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Article ; Online: Pre-certification conditions of independent oil palm smallholders in Indonesia. Assessing prospects for RSPO certification

de Vos, Rosanne E. / Suwarno, Aritta / Slingerland, Maja / van der Meer, Peter J. / Lucey, Jennifer M.

Land Use Policy. 2023 July, v. 130 p.106660-

2023

Abstract: Smallholders, who cultivate ±30% of the global palm oil land, are critical to the realization of a sustainable palm oil sector. However, particularly independent smallholders, untied to mills, lag behind in yields and experience challenges to market ... ...

Abstract	Smallholders, who cultivate ±30% of the global palm oil land, are critical to the realization of a sustainable palm oil sector. However, particularly independent smallholders, untied to mills, lag behind in yields and experience challenges to market their produce. Sustainability certification, such as by the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), is proposed as a way to improve smallholder livelihoods, while protecting the environment. However, independent smallholders experience barriers to obtain certification. Through interviews with 18 RSPO certified independent smallholder groups in Indonesia and 9 certification facilitators, this study examines how pre-certification conditions regarding smallholders' socio-economic backgrounds, legality, group organization, planation management practices, and local supply chain conditions impact prospects for RSPO certification, and how groups who successfully achieved certification have dealt with challenges during the certification process. We found that the majority (77%) of RSPO certified independent smallholders in Indonesia consists of 'former scheme' smallholders. These smallholders often have clear land legality and are organized in groups prior to certification, which increases their eligibility for RSPO certification. However, due to upfront and recurrent costs for certification, as well as complexities in meeting RSPO standards, access to certification is strongly dependent on external facilitators. To up-scale certification for independent oil palm smallholders, and include more non-scheme smallholders, certification projects should involve more local actors including local governments and certified smallholder groups. In addition, certification should focus on core social and environmental concerns for smallholders, while being flexible with regards to the forms of proof needed to fulfil legality requirements.
Keywords	Elaeis guineensis ; certification ; land policy ; palm oils ; socioeconomics ; supply chain ; Indonesia ; RSPO certification ; Smallholders ; Legality ; Group organization ; Sustainability ; RSPO ; ISPO ; MSPO ; SHM ; SPPL ; STD-B ; FFB ; NGO
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-07
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Use and reproduction
ZDB-ID	852476-2
ISSN	0264-8377
ISSN	0264-8377
DOI	10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106660
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Agroforestry orchards support greater butterfly diversity than monoculture plantations in the tropics.

Wan Zaki, Wan Mamat / Yahya, Muhammad Syafiq / Norhisham, Ahmad R / Sanusi, Ruzana / van der Meer, Peter J / Azhar, Badrul

Oecologia

2023 Volume 201, Issue 3, Page(s) 863–875

Abstract: Large-scale deforestation in the tropics, triggered by logging and subsequent agricultural monoculture has a significant adverse impact on biodiversity due to habitat degradation. Here, we measured the diversity of butterfly species in three agricultural ...

Abstract	Large-scale deforestation in the tropics, triggered by logging and subsequent agricultural monoculture has a significant adverse impact on biodiversity due to habitat degradation. Here, we measured the diversity of butterfly species in three agricultural landscapes, agroforestry orchards, oil palm, and rubber tree plantations. Butterfly species were counted at 127 sampling points over the course of a year using the point count method. We found that agroforestry orchards supported a greater number of butterfly species (74 species) compared to rubber tree (61 species) and oil palm plantations (54 species) which were dominated by generalist (73%) followed by forest specialists (27%). We found no significant difference of butterfly species composition between agroforestry orchards and rubber tree plantation, with both habitats associated with more butterfly species compared to oil palm plantations. This indicates butterflies were able to persist better in certain agricultural landscapes. GLMMs suggested that tree height, undergrowth coverage and height, and elevation determined butterfly diversity. Butterfly species richness was also influenced by season and landscape-level variables such as proximity to forest, mean NDVI, and habitat. Understanding the factors that contributed to butterfly species richness in an agroecosystem, stakeholders should consider management practices to improve biodiversity conservation such as ground vegetation management and retaining adjacent forest areas to enhance butterfly species richness. Furthermore, our findings suggest that agroforestry system should be considered to enhance biodiversity in agricultural landscapes.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Butterflies ; Ecosystem ; Biodiversity ; Forests ; Agriculture ; Conservation of Natural Resources
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-13
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	123369-5
ISSN	1432-1939 ; 0029-8549
ISSN (online)	1432-1939
ISSN	0029-8549
DOI	10.1007/s00442-023-05348-3
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: The Effects of Peat Swamp Forest Patches and Riparian Areas within Large Scale Oil Palm Plantations on Bird Species Richness.

Amit, Bettycopa / Klok, Wauter Ralph / Van Der Meer, Peter J / Khairuddin, Nik Sasha Khatrina / Yaman, Ivan Chiron / Khoon, Kho Lip

Tropical life sciences research

2023 Volume 34, Issue 2, Page(s) 131–160

Abstract: It is well established that oil palm is one of the most efficient and productive oil crops. However, oil palm agriculture is also one of the threats to tropical biodiversity. This study aims to investigate how set-aside areas in an oil palm plantation ... ...

Abstract	It is well established that oil palm is one of the most efficient and productive oil crops. However, oil palm agriculture is also one of the threats to tropical biodiversity. This study aims to investigate how set-aside areas in an oil palm plantation affect bird biodiversity. The research area includes two set-asides areas: peat swamp forest and riparian reserves and two oil palm sites adjacent to reserved forest sites. A total of 3,074 birds comprising 100 species from 34 families were observed in an oil palm plantation landscape on peatland located in the northern part of Borneo, Sarawak, Malaysia. Results showed that efforts by set-asides forest areas in large scale of oil palm dominated landscapes supported distinct bird species richness. High percentage of the canopies and shrub covers had a positive effect on bird species richness at area between oil palm and peat swamp forest. Herbaceous cover with height less than 1 m influenced the abundance of birds in the plantation closed to the peat swamp forest. The set-aside areas in oil palm plantations are essential in supporting bird's refuges and should be part of oil palm landscape management to improve biodiversity conservation. Thus, provided the forest set-aside areas are large enough and risks to biodiversity and habitat are successfully managed, oil palm can play an important role in biodiversity conservation.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-21
Publishing country	Malaysia
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2607038-8
ISSN	2180-4249 ; 1985-3718
ISSN (online)	2180-4249
ISSN	1985-3718
DOI	10.21315/tlsr2023.34.2.7
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Article ; Online: Agroforestry orchards support greater butterfly diversity than monoculture plantations in the tropics

Wan Zaki, Wan Mamat / Yahya, Muhammad Syafiq / Norhisham, Ahmad R. / Sanusi, Ruzana / van der Meer, Peter J. / Azhar, Badrul

Oecologia. 2023 Mar., v. 201, no. 3 p.863-875

2023

Abstract	Large-scale deforestation in the tropics, triggered by logging and subsequent agricultural monoculture has a significant adverse impact on biodiversity due to habitat degradation. Here, we measured the diversity of butterfly species in three agricultural landscapes, agroforestry orchards, oil palm, and rubber tree plantations. Butterfly species were counted at 127 sampling points over the course of a year using the point count method. We found that agroforestry orchards supported a greater number of butterfly species (74 species) compared to rubber tree (61 species) and oil palm plantations (54 species) which were dominated by generalist (73%) followed by forest specialists (27%). We found no significant difference of butterfly species composition between agroforestry orchards and rubber tree plantation, with both habitats associated with more butterfly species compared to oil palm plantations. This indicates butterflies were able to persist better in certain agricultural landscapes. GLMMs suggested that tree height, undergrowth coverage and height, and elevation determined butterfly diversity. Butterfly species richness was also influenced by season and landscape-level variables such as proximity to forest, mean NDVI, and habitat. Understanding the factors that contributed to butterfly species richness in an agroecosystem, stakeholders should consider management practices to improve biodiversity conservation such as ground vegetation management and retaining adjacent forest areas to enhance butterfly species richness. Furthermore, our findings suggest that agroforestry system should be considered to enhance biodiversity in agricultural landscapes.
Keywords	Elaeis guineensis ; Hevea brasiliensis ; agroecosystems ; agroforestry ; biodiversity conservation ; butterflies ; deforestation ; forests ; ground vegetation ; habitat destruction ; habitats ; plantations ; species richness ; stakeholders ; tree height
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-03
Size	p. 863-875.
Publishing place	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	123369-5
ISSN	1432-1939 ; 0029-8549
ISSN (online)	1432-1939
ISSN	0029-8549
DOI	10.1007/s00442-023-05348-3
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Pre-certification conditions of independent oil palm smallholders in Indonesia. Assessing prospects for RSPO certification

de Vos, Rosanne E. / Suwarno, Aritta / Slingerland, Maja / van der Meer, Peter J. / Lucey, Jennifer M.

Land Use Policy

2023 Volume 130

Abstract	Smallholders, who cultivate ±30% of the global palm oil land, are critical to the realization of a sustainable palm oil sector. However, particularly independent smallholders, untied to mills, lag behind in yields and experience challenges to market their produce. Sustainability certification, such as by the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), is proposed as a way to improve smallholder livelihoods, while protecting the environment. However, independent smallholders experience barriers to obtain certification. Through interviews with 18 RSPO certified independent smallholder groups in Indonesia and 9 certification facilitators, this study examines how pre-certification conditions regarding smallholders’ socio-economic backgrounds, legality, group organization, planation management practices, and local supply chain conditions impact prospects for RSPO certification, and how groups who successfully achieved certification have dealt with challenges during the certification process. We found that the majority (77%) of RSPO certified independent smallholders in Indonesia consists of ‘former scheme’ smallholders. These smallholders often have clear land legality and are organized in groups prior to certification, which increases their eligibility for RSPO certification. However, due to upfront and recurrent costs for certification, as well as complexities in meeting RSPO standards, access to certification is strongly dependent on external facilitators. To up-scale certification for independent oil palm smallholders, and include more non-scheme smallholders, certification projects should involve more local actors including local governments and certified smallholder groups. In addition, certification should focus on core social and environmental concerns for smallholders, while being flexible with regards to the forms of proof needed to fulfil legality requirements.
Keywords	Group organization ; Indonesia ; Legality ; RSPO certification ; Smallholders ; Sustainability
Subject code	910
Language	English
Publishing country	nl
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	852476-2
ISSN	0264-8377
ISSN	0264-8377
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Independent oil palm smallholder management practices and yields

De Vos, Rosanne E. / Suwarno, Aritta / Slingerland, Maja / Van Der Meer, Peter J. / Lucey, Jennifer M.

Environmental Research Letters

Can RSPO certification make a difference?

2021 Volume 16, Issue 6

Abstract: Smallholders are a substantial part of the oil palm sector and thus are key to achieving more sustainable production. However, so far their yields remain below potential. The Roundtable on Sustainable Oil Palm (RSPO) aims to include smallholders in ... ...

Abstract	Smallholders are a substantial part of the oil palm sector and thus are key to achieving more sustainable production. However, so far their yields remain below potential. The Roundtable on Sustainable Oil Palm (RSPO) aims to include smallholders in sustainability certification to strengthen rural livelihoods and reduce negative environmental impacts. This study aims to determine if and how certified smallholders perform differently from their non-certified counterparts in terms of management practices and yields, and to what extent this is related to RSPO certification. Certified smallholders had significantly better management practices in terms of planting material (tenera) and fertiliser use (16.8 vs 4.8 bags ha-1 yr-1) and had significantly higher yields (22.5 vs 14.5 ton fresh fruit bunches ha-11 yr-11, corrected for palm age). Planting material and harvesting frequency significantly explained higher yields. These differences could not be attributed to certification per se but were probably due to pre-certification conditions, including strong group organisation. It remains a question as to how sustainability certification can be a driver of change by including smallholders who have relatively larger yield gaps, and who lag behind in eligibility criteria for certification.
Keywords	Indonesia ; RSPO certification ; oil palm ; plantation management ; smallholders ; sustainability
Subject code	571
Language	English
Publishing country	nl
Document type	Article ; Online
ISSN	1748-9318
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: REDD+ in the context of ecosystem management

Hein, Lars / van der Meer, Peter J

Current opinion in environmental sustainability. 2012 Dec., v. 4, no. 6

2012

Abstract: The design and implementation of REDD+ projects requires understanding the local ecological, economic and social context. This paper analyzes how REDD+ influences the context of ecosystem management, from both a conceptual and an ecosystem-scale ... ...

