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Article ; Online: On the role of inhibition in suppression-induced forgetting.

van Schie, Kevin / Fawcett, Jonathan M / Anderson, Michael C

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 4242

Abstract: Suppressing retrieval of unwanted memories can cause forgetting, an outcome often attributed to the recruitment of inhibitory control. This suppression-induced forgetting (SIF) generalizes to different cues used to test the suppressed content (cue- ... ...

Abstract	Suppressing retrieval of unwanted memories can cause forgetting, an outcome often attributed to the recruitment of inhibitory control. This suppression-induced forgetting (SIF) generalizes to different cues used to test the suppressed content (cue-independence), a property taken as consistent with inhibition. But does cue-independent forgetting necessarily imply that a memory has been inhibited? Tomlinson et al. (Proc Natl Acad Sci 106:15588-15593, 2009) reported a surprising finding that pressing a button also led to cue-independent forgetting, which was taken as support for an alternative interference account. Here we investigated the role of inhibition in forgetting due to retrieval suppression and pressing buttons. We modified Tomlinson et al.'s procedure to examine an unusual feature they introduced that may have caused memory inhibition effects in their experiment: the omission of explicit task-cues. When tasks were uncued, we replicated the button-press forgetting effect; but when cued, pressing buttons caused no forgetting. Moreover, button-press forgetting partially reflects output-interference effects at test and not a lasting effect of interference. In contrast, SIF occurred regardless of these procedural changes. Collectively, these findings indicate that simply pressing a button does not induce forgetting, on its own, without confounding factors that introduce inhibition into the task and that inhibition likely underlies SIF.
MeSH term(s)	Mental Recall/physiology ; Cues ; Inhibition, Psychological
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-31063-3
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Omitting continuous memory recall from dual-task interventions does not reduce intervention effectiveness.

van Schie, Kevin / van Veen, Suzanne C

Behaviour research and therapy

2023 Volume 164, Page(s) 104291

Abstract: In Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing a patient recalls a traumatic memory, while simultaneously performing a dual-task (e.g., making horizontal eye movements, tapping a pattern). Earlier lab studies show that increasing the load of a dual- ... ...

Abstract	In Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing a patient recalls a traumatic memory, while simultaneously performing a dual-task (e.g., making horizontal eye movements, tapping a pattern). Earlier lab studies show that increasing the load of a dual-task -and leaving fewer resources for memory recall-results in larger decreases in memory vividness and emotionality compared to control conditions. Therefore, we investigated whether it is necessary to continuously and deliberately recall the memory next to performing high taxing dual-tasks. In two online experiments, participants (N = 172, N = 198) recalled a negative autobiographical memory and were randomly assigned to (1) Memory Recall + Dual-Tasks, (2) Dual-Tasks Only, or (3) No Intervention Control. The dual-tasks were complex pattern tapping and spelling out loud. Before and after the intervention the memory was rated on vividness, emotionality, and accessibility. High taxing dual-tasks, regardless of whether there was continuous memory recall, resulted in the largest reductions in all dependent variables compared to control. Unexpectedly, there was no evidence that the addition of continuous memory recall added to these reductions. These results suggest that continuous memory recall might not, or only minimally needed for the beneficial effects of the dual-task procedure. We discuss the necessity of memory (re)activation, alternative explanations, and implications for practice.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Emotions/physiology ; Mental Recall/physiology ; Memory, Episodic ; Eye Movements ; Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing/methods ; Paclitaxel ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology
Chemical Substances	Paclitaxel (P88XT4IS4D)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Randomized Controlled Trial ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	211997-3
ISSN	1873-622X ; 0005-7967
ISSN (online)	1873-622X
ISSN	0005-7967
DOI	10.1016/j.brat.2023.104291
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Article ; Online: No evidence for the inverted U-Curve: More demanding dual tasks cause stronger aversive memory degradation.

Littel, Marianne / van Schie, Kevin

Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry

2019 Volume 65, Page(s) 101484

Abstract: Background and objectives: Simultaneously making eye movements and recalling a memory leads to competition in working memory (WM), which reduces memory vividness and emotionality. The dose-response relationship between WM taxation and aversive memory ... ...

