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Article ; Online: From Field Tests to Molecular Tools-Evaluating Diagnostic Tests to Improve Rabies Surveillance in Namibia.

Freuling, Conrad M / van der Westhuizen, Jolandie / Khaiseb, Siegfried / Tenzin, Tenzin / Müller, Thomas

2023 Volume 15, Issue 2

Abstract: Rabies is endemic in Namibia and is present both in wildlife carnivores and domestic free-roaming dogs. The disease thus represents a challenge for public human and veterinary disease control. Namibia has implemented a national strategic plan to control ... ...

Abstract	Rabies is endemic in Namibia and is present both in wildlife carnivores and domestic free-roaming dogs. The disease thus represents a challenge for public human and veterinary disease control. Namibia has implemented a national strategic plan to control rabies and the country's activities are supported by international organizations. To this end, rabies diagnosis at the Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL) was improved in the frame of a World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) laboratory twinning program: from practical sampling techniques and the use of lateral flow devices to a novel universal and discriminatory quantitative real-time Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), which easily identify dog-associated rabies viruses. The procedures applied and the results can be used as a template to improve rabies laboratory diagnosis.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Animals ; Dogs ; Rabies/diagnosis ; Rabies/epidemiology ; Rabies/prevention & control ; Namibia/epidemiology ; Rabies virus/genetics ; Animals, Wild ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-28
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v15020371
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Emergency response using oral rabies vaccination of dogs -field data from Namibia demonstrate high efficiency.

Freuling, Conrad M / Busch, Frank / Shikongo, Mainelo Beatrice / Silume, Nzwana / van der Westhuizen, Jolandie / Khaiseb, Siegfried / Shilongo, Albertina / Müller, Thomas

One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

2023 Volume 16, Page(s) 100562

Abstract: Dog-mediated rabies is responsible for tens of thousands of human deaths annually, and in resource-constrained settings, vaccinating dogs to control the disease at source remains challenging for various reasons. Currently, rabies elimination efforts rely ...

Abstract	Dog-mediated rabies is responsible for tens of thousands of human deaths annually, and in resource-constrained settings, vaccinating dogs to control the disease at source remains challenging for various reasons. Currently, rabies elimination efforts rely on mass dog vaccination by the parenteral route. While oral rabies vaccination (ORV) of dogs is primarily considered a tool to increase herd immunity, particularly by targeting free-roaming and stray dogs, here, we are showcasing an ORV-only approach as an emergency response model. Using a third-generation vaccine and a standardized egg-flavored bait, we assessed the effectiveness and vaccination under field conditions in the Zambezi region of Namibia. During this trial, with four teams and within four working days, 3097 dogs were offered a bait, of which 88,0% were considered vaccinated. Teams managed to vaccinate, on average, over 20 dogs/h, despite using a door-to-door vaccination approach. The favorable results both in terms of bait acceptance and successful vaccination as well as field applicability and effectiveness further support the great potential of ORV in dog rabies control programmes.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-11
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2834831-X
ISSN	2352-7714
ISSN	2352-7714
DOI	10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100562
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Article ; Online: From Field Tests to Molecular Tools—Evaluating Diagnostic Tests to Improve Rabies Surveillance in Namibia

Freuling, Conrad Martin / van der Westhuizen, Jolandie / Khaiseb, Siegfried / Tenzin, Tenzin / Müller, Thomas

2023

Abstract	Rabies is endemic in Namibia and is present both in wildlife carnivores and domestic free-roaming dogs. The disease thus represents a challenge for public human and veterinary disease control. Namibia has implemented a national strategic plan to control rabies and the country’s activities are supported by international organizations. To this end, rabies diagnosis at the Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL) was improved in the frame of a World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) laboratory twinning program: from practical sampling techniques and the use of lateral flow devices to a novel universal and discriminatory quantitative real-time Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), which easily identify dog-associated rabies viruses. The procedures applied and the results can be used as a template to improve rabies laboratory diagnosis.
Keywords	Text ; ddc:570 ; rabies diagnostics -- Africa -- Namibia -- surveillance -- lateral flow devices (LFD) -- RT-qPCR
Subject code	390
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-28
Publishing country	de
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Emergency response using oral rabies vaccination of dogs –field data from Namibia demonstrate high efficiency