Abstract	The design and implementation of REDD+ projects requires understanding the local ecological, economic and social context. This paper analyzes how REDD+ influences the context of ecosystem management, from both a conceptual and an ecosystem-scale perspective. We analyze how REDD+ changes the economic interests in ecosystem management for different stakeholders, and present a case study demonstrating the economic benefits of sustainable forest use versus oil palm plantation in Indonesia. We also analyze the economic costs of carbon emissions from land use conversion, and show that in Kalimantan, Indonesia, net revenues from REDD+ need to be US$ 3/tonCO₂ to allow sustainable forest use to compete with oil palm on peat, and US$ 7/tonCO₂ for mineral soil. Subsequently we present four insights from our ecosystem analysis relevant for REDD+.
Keywords	Elaeis guineensis ; carbon ; case studies ; economic costs ; ecosystem management ; ecosystems ; emissions ; income ; land use ; mineral soils ; peat ; stakeholders ; sustainable forestry ; Borneo ; Indonesia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2012-12
Size	p. 604-611.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2514810-2
ISSN	1877-3435
ISSN	1877-3435
DOI	10.1016/j.cosust.2012.09.016
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Spatial contagiousness of canopy disturbance in tropical rain forest: an individual-tree-based test.

Jansen, Patrick A / van der Meer, Peter J / Bongers, Frans

Ecology

2009 Volume 89, Issue 12, Page(s) 3490–3502

Abstract: Spatial contagiousness of canopy dynamics-the tendency of canopy disturbances to occur nearby existing canopy openings due to an elevated risk of tree fall around gaps-has been demonstrated in many temperate-zone forests, but only inferentially for ... ...

Abstract	Spatial contagiousness of canopy dynamics-the tendency of canopy disturbances to occur nearby existing canopy openings due to an elevated risk of tree fall around gaps-has been demonstrated in many temperate-zone forests, but only inferentially for tropical forests. Hypothesized mechanisms increasing the risk of tree fall around tropical forest gaps are (1) increased tree exposure to wind around gaps, (2) reduced stability of trees alongside gaps due to crown asymmetry, or (3) reduced tree health around gaps due to damage from prior disturbances. One hypothesized consequence of elevated disturbance levels around gaps would be that gap-edge zones offer relatively favorable prospects for seedling recruitment, growth, and survival. We tested whether disturbance levels are indeed elevated around natural canopy gaps in a neotropical rain forest in French Guiana, and more so as gaps are larger. We followed the fate of 5660 trees >10 cm stem diameter over five years across 12 ha of old-growth forest and analyzed the risk and magnitude of canopy disturbance events in relation to tree diameter and the proximity and size of natural canopy gaps. We found that the cumulative incidence of disturbance over the five-year survey was not significantly elevated around preexisting gaps, and only weakly related to gap size. Also, neither the risk nor the magnitude of canopy disturbances increased significantly with the proximity of gaps. Moreover, canopy disturbance risk around gaps was independent of gap size, while the magnitude of disturbance events around gaps was weakly related to gap size. Tree size was the major driver of disturbance risk as well as magnitude. We did find an elevated incidence of disturbance inside preexisting gaps, but this "repeat disturbance" was due to an elevated disturbance risk inside gaps, not around gaps. Overall, we found no strong evidence for canopy dynamics in this rain forest being spatially contagious. Our findings are consistent with the traditional view of tropical rain forests as mosaics of patches with predictable regeneration cycles.
MeSH term(s)	Ecosystem ; Plant Leaves/growth & development ; Plant Leaves/physiology ; Sunlight ; Time Factors ; Trees/growth & development ; Trees/physiology ; Tropical Climate
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-01-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1797-8
ISSN	0012-9658
ISSN	0012-9658
DOI	10.1890/07-1682.1
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Is farther seed dispersal better? Spatial patterns of offspring mortality in three rainforest tree species with different dispersal abilities

Jansen, Patrick A / Bongers, Frans / van der Meer, Peter J

Ecography. 2008 Feb., v. 31, no. 1

2008

Abstract: The paradigm that tropical trees with farther seed dispersal experience lower offspring mortality is currently based on within-species studies documenting higher survival of offspring located farther from conspecific adults and/or closer to light gaps. ... ...