Abstract	Background and objectives: Simultaneously making eye movements and recalling a memory leads to competition in working memory (WM), which reduces memory vividness and emotionality. The dose-response relationship between WM taxation and aversive memory degradation is predicted to be either linear (i.e., more cognitively demanding tasks exhibit stronger effects) or follow an inverted U-curve (i.e., there should not be too little, but also not too much taxation). Methods: Participants (N = 44) recalled four aversive autobiographical memories under four conditions that differed in WM taxation: complex, intermediate, simple, or no counting. Before and after each intervention, and at 24 h follow-up, participants recalled the aversive memory and rated it on vividness and unpleasantness. Using a Bayesian approach the linear and inverted U-shape relationships were directly compared. Results: Pretest to posttest drops in vividness and unpleasantness became larger with increased WM taxation of the counting conditions. There was no support for either hypotheses from pretest to follow-up for memory unpleasantness, whereas for memory vividness anecdotal evidence was found for a linear relationship. Limitations: A reaction time (RT) task was used to select counting tasks of varying difficulties. However, the validity of this task appears to be compromised under very strenuous conditions. Higher levels of WM taxation might have been possible with more difficult counting tasks. Conclusions: There is strong evidence for a linear dose-response relationship between WM taxation and memory degradation immediately after the intervention, and some unconvincing evidence for this pattern one day later. There was no evidence for an inverted U-curve.
MeSH term(s)	Bayes Theorem ; Emotions/physiology ; Eye Movements/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Memory, Episodic ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology ; Mental Recall/physiology ; Reaction Time ; Time Factors ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-05-13
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	280250-8
ISSN	1873-7943 ; 0005-7916
ISSN (online)	1873-7943
ISSN	0005-7916
DOI	10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.101484
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Article ; Online: Boosting long-term effects of degraded memories via acute stress.

van Schie, Kevin / Burghart, Matthias / Kang, Sahaj / Mertens, Gaëtan / Smeets, Tom

Comprehensive psychoneuroendocrinology

2022 Volume 11, Page(s) 100154

Abstract: Combining recall of an emotional memory with simultaneous horizontal eye movements (i.e., Recall + EM) reduces memory aversiveness. However, the long-term persistence of this effect is inconsistent across studies. Given that stress may aid in the ... ...

Abstract	Combining recall of an emotional memory with simultaneous horizontal eye movements (i.e., Recall + EM) reduces memory aversiveness. However, the long-term persistence of this effect is inconsistent across studies. Given that stress may aid in the consolidation of memories, we examined whether acute stress can boost the long-term effects of degraded memories. To test this, participants recalled two negative memories, which were assigned to a Recall + EM or Recall Only condition. Before and after each intervention they rated memory aversiveness (i.e., immediate effects) followed by a stress-induction or control procedure. After a 24h-period, participants rated each memory again (i.e., long-term effects). We found that Recall + EM produces immediate effects but that these effects dissolve over time. Moreover, acute stress did not boost potential long-term effects of Recall + EM. Degraded memories were not retained better by applying stress. We discuss these results and how long-term effectiveness may still be achieved.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2666-4976
ISSN (online)	2666-4976
DOI	10.1016/j.cpnec.2022.100154
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Article ; Online: Verbal suggestions fail to modulate expectations about the effectiveness of a laboratory model of EMDR therapy: Results of two preregistered studies.

Mertens, Gaëtan / van Schie, Kevin / Lammertink, Sophie / Littel, Marianne / Engelhard, Iris M

Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry

2021 Volume 73, Page(s) 101673

Abstract: Background and objectives: For many psychotherapies, like Eye Movement and Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, there is an ongoing discussion about the role of specific versus non-specific mechanisms in their effectiveness However, experimental ...