Freuling, Conrad M. / Busch, Frank / Shikongo, Mainelo Beatrice / Silume, Nzwana / van der Westhuizen, Jolandie / Khaiseb, Siegfried / Shilongo, Albertina / Müller, Thomas

2023

Abstract	Dog-mediated rabies is responsible for tens of thousands of human deaths annually, and in resource-constrained settings, vaccinating dogs to control the disease at source remains challenging for various reasons. Currently, rabies elimination efforts rely on mass dog vaccination by the parenteral route. While oral rabies vaccination (ORV) of dogs is primarily considered a tool to increase herd immunity, particularly by targeting free-roaming and stray dogs, here, we are showcasing an ORV-only approach as an emergency response model. Using a third-generation vaccine and a standardized egg-flavored bait, we assessed the effectiveness and vaccination under field conditions in the Zambezi region of Namibia. During this trial, with four teams and within four working days, 3097 dogs were offered a bait, of which 88,0% were considered vaccinated. Teams managed to vaccinate, on average, over 20 dogs/h, despite using a door-to-door vaccination approach. The favorable results both in terms of bait acceptance and successful vaccination as well as field applicability and effectiveness further support the great potential of ORV in dog rabies control programmes.
Keywords	Text ; ddc:610 ; Africa -- Dogs -- Namibia -- Oral vaccination -- Rabies -- SPBN GASGAS
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-11
Publisher	Elsevier BV
Publishing country	de
Document type	Article ; Online
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Book ; Online: Emergency Response Using Oral Rabies Vaccination of Dogs –Field Data from Namibia Demonstrate High Efficiency

Freuling, Conrad Martin / Busch, Frank / Shikongo, Mainelo Beatrice / Silume, Nzwana / van der Westhuizen, Jolandie / Khaiseb, Siegfried / Shilongo, Albertina / Müller, Thomas

[Preprint]

2023

Abstract	Dog-mediated rabies is responsible for tens of thousands of human deaths annually, and in resource-constrained settings, vaccinating dogs to control the disease at source remains challenging for various reasons. Currently, rabies elimination efforts rely on mass dog vaccination by the parenteral route. While oral rabies vaccination (ORV) of dogs is primarily considered a tool to increase herd immunity, particularly by targeting free-roaming and stray dogs, here, we are showcasing an ORV-only approach as an emergency response model. Using a third-generation vaccine and a standardized egg-flavoured bait, we assessed the effectiveness and vaccination under field conditions in the Zambezi region of Namibia. During this trial, with four teams and within four working days, 3,097 dogs were offered a bait, of which 88,0 % were considered vaccinated. Teams managed to vaccinate, on average, over 20 dogs/hour, despite using a door-to-door vaccination approach.The favorable results both in terms of bait acceptance and successful vaccination as well as field applicability and effectiveness further support the great potential of ORV in dog rabies control programmes.
Keywords	Text ; ddc:630
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-22
Publisher	Elsevier BV
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
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Article ; Online: Investigation of the outbreaks of abortions and orchitis in livestock in Namibia during 2016–2018

Samkange, Alaster / van der Westhuizen, Jolandie / Voigts, Anselm Siegfried / Chitate, Frank / Kaatura, Israel / Khaiseb, Siegfried / Hikufe, Emmanuel H. / Kabajani, Juliet / Bishi, Alec S. / Mbiri, Pricilla / Hawanga, Ndahafa N. / Mushonga, Borden

Trop Anim Health Prod. 2022 Dec., v. 54, no. 6 p.346-346

2022

Abstract: This study investigated outbreaks of seemingly related abortions and orchitis which occurred in the Khomas, Omaheke and Otjozondjupa regions of Namibia from 2016 to 2018, affecting cattle, sheep and goats. Fifty-nine questionnaires were administered, and ...

Abstract	This study investigated outbreaks of seemingly related abortions and orchitis which occurred in the Khomas, Omaheke and Otjozondjupa regions of Namibia from 2016 to 2018, affecting cattle, sheep and goats. Fifty-nine questionnaires were administered, and 48 were completed giving an 81.4% return. The outbreaks were limited to Namibia’s east and central regions, mainly on farms rearing cattle, sheep and goats and on farms with a mixture of these species. There was no significant difference between Khomas and other regions on abortion reporting at the farm level [X² (1, N = 48) = 0.0002, p = 0.987851]. However, there was a significant difference in the abortions at the animal level among the three regions [X² (2, N = 6246) = 239.8339, p = .00001]. In addition, the proportions of abortions calculated at the animal level at each farm were significantly different when the Khomas region was compared to the other regions. Seventeen cattle sera, 35 sheep sera, 52 caprine sera, 18 bovine liver samples, one caprine liver, five aborted cattle foetuses, two cattle placentas, 18 testes (one bull, eight bucks and nine rams) and ten bull sheath scrapings were collected and tested. Histopathology, microbiology, serology, immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR and mineral analytical techniques were used to establish the aetiology of the abortion and orchitis outbreaks. The gross and histopathological findings on the 18 testicles were characteristic of chronic orchitis. In aborted foetuses, significant histopathological findings included meconium aspiration, funisitis and cardiomyopathy. Placentitis and endometritis were the primary pathologies observed in cows. The bacteria isolated from microbiological samples included Enterococcus spp. (65.5% [19/29]), Enterobacter spp. (6.9% [2/29]) and Streptococcus spp. (10.3% [3/29]), Trueperella pyogenes (3.4% [1/29]), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (3.4% [1/29]), Staphylococcus epidermidis (3.4% [1/29]), Providencia rettgeri (3.4% [1/29]) and Acinetobacter lwoffii (3.4% [1/29]), mostly opportunistic bacteria. On mineral analysis, 28%, 33%, 83%, 33% and 17% (n = 18) of cattle livers were low in copper, zinc, manganese, selenium and iron, respectively. Twenty-three percent (12/52) of the caprine sera were positive for Brucella melitensis on the Rose Bengal and complement fixation tests. Thirty-five ovine sera were tested for B. melitensis, B. ovis and Coxiella burnetii, and the prevalence for each was 2.9% (1/35). PCR tests on foetuses were all negative for Brucella spp., Coxiella burnetii, Chlamydia spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter fetus spp., Leptospira pathogenic strains, bovine viral diarrhoea virus, Rift Valley fever virus, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and bovine herpes virus 4 Campylobacter fetus spp. and Trichomonas foetus spp. The authors concluded that Brucella spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Streptococcus spp., Trueperella pyogenes and Coxiella burnetii could have contributed to this outbreak. Micronutrient imbalances and pathogenic abiotic nanoparticles were also identified as possible contributors to the abortion outbreaks.
Keywords	Acinetobacter lwoffii ; Anaplasma phagocytophilum ; Arcanobacterium pyogenes ; Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 ; Brucella melitensis ; Campylobacter fetus ; Chlamydia ; Coxiella burnetii ; Enterobacter ; Enterococcus ; Escherichia coli ; Leptospira ; Listeria monocytogenes ; Providencia rettgeri ; Rift Valley fever phlebovirus ; Salmonella ; Staphylococcus epidermidis ; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ; Streptococcus ; Tritrichomonas foetus ; bulls ; cardiomyopathy ; complement ; copper ; endometritis ; etiology ; farms ; fetus ; goats ; histopathology ; immunohistochemistry ; iron ; liver ; manganese ; nanoparticles ; orchitis ; quantitative polymerase chain reaction ; selenium ; serology ; sheep ; viruses ; zinc ; Namibia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-12
Size	p. 346.
Publishing place	Springer Netherlands
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	603363-5
ISSN	1573-7438 ; 0049-4747
ISSN (online)	1573-7438
ISSN	0049-4747
DOI	10.1007/s11250-022-03342-0
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Investigation of infectious laryngotracheitis outbreaks in Namibia in 2018

Molini, Umberto / Aikukutu, Gottlieb / Khaiseb, Siegfried / Kahler, Barbara / Van der Westhuizen, Jolandie / Cattoli, Giovanni / Dundon, William G

Tropical animal health and production. 2019 Sept., v. 51, no. 7

2019

Abstract: Between July and August 2018, two outbreaks of infectious laryngotracheitis caused the death of over 116,000 commercial poultry (layers and broilers) near the city of Windhoek, Namibia. A third outbreak occurred in September 2018 in the north of the ... ...

