. infantum isolates may be related to a decrease in macrophage microbicidal functions.
MeSH term(s)	Antimony/pharmacology ; Drug Resistance ; Humans ; Leishmania infantum/drug effects ; Leishmaniasis/drug therapy ; Leishmaniasis/immunology ; Macrophages/immunology ; Macrophages/parasitology ; Meglumine Antimoniate
Chemical Substances	Meglumine Antimoniate (75G4TW236W) ; Antimony (9IT35J3UV3)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-17
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	284966-5
ISSN	1432-1955 ; 0932-0113 ; 0044-3255
ISSN (online)	1432-1955
ISSN	0932-0113 ; 0044-3255
DOI	10.1007/s00436-021-07231-7
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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