Abstract	Background and objectives: For many psychotherapies, like Eye Movement and Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, there is an ongoing discussion about the role of specific versus non-specific mechanisms in their effectiveness However, experimental research directly examining the potential role of non-specific mechanisms is scarce. Here, we address the role of a non-specific factor that is often put forward for EMDR, namely treatment effectiveness expectations, within a laboratory model of EMDR therapy. Methods: In a lab-based (N = 96) and an online experiment (N = 173), we gave participants verbal instructions to manipulate their treatment expectations. Instructions emphasized EMDR's effectiveness or ineffectiveness. Then, participants were asked to recollect an unpleasant autobiographical memory with or without making eye-movements. Results: In line with previous studies, we found significant reductions of reported vividness and emotionality of negative autobiographical memories in the eye-movements condition. These reductions did not differ between the verbal suggestions conditions in both experiments, suggesting a limited effect of treatment effectiveness suggestions. Limitations: Treatment effectiveness expectations were not successfully manipulated by the suggestions manipulation. This suggests that treatment expectations may be more difficult to influence than anticipated, thus limiting the interpretation of our findings. Conclusions: These findings tentatively corroborate the results of two earlier reports, suggesting that the effects of verbal suggestions about treatment effectiveness in a laboratory model of EMDR therapy may be limited.
MeSH term(s)	Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing ; Humans ; Laboratories ; Memory, Episodic ; Mental Recall ; Motivation
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-25
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	280250-8
ISSN	1873-7943 ; 0005-7916
ISSN (online)	1873-7943
ISSN	0005-7916
DOI	10.1016/j.jbtep.2021.101673
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Article ; Online: On EMDR: Measuring the working memory taxation of various types of eye (non-)movement conditions.

van Veen, Suzanne C / Kang, Sahaj / van Schie, Kevin

Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry

2019 Volume 65, Page(s) 101494

Abstract: Background and objective: A recent, large randomized controlled trial employing different forms of eye (non-)movements in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) showed that fixating the eyes either on a therapist's moving or non-moving ... ...

Abstract	Background and objective: A recent, large randomized controlled trial employing different forms of eye (non-)movements in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) showed that fixating the eyes either on a therapist's moving or non-moving hand led to equal reductions in symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, numerous EMDR lab analogue studies found that eye movements produce larger memory effects than eyes stationary. These beneficial effects are typically explained by differences in working memory (WM) taxation. We tested the degree of WM taxation of several eye (non-)movement conditions used in the clinical trial. Methods: All participants (N = 40) performed: (1) eyes moving by following the experimenter's moving finger, (2) eyes fixed on the experimenter's stationary finger, (3) eyes closed, or (4) looking unfocused into the room. Simultaneously they performed a simple reaction time task. Reaction times are an objective index of the extent to which different dual attention tasks tax WM. Results: Eyes moving is more taxing than eyes fixed, while eyes fixed did not differ from eyes unfocused. All conditions were more taxing than eyes closed. Limitations: We studied WM taxation in a laboratory setting; no clinical interventions were applied. Conclusions: In line with previous lab studies, making eye movements was more taxing than eyes fixed. We discuss why this effect was not observed for reductions in PTSD symptoms in the clinical trial (e.g., differences in dependent variables, sample population, and intervention duration). For more comprehensive future insights, we recommend integration of mechanistically focused lab analogue studies and patient-oriented clinical studies.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Eye Movements/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology ; Mental Recall/physiology ; Reaction Time/physiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-06-10
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	280250-8
ISSN	1873-7943 ; 0005-7916
ISSN (online)	1873-7943
ISSN	0005-7916
DOI	10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.101494
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Article ; Online: The effects of dual-tasks on intrusive memories following analogue trauma.

van Schie, Kevin / van Veen, Suzanne C / Hagenaars, Muriel A

Behaviour research and therapy

2019 Volume 120, Page(s) 103448

Abstract: Patients with post-traumatic stress disorder frequently and involuntarily experience intrusions, which are strongly linked to the trauma hotspot. Voluntary memory characteristics (i.e., vividness and unpleasantness) of this hotspot can be reduced by ... ...

Abstract	Patients with post-traumatic stress disorder frequently and involuntarily experience intrusions, which are strongly linked to the trauma hotspot. Voluntary memory characteristics (i.e., vividness and unpleasantness) of this hotspot can be reduced by performing a dual-task, such as making horizontal eye movements, which is frequently used in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing. We tested whether such dual-task interventions would also reduce involuntary memory (i.e., intrusions). Moreover, we examined if changes in hotspot vividness and unpleasantness predicted intrusion frequency. Additionally, we examined whether the effects were dependent on dual-task modality. We tested this in three experiments. Participants watched a trauma film and performed one of the interventions 10-min post-film (1) Recall + Eye movements, (2) Recall + Counting, or (3) No-Task Control. Before and after the intervention, participants rated the hotspot vividness and unpleasantness. They recorded intrusive memories about the film in a diary for a week. Unexpectedly, we found that hotspot vividness and unpleasantness ratings were not affected by the intervention. However, the prolonged (experiment 2), but not standard (experiment 1), dual-task interventions resulted in a lower number of intrusions, regardless of modality. However, this effect was not replicated in experiment 3. We discuss potential explanations and present suggestions for future research.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Attention ; Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing ; Eye Movements ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Memory ; Memory, Short-Term ; Mental Recall ; Psychological Trauma/psychology ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/rehabilitation ; Task Performance and Analysis ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-07-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	211997-3
ISSN	1873-622X ; 0005-7967
ISSN (online)	1873-622X
ISSN	0005-7967
DOI	10.1016/j.brat.2019.103448
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Zs.A 162: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Successfully controlling intrusive memories is harder when control must be sustained.