Abstract	Between July and August 2018, two outbreaks of infectious laryngotracheitis caused the death of over 116,000 commercial poultry (layers and broilers) near the city of Windhoek, Namibia. A third outbreak occurred in September 2018 in the north of the country approximately 800 km from the original outbreaks. Sample collection and molecular epidemiological analyses revealed that the outbreaks were most likely caused by poor vaccination practices leading to the reversion to virulence of an ILT vaccine strain. The analyses also indicate that inaccurate declarations were made by one of the farms involved and that illegal movement of animals most likely occurred.
Keywords	broiler chickens ; death ; epidemiological studies ; farms ; vaccination ; vaccines ; virulence ; Namibia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-09
Size	p. 2105-2108.
Publishing place	Springer Netherlands
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	603363-5
ISSN	1573-7438 ; 0049-4747
ISSN (online)	1573-7438
ISSN	0049-4747
DOI	10.1007/s11250-019-01918-x
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Investigation of the outbreaks of abortions and orchitis in livestock in Namibia during 2016-2018.

Samkange, Alaster / van der Westhuizen, Jolandie / Voigts, Anselm Siegfried / Chitate, Frank / Kaatura, Israel / Khaiseb, Siegfried / Hikufe, Emmanuel H / Kabajani, Juliet / Bishi, Alec S / Mbiri, Pricilla / Hawanga, Ndahafa N / Mushonga, Borden

Tropical animal health and production

2022 Volume 54, Issue 6, Page(s) 346

Abstract	This study investigated outbreaks of seemingly related abortions and orchitis which occurred in the Khomas, Omaheke and Otjozondjupa regions of Namibia from 2016 to 2018, affecting cattle, sheep and goats. Fifty-nine questionnaires were administered, and 48 were completed giving an 81.4% return. The outbreaks were limited to Namibia's east and central regions, mainly on farms rearing cattle, sheep and goats and on farms with a mixture of these species. There was no significant difference between Khomas and other regions on abortion reporting at the farm level [X
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cattle ; Female ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Abortion, Veterinary/epidemiology ; Abortion, Veterinary/microbiology ; Brucella ; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology ; Cattle Diseases/microbiology ; Copper ; Coxiella burnetii ; Disease Outbreaks/veterinary ; Goat Diseases/epidemiology ; Goat Diseases/microbiology ; Goats ; Iron ; Livestock ; Manganese ; Meconium Aspiration Syndrome/epidemiology ; Meconium Aspiration Syndrome/veterinary ; Micronutrients ; Namibia/epidemiology ; Orchitis/epidemiology ; Orchitis/veterinary ; Q Fever/epidemiology ; Q Fever/veterinary ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; Rose Bengal ; Selenium ; Sheep ; Zinc
Chemical Substances	Copper (789U1901C5) ; Iron (E1UOL152H7) ; Manganese (42Z2K6ZL8P) ; Micronutrients ; Rose Bengal (1ZPG1ELY14) ; Selenium (H6241UJ22B) ; Zinc (J41CSQ7QDS)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	603363-5
ISSN	1573-7438 ; 0049-4747
ISSN (online)	1573-7438
ISSN	0049-4747
DOI	10.1007/s11250-022-03342-0
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Article ; Online: Rabies in kudu: Revisited.

Müller, Thomas / Hassel, Rainer / Jago, Mark / Khaiseb, Siegfried / van der Westhuizen, Jolandie / Vos, Adriaan / Calvelage, Sten / Fischer, Susanne / Marston, Denise A / Fooks, Anthony R / Höper, Dirk / Freuling, Conrad M

Advances in virus research

2022 Volume 112, Page(s) 115–173

Abstract: Rabies infects all mammals; however, transmission cycles are only maintained in certain bat and carnivore species. The high incidence of rabies in Greater Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) observed in Namibia for over 40 years has led to postulation that ... ...

Abstract	Rabies infects all mammals; however, transmission cycles are only maintained in certain bat and carnivore species. The high incidence of rabies in Greater Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) observed in Namibia for over 40 years has led to postulation that independent virus transmission is occurring within this antelope population. We have analysed extensive experimental, epidemiological, phylogeographic and deep sequence data, which collectively refute maintenance of an independent rabies cycle in kudu. As rabies in kudu continues to have a negative impact on the Namibian agricultural sector, measures to protect kudu have been investigated, including the use of a third-generation oral rabies vaccine. Initial results show protection of kudu from rabies infection via the oral route, with an appropriate bait design, different application schedules and vaccination doses further enhancing the immune response. Rabies in kudu is a complex interplay at the wildlife-livestock interface and requires a concerted approach to successfully control.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Antelopes/physiology ; Rabies/epidemiology ; Rabies/prevention & control ; Rabies/veterinary ; Rabies Vaccines ; Rabies virus/genetics
Chemical Substances	Rabies Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	195-8
ISSN	1557-8399 ; 0065-3527
ISSN (online)	1557-8399
ISSN	0065-3527
DOI	10.1016/bs.aivir.2022.04.001
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Article ; Online: Oral rabies vaccination of dogs-Experiences from a field trial in Namibia.

Freuling, Conrad Martin / Busch, Frank / Vos, Adriaan / Ortmann, Steffen / Lohr, Frederic / Hedimbi, Nehemia / Peter, Josephat / Nelson, Herman Adimba / Shoombe, Kenneth / Shilongo, Albertina / Gorejena, Brighton / Kaholongo, Lukas / Khaiseb, Siegfried / van der Westhuizen, Jolandie / Dietze, Klaas / Geurtse, Goi / Müller, Thomas

PLoS neglected tropical diseases

2022 Volume 16, Issue 8, Page(s) e0010422

Abstract: Dog-mediated rabies is responsible for tens of thousands of human deaths annually, and in resource-constrained settings, vaccinating dogs to control the disease at source remains challenging. Currently, rabies elimination efforts rely on mass dog ... ...

Abstract	Dog-mediated rabies is responsible for tens of thousands of human deaths annually, and in resource-constrained settings, vaccinating dogs to control the disease at source remains challenging. Currently, rabies elimination efforts rely on mass dog vaccination by the parenteral route. To increase the herd immunity, free-roaming and stray dogs need to be specifically addressed in the vaccination campaigns, with oral rabies vaccination (ORV) of dogs being a possible solution. Using a third-generation vaccine and a standardized egg-flavoured bait, bait uptake and vaccination was assessed under field conditions in Namibia. During this trial, both veterinary staff as well as dog owners expressed their appreciation to this approach of vaccination. Of 1,115 dogs offered a bait, 90% (n = 1,006, 95%CI:91-94) consumed the bait and 72.9% (n = 813, 95%CI:70.2-75.4) of dogs were assessed as being vaccinated by direct observation, while for 11.7% (n = 130, 95%CI:9.9-17.7) the status was recorded as "unkown" and 15.4% (n = 172, 95%CI: 13.4-17.7) were considered as being not vaccinated. Smaller dogs and dogs offered a bait with multiple other dogs had significantly higher vaccination rates, while other factors, e.g. sex, confinement status and time had no influence. The favorable results of this first large-scale field trial further support the strategic integration of ORV into dog rabies control programmes. Given the acceptance of the egg-flavored bait under various settings worldwide, ORV of dogs could become a game-changer in countries, where control strategies using parenteral vaccination alone failed to reach sufficient vaccination coverage in the dog population.
MeSH term(s)	Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Dog Diseases/epidemiology ; Dog Diseases/prevention & control ; Dogs ; Humans ; Namibia ; Rabies/epidemiology ; Rabies/prevention & control ; Rabies/veterinary ; Rabies Vaccines ; Vaccination/methods ; Vaccination/veterinary
Chemical Substances	Rabies Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2429704-5
ISSN	1935-2735 ; 1935-2735
ISSN (online)	1935-2735
ISSN	1935-2735
DOI	10.1371/journal.pntd.0010422
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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