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Article ; Online: Experience shapes chandelier cell function and structure in the visual cortex.

Seignette, Koen / Jamann, Nora / Papale, Paolo / Terra, Huub / Porneso, Ralph O / de Kraker, Leander / van der Togt, Chris / van der Aa, Maaike / Neering, Paul / Ruimschotel, Emma / Roelfsema, Pieter R / Montijn, Jorrit S / Self, Matthew W / Kole, Maarten H P / Levelt, Christiaan N

eLife

2024 Volume 12

Abstract: Detailed characterization of interneuron types in primary visual cortex (V1) has greatly contributed to understanding visual perception, yet the role of chandelier cells (ChCs) in visual processing remains poorly characterized. Using viral tracing we ... ...

Abstract	Detailed characterization of interneuron types in primary visual cortex (V1) has greatly contributed to understanding visual perception, yet the role of chandelier cells (ChCs) in visual processing remains poorly characterized. Using viral tracing we found that V1 ChCs predominantly receive monosynaptic input from local layer 5 pyramidal cells and higher-order cortical regions. Two-photon calcium imaging and convolutional neural network modeling revealed that ChCs are visually responsive but weakly selective for stimulus content. In mice running in a virtual tunnel, ChCs respond strongly to events known to elicit arousal, including locomotion and visuomotor mismatch. Repeated exposure of the mice to the virtual tunnel was accompanied by reduced visual responses of ChCs and structural plasticity of ChC boutons and axon initial segment length. Finally, ChCs only weakly inhibited pyramidal cells. These findings suggest that ChCs provide an arousal-related signal to layer 2/3 pyramidal cells that may modulate their activity and/or gate plasticity of their axon initial segments during behaviorally relevant events.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Mice ; Neurons ; Pyramidal Cells ; Visual Cortex ; Interneurons ; Arousal
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2687154-3
ISSN	2050-084X ; 2050-084X
ISSN (online)	2050-084X
ISSN	2050-084X
DOI	10.7554/eLife.91153
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Article ; Online: Mouse visual cortex contains a region of enhanced spatial resolution.

van Beest, Enny H / Mukherjee, Sreedeep / Kirchberger, Lisa / Schnabel, Ulf H / van der Togt, Chris / Teeuwen, Rob R M / Barsegyan, Areg / Meyer, Arne F / Poort, Jasper / Roelfsema, Pieter R / Self, Matthew W

Nature communications

2021 Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 4029

Abstract: The representation of space in mouse visual cortex was thought to be relatively uniform. Here we reveal, using population receptive-field (pRF) mapping techniques, that mouse visual cortex contains a region in which pRFs are considerably smaller. This ... ...

Abstract	The representation of space in mouse visual cortex was thought to be relatively uniform. Here we reveal, using population receptive-field (pRF) mapping techniques, that mouse visual cortex contains a region in which pRFs are considerably smaller. This region, the "focea," represents a location in space in front of, and slightly above, the mouse. Using two-photon imaging we show that the smaller pRFs are due to lower scatter of receptive-fields at the focea and an over-representation of binocular regions of space. We show that receptive-fields of single-neurons in areas LM and AL are smaller at the focea and that mice have improved visual resolution in this region of space. Furthermore, freely moving mice make compensatory eye-movements to hold this region in front of them. Our results indicate that mice have spatial biases in their visual processing, a finding that has important implications for the use of the mouse model of vision.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Eye Movements/physiology ; Female ; Head Movements/physiology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Photic Stimulation ; Visual Cortex/physiology ; Visual Fields/physiology ; Visual Perception/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2553671-0
ISSN	2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
ISSN	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/s41467-021-24311-5
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Article ; Online: The essential role of recurrent processing for figure-ground perception in mice.

Kirchberger, Lisa / Mukherjee, Sreedeep / Schnabel, Ulf H / van Beest, Enny H / Barsegyan, Areg / Levelt, Christiaan N / Heimel, J Alexander / Lorteije, Jeannette A M / van der Togt, Chris / Self, Matthew W / Roelfsema, Pieter R

Science advances

2021 Volume 7, Issue 27

Abstract: The segregation of figures from the background is an important step in visual perception. In primary visual cortex, figures evoke stronger activity than backgrounds during a delayed phase of the neuronal responses, but it is unknown how this figure- ... ...

Abstract	The segregation of figures from the background is an important step in visual perception. In primary visual cortex, figures evoke stronger activity than backgrounds during a delayed phase of the neuronal responses, but it is unknown how this figure-ground modulation (FGM) arises and whether it is necessary for perception. Here, we show, using optogenetic silencing in mice, that the delayed V1 response phase is necessary for figure-ground segregation. Neurons in higher visual areas also exhibit FGM and optogenetic silencing of higher areas reduced FGM in V1. In V1, figures elicited higher activity of vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons than the background, whereas figures suppressed somatostatin-positive interneurons, resulting in an increased activation of pyramidal cells. Optogenetic silencing of VIP neurons reduced FGM in V1, indicating that disinhibitory circuits contribute to FGM. Our results provide insight into how lower and higher areas of the visual cortex interact to shape visual perception.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2810933-8
ISSN	2375-2548 ; 2375-2548
ISSN (online)	2375-2548
ISSN	2375-2548
DOI	10.1126/sciadv.abe1833
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Article ; Online: No phylogeny without ontogeny: a comparative and developmental search for the sources of sleep-like neural and behavioral rhythms.

Corner, Michael / van der Togt, Chris

Neuroscience bulletin

2012 Volume 28, Issue 1, Page(s) 25–38

Abstract: A comprehensive review is presented of reported aspects and putative mechanisms of sleep-like motility rhythms throughout the animal kingdom. It is proposed that 'rapid eye movement (REM) sleep' be regarded as a special case of a distinct but much ... ...

Abstract	A comprehensive review is presented of reported aspects and putative mechanisms of sleep-like motility rhythms throughout the animal kingdom. It is proposed that 'rapid eye movement (REM) sleep' be regarded as a special case of a distinct but much broader category of behavior, 'rapid body movement (RBM) sleep', defined by intrinsically-generated and apparently non-purposive movements. Such a classification completes a 2 × 2 matrix defined by the axes sleep versus waking and active versus quiet. Although 'paradoxical' arousal of forebrain electrical activity is restricted to warm-blooded vertebrates, we urge that juvenile or even infantile stages of development be investigated in cold-blooded animals, in view of the many reports of REM-like spontaneous motility (RBMs) in a wide range of species during sleep. The neurophysiological bases for motorically active sleep at the brainstem level and for slow-wave sleep in the forebrain appear to be remarkably similar, and to be subserved in both cases by a primitive diffuse mode of neuronal organization. Thus, the spontaneous synchronous burst discharges which are characteristics of the sleeping brain can be readily simulated even by highly unstructured neural network models. Neuromotor discharges during active sleep appear to reflect a hierarchy of simple relaxation oscillation mechanisms, spanning a wide range of spike-dependent relaxation times, whereas the periodic alternation of active and quiet sleep states more likely results from the entrainment of intrinsic cellular rhythms and/or from activity-dependent homeostatic changes in network excitability.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Brain/physiology ; Humans ; Neurons/physiology ; Phylogeny ; Sleep/physiology ; Sleep, REM/physiology ; Wakefulness/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-01-10
Publishing country	Singapore
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2419741-5
ISSN	1995-8218 ; 1673-7067
ISSN (online)	1995-8218
ISSN	1673-7067
DOI	10.1007/s12264-012-1062-8
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Article ; Online: Learning a New Selection Rule in Visual and Frontal Cortex.

van der Togt, Chris / Stănişor, Liviu / Pooresmaeili, Arezoo / Albantakis, Larissa / Deco, Gustavo / Roelfsema, Pieter R

Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)

2016 Volume 26, Issue 8, Page(s) 3611–3626

Abstract: How do you make a decision if you do not know the rules of the game? Models of sensory decision-making suggest that choices are slow if evidence is weak, but they may only apply if the subject knows the task rules. Here, we asked how the learning of a ... ...

Abstract	How do you make a decision if you do not know the rules of the game? Models of sensory decision-making suggest that choices are slow if evidence is weak, but they may only apply if the subject knows the task rules. Here, we asked how the learning of a new rule influences neuronal activity in the visual (area V1) and frontal cortex (area FEF) of monkeys. We devised a new icon-selection task. On each day, the monkeys saw 2 new icons (small pictures) and learned which one was relevant. We rewarded eye movements to a saccade target connected to the relevant icon with a curve. Neurons in visual and frontal cortex coded the monkey's choice, because the representation of the selected curve was enhanced. Learning delayed the neuronal selection signals and we uncovered the cause of this delay in V1, where learning to select the relevant icon caused an early suppression of surrounding image elements. These results demonstrate that the learning of a new rule causes a transition from fast and random decisions to a more considerate strategy that takes additional time and they reveal the contribution of visual and frontal cortex to the learning process.
Language	English
Publishing date	2016
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1077450-6
ISSN	1460-2199 ; 1047-3211
ISSN (online)	1460-2199
ISSN	1047-3211
DOI	10.1093/cercor/bhw155
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Article ; Online: A unified selection signal for attention and reward in primary visual cortex.

Stănişor, Liviu / van der Togt, Chris / Pennartz, Cyriel M A / Roelfsema, Pieter R

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2013 Volume 110, Issue 22, Page(s) 9136–9141

Abstract: Stimuli associated with high rewards evoke stronger neuronal activity than stimuli associated with lower rewards in many brain regions. It is not well understood how these reward effects influence activity in sensory cortices that represent low-level ... ...

Abstract	Stimuli associated with high rewards evoke stronger neuronal activity than stimuli associated with lower rewards in many brain regions. It is not well understood how these reward effects influence activity in sensory cortices that represent low-level stimulus features. Here, we investigated the effects of reward information in the primary visual cortex (area V1) of monkeys. We found that the reward value of a stimulus relative to the value of other stimuli is a good predictor of V1 activity. Relative value biases the competition between stimuli, just as has been shown for selective attention. The neuronal latency of this reward value effect in V1 was similar to the latency of attentional influences. Moreover, V1 neurons with a strong value effect also exhibited a strong attention effect, which implies that relative value and top-down attention engage overlapping, if not identical, neuronal selection mechanisms. Our findings demonstrate that the effects of reward value reach down to the earliest sensory processing levels of the cerebral cortex and imply that theories about the effects of reward coding and top-down attention on visual representations should be unified.
MeSH term(s)	Action Potentials/physiology ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Attention/physiology ; Color ; Cues ; Haplorhini ; Psychomotor Performance ; Reaction Time ; Reward ; Saccades/physiology ; Visual Cortex/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-05-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.1300117110
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Article: Neural responses in cat visual cortex reflect state changes in correlated activity.

van der Togt, Chris / Spekreijse, Henk / Supèr, Hans

The European journal of neuroscience

2005 Volume 22, Issue 2, Page(s) 465–475

Abstract: Cortical state is characterized by ongoing rhythmic neural activity. Changes in rhythmic activity and thus in cortical state are shown to occur spontaneously in the anesthetized cat. We were interested in whether these state changes have an affect on the ...

Abstract	Cortical state is characterized by ongoing rhythmic neural activity. Changes in rhythmic activity and thus in cortical state are shown to occur spontaneously in the anesthetized cat. We were interested in whether these state changes have an affect on the cortical processing of sensory stimuli. This was investigated by recording spontaneous and stimulus-evoked local field potentials and multi-unit neuronal activity (MUA) from trans-cortical electrode arrays in the visual cortex of the anesthetized cat. Changes in cortical state were identified by calculating the cross-correlation strength and cross-coherency, between MUA channels at different layers and on separate electrode arrays. Spontaneous changes in rhythmic activity were associated with changes in the strength of stimulus-evoked multiple unit responses of cortical neurons. The highest multi-unit responses were found in periods when low-frequency rhythms of the electroencephalogram increase in magnitude and high-frequency rhythms decrease. Such changes in evoked responses were maximal at layer IV, the input layer of the visual cortex. Our findings suggest that stimulus response magnitude depends on rhythmic state and reflects changes in functional connectivity within the visual cortex.
MeSH term(s)	Action Potentials/physiology ; Action Potentials/radiation effects ; Animals ; Cats ; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation ; Electric Stimulation/methods ; Electrodes ; Electroencephalography/methods ; Evoked Potentials, Visual/physiology ; Female ; Male ; Neurons/physiology ; Neurons/radiation effects ; Periodicity ; Reaction Time/physiology ; Reaction Time/radiation effects ; Reflex/physiology ; Spectrum Analysis ; Time Factors ; Visual Cortex/cytology ; Visual Cortex/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2005-07
Publishing country	France
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	645180-9
ISSN	1460-9568 ; 0953-816X
ISSN (online)	1460-9568
ISSN	0953-816X
DOI	10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04237.x
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Article ; Online: Alpha and gamma oscillations characterize feedback and feedforward processing in monkey visual cortex.

van Kerkoerle, Timo / Self, Matthew W / Dagnino, Bruno / Gariel-Mathis, Marie-Alice / Poort, Jasper / van der Togt, Chris / Roelfsema, Pieter R

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2014 Volume 111, Issue 40, Page(s) 14332–14341

Abstract: Cognitive functions rely on the coordinated activity of neurons in many brain regions, but the interactions between cortical areas are not yet well understood. Here we investigated whether low-frequency (α) and high-frequency (γ) oscillations ... ...