van Schie, Kevin / Anderson, Michael C

Memory (Hove, England)

2017 Volume 25, Issue 9, Page(s) 1201–1216

Abstract: After unpleasant events, people often experience intrusive memories that undermine their peace of mind. In response, they often suppress these unwanted memories from awareness. Such efforts may fail, however, when inhibitory control demands are high due ... ...

Abstract	After unpleasant events, people often experience intrusive memories that undermine their peace of mind. In response, they often suppress these unwanted memories from awareness. Such efforts may fail, however, when inhibitory control demands are high due to the need to sustain control, or when fatigue compromises inhibitory capacity. Here we examined how sustained inhibitory demand affected intrusive memories in the Think/No-Think paradigm. To isolate intrusions, participants reported, trial-by-trial, whether their preceding attempt to suppress retrieval had triggered retrieval of the memory they intended to suppress. Such counter-intentional retrievals provide a laboratory model of the sort of involuntary retrieval that may underlie intrusive memories. Using this method, we found that longer duration trials increased the probability of an intrusion. Moreover, on later No-Think trials, control over intrusions suddenly declined, with longer trial durations triggering more relapses of items that had been previously been purged. Thus, the challenges of controlling retrieval appear to cause a decline in control over time, due to a change in state, such as fatigue. These findings raise the possibility that characteristics often true of people with psychiatric disorders - such as compromised sleep, and increased demand on control - may contribute to difficulties in suppressing intrusive memories.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Awareness/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Inhibition, Psychological ; Male ; Memory/physiology ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Reaction Time/physiology ; Repression, Psychology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-02-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1147478-6
ISSN	1464-0686 ; 0965-8211
ISSN (online)	1464-0686
ISSN	0965-8211
DOI	10.1080/09658211.2017.1282518
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Article: Exploring expectation effects in EMDR: does prior treatment knowledge affect the degrading effects of eye movements on memories?

Littel, Marianne / van Schie, Kevin / van den Hout, Marcel A

European journal of psychotraumatology

2017 Volume 8, Issue sup1, Page(s) 1328954

Abstract: ... ...

Abstract	Background
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-06-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2586642-4
ISSN	2000-8066 ; 2000-8066 ; 2000-8198
ISSN (online)	2000-8066
ISSN	2000-8066 ; 2000-8198
DOI	10.1080/20008198.2017.1328954
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Article ; Online: A randomized controlled trial to pilot the efficacy of a computer-based intervention with elements of virtual reality and limited therapist assistance for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder.

van Meggelen, Marieke / Morina, Nexhmedin / van der Heiden, Colin / Brinkman, Willem-Paul / Yocarini, Iris E / Tielman, Myrthe L / Rodenburg, Jan / van Ee, Elisa / van Schie, Kevin / Broekman, Marijke E / Franken, Ingmar H A

Frontiers in digital health

2022 Volume 4, Page(s) 974668

Abstract: Although well-established therapies exist for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), barriers to seek mental health care are high. Technology-based interventions may play a role in improving the reach of efforts to treat, especially when therapist ... ...

Abstract	Although well-established therapies exist for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), barriers to seek mental health care are high. Technology-based interventions may play a role in improving the reach of efforts to treat, especially when therapist availability is low. The goal of the current randomized controlled trial was to pilot the efficacy of a computer-based trauma intervention with elements of virtual reality (VR;
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-18
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2673-253X
ISSN (online)	2673-253X
DOI	10.3389/fdgth.2022.974668
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