Abstract	The paradigm that tropical trees with farther seed dispersal experience lower offspring mortality is currently based on within-species studies documenting higher survival of offspring located farther from conspecific adults and/or closer to light gaps. We determined whether the paradigm also holds among species by comparing spatial patterns of offspring mortality among three sympatric Neotropical rainforest tree species with the same seed dispersers but with different dispersal abilities. First, we assessed spatially non-random mortality for each species by measuring spatial shifts of the population recruitment curve (PRC) with respect to conspecific adults and light gaps across three early life stages: dispersed seeds, young seedlings and old seedlings. Then, we determined whether PRC shifts were greater for the species with short dispersal distances than for the species with greater dispersal distances. We found that the PRC shifted away from conspecific adults consistently across life stages, but we found no consistent PRC shifts towards gaps, suggesting that mortality was related more to the proximity of conspecifics than to absence of light gaps. PRC shifts away from adults were greatest in the species with the lowest dispersal ability, supporting the paradigm. Differential PRC shifts caused the spatial distribution of offspring to become almost independent with respect to adult trees and gaps in all three species, despite large differences in seed dispersal distance among these species. Our results provide direct empirical support for the paradigm that among tropical trees, species with farther seed dispersal are less impacted by spatially non-random mortality than are similar species with shorter dispersal distances. Thus, greater dispersal effectiveness merits extra investments of trees in seed dispersal ability, even at the cost of fecundity.
Keywords	adults ; mortality ; progeny ; rain forests ; seed dispersal ; seed trees ; seedlings ; seeds ; species dispersal
Language	English
Dates of publication	2008-02
Size	p. 43-52.
Publisher	Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Publishing place	Copenhagen
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1112659-0
ISSN	0906-7590
ISSN	0906-7590
DOI	10.1111/j.2007.0906-7590.05156.x
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Evolutionary heritage influences amazon tree ecology

De Souza, Fernanda Coelho / Dexter, Kyle G. / Phillips, Oliver L. / Brienen, Roel J.W. / Chave, Jerome / Galbraith, David R. / Gonzalez, Gabriela Lopez / Mendoza, Abel Monteagudo / Toby Pennington, R. / Poorter, Lourens / Arets, E.J.M.M. / Boot, Rene G.A. / van der Meer, Peter J.

Proceedings of the Royal Society. B: Biological Sciences

2016 Volume 283, Issue 1844

Abstract: Lineages tend to retain ecological characteristics of their ancestors through time. However, for some traits, selection during evolutionary history may have also played a role in determining trait values. To address the relative importance of these ... ...

Abstract	Lineages tend to retain ecological characteristics of their ancestors through time. However, for some traits, selection during evolutionary history may have also played a role in determining trait values. To address the relative importance of these processes requires large-scale quantification of traits and evolutionary relationships among species. The Amazonian tree flora comprises a high diversity of angiosperm lineages and species with widely differing life-history characteristics, providing an excellent system to investigate the combined influences of evolutionary heritage and selection in determining trait variation. We used trait data related to the major axes of life-history variation among tropical trees (e.g. growth and mortality rates) from 577 inventory plots in closed-canopy forest, mapped onto a phylogenetic hypothesis spanning more than 300 genera including all major angiosperm clades to test for evolutionary constraints on traits. We found significant phylogenetic signal (PS) for all traits, consistent with evolutionarily related genera having more similar characteristics than expected by chance. Although there is also evidence for repeated evolution of pioneer and shade tolerant lifehistory strategies within independent lineages, the existence of significant PS allows clearer predictions of the links between evolutionary diversity, ecosystem function and the response of tropical forests to global change.
Keywords	Convergent evolution ; Divergent selection ; Phylogenetic signal ; Trait ; Tropical tree
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing country	nl
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	209242-6
ISSN	1471-2954 ; 0080-4649 ; 0962-8452 ; 0950-1193
ISSN (online)	1471-2954
ISSN	0080-4649 ; 0962-8452 ; 0950-1193
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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