Abstract	Cognitive functions rely on the coordinated activity of neurons in many brain regions, but the interactions between cortical areas are not yet well understood. Here we investigated whether low-frequency (α) and high-frequency (γ) oscillations characterize different directions of information flow in monkey visual cortex. We recorded from all layers of the primary visual cortex (V1) and found that γ-waves are initiated in input layer 4 and propagate to the deep and superficial layers of cortex, whereas α-waves propagate in the opposite direction. Simultaneous recordings from V1 and downstream area V4 confirmed that γ- and α-waves propagate in the feedforward and feedback direction, respectively. Microstimulation in V1 elicited γ-oscillations in V4, whereas microstimulation in V4 elicited α-oscillations in V1, thus providing causal evidence for the opposite propagation of these rhythms. Furthermore, blocking NMDA receptors, thought to be involved in feedback processing, suppressed α while boosting γ. These results provide new insights into the relation between brain rhythms and cognition.
MeSH term(s)	6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione/pharmacology ; Animals ; Electric Stimulation ; Evoked Potentials, Visual/drug effects ; Evoked Potentials, Visual/physiology ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology ; Feedback, Physiological/physiology ; Macaca ; Neurons/physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology ; Receptors, AMPA/antagonists & inhibitors ; Receptors, AMPA/metabolism ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists & inhibitors ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism ; Reward ; Valine/analogs & derivatives ; Valine/pharmacology ; Visual Cortex/physiology
Chemical Substances	Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists ; Receptors, AMPA ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate ; 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (6OTE87SCCW) ; 2-amino-5-phosphopentanoic acid (76326-31-3) ; Valine (HG18B9YRS7)
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-09-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.1402773111
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Article ; Online: Mitochondrial Dynamics in Visual Cortex Are Limited In Vivo and Not Affected by Axonal Structural Plasticity.

Smit-Rigter, Laura / Rajendran, Rajeev / Silva, Catia A P / Spierenburg, Liselot / Groeneweg, Femke / Ruimschotel, Emma M / van Versendaal, Danielle / van der Togt, Chris / Eysel, Ulf T / Heimel, J Alexander / Lohmann, Christian / Levelt, Christiaan N

Current biology : CB

2016 Volume 26, Issue 19, Page(s) 2609–2616

Abstract: Mitochondria buffer intracellular ... ...

Abstract	Mitochondria buffer intracellular Ca
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-10-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1071731-6
ISSN	1879-0445 ; 0960-9822
ISSN (online)	1879-0445
ISSN	0960-9822
DOI	10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.033
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Article: Synchrony dynamics in monkey V1 predict success in visual detection.

van der Togt, Chris / Kalitzin, Stiliyan / Spekreijse, Henk / Lamme, Victor A F / Supèr, Hans

Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)

2006 Volume 16, Issue 1, Page(s) 136–148

Abstract: Behavioral measures such as expectancy and attention have been associated with the strength of synchronous neural activity. On this basis, it is hypothesized that synchronous activity affects our ability to detect and recognize visual objects. To ... ...

Abstract	Behavioral measures such as expectancy and attention have been associated with the strength of synchronous neural activity. On this basis, it is hypothesized that synchronous activity affects our ability to detect and recognize visual objects. To investigate the role of synchronous activity in visual perception, we studied the magnitude and precision of correlated activity, before and after stimulus presentation within the visual cortex (V1), in relation to a monkey's performance in a figure-ground discrimination task. We show that during the period of stimulus presentation a transition in synchronized activity occurs that is characterized by a reduction of the correlation peak height and width. Before stimulus onset, broad peak correlations are observed that change towards thin peak correlations after stimulus onset, due to a specific decrease of low-frequency components. The magnitude of the transition in correlated activity is larger, i.e. a stronger desynchronization occurs, when the animal perceives the stimulus correctly than when the animal fails to detect the stimulus. These results therefore show that a transition in synchronous firing is important for the detection of sensory stimuli. We hypothesize that the transition in synchrony reflects a change from loose and global neuronal interactions towards a finer temporal and spatial scale of neuronal interactions, and that such a change in neuronal interactions is required for figure-ground discrimination.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Brain Mapping/methods ; Cortical Synchronization ; Discrimination Learning/physiology ; Evoked Potentials, Visual/physiology ; Macaca mulatta ; Photic Stimulation/methods ; Statistics as Topic ; Visual Cortex/physiology ; Visual Perception/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2006-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1077450-6
ISSN	1460-2199 ; 1047-3211
ISSN (online)	1460-2199
ISSN	1047-3211
DOI	10.1093/cercor/bhi093
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