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Article ; Online: The green tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Henss, Lisa / Auste, Arne / Schürmann, Christoph / Schmidt, Christin / von Rhein, Christine / Mühlebach, Michael D / Schnierle, Barbara S

The Journal of general virology

2021 Volume 102, Issue 4

Abstract: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has caused a pandemic with tens of millions of cases and more than a million deaths. The infection causes COVID-19, a disease of the respiratory system of divergent severity. No ... ...

Abstract	The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has caused a pandemic with tens of millions of cases and more than a million deaths. The infection causes COVID-19, a disease of the respiratory system of divergent severity. No treatment exists. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major component of green tea, has several beneficial properties, including antiviral activities. Therefore, we examined whether EGCG has antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. EGCG blocked not only the entry of SARS-CoV-2, but also MERS- and SARS-CoV pseudotyped lentiviral vectors and inhibited virus infections
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; Betacoronavirus/drug effects ; Betacoronavirus/physiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19/virology ; Catechin/analogs & derivatives ; Catechin/pharmacology ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Chlorocebus aethiops ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Lentivirus/drug effects ; Lentivirus/genetics ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; SARS-CoV-2/physiology ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics ; Tea/chemistry ; Vero Cells ; Virus Attachment/drug effects ; Virus Replication/drug effects
Chemical Substances	Antiviral Agents ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; Tea ; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 ; Catechin (8R1V1STN48) ; epigallocatechin gallate (BQM438CTEL)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	219316-4
ISSN	1465-2099 ; 0022-1317
ISSN (online)	1465-2099
ISSN	0022-1317
DOI	10.1099/jgv.0.001574
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Article: Comparison of potency assays to assess SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody capacity in COVID-19 convalescent plasma

von Rhein, Christine / Scholz, Tatjana / Henss, Lisa / Kronstein-Wiedemann, Romy / Schwarz, Tatjana / Rodionov, Roman N. / Corman, Victor M. / Tonn, Torsten / Schnierle, Barbara S.

Journal of virological methods. 2021 Feb., v. 288

2021

Abstract: Convalescent plasma is plasma collected from individuals after resolution of an infection and the development of antibodies. Passive antibody administration by transfusion of convalescent plasma is currently in clinical evaluations to treat COVID-19 ... ...

Abstract	Convalescent plasma is plasma collected from individuals after resolution of an infection and the development of antibodies. Passive antibody administration by transfusion of convalescent plasma is currently in clinical evaluations to treat COVID-19 patients. The level of neutralizing antibodies vary among convalescent patients and fast and simple methods to identify suitable plasma donations are needed. We compared three methods to determine the SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing activity of human convalescent plasma: life virus neutralization by plaque reduction assay, a lentiviral vector based pseudotype neutralization assay and a competition ELISA-based surrogate virus neutralization assay (sVNT). Neutralization activity correlated among the different assays; however the sVNT assay was overvaluing the low neutralizing plasma. On the other hand, the sVNT assay required the lowest biosafety level, is fast and is sufficient to identify highly neutralizing plasma samples. Though weakly neutralizing samples were more reliable detected by the more challenging lentiviral vector based assays or virus neutralization assays. Spike receptor binding competition assays are suitable to identify highly neutralizing plasma samples under low biosafety requirements. Detailed analysis of in vitro neutralization activity requires more sophisticated methods that have to be performed under higher biosafety levels.
Keywords	COVID-19 infection ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; biosafety ; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ; humans ; neutralization ; neutralization tests
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-02
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	8013-5
ISSN	1879-0984 ; 0166-0934
ISSN (online)	1879-0984
ISSN	0166-0934
DOI	10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.114031
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Article: The SARS-CoV-2 Variant Omicron Is Able to Escape Vaccine-Induced Humoral Immune Responses, but Is Counteracted by Booster Vaccination.

Hastert, Florian D / Hein, Sascha / von Rhein, Christine / Benz, Nuka Ivalu / Husria, Younes / Oberle, Doris / Maier, Thorsten J / Hildt, Eberhard / Schnierle, Barbara S

Vaccines

2022 Volume 10, Issue 5

Abstract: The SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron has spread world-wide and is responsible for rapid increases in infections, including in populations with high vaccination rates. Here, we analysed in the sera of vaccinated individuals the antibody binding to the receptor- ... ...

Abstract	The SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron has spread world-wide and is responsible for rapid increases in infections, including in populations with high vaccination rates. Here, we analysed in the sera of vaccinated individuals the antibody binding to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein and the neutralization of wild-type (WT), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1.529; BA.1) pseudotyped vectors. Although sera from individuals immunized with vector vaccines (Vaxzevria; AZ and COVID-19 Janssen, Ad26.COV2.S; J&J) were able to bind and neutralize WT and Delta, they showed only background levels towards Omicron. In contrast, mRNA (Comirnaty; BNT) or heterologous (AZ/BNT) vaccines induced weak, but detectable responses against Omicron. While RBD-binding antibody levels decreased significantly six months after full vaccination, the SARS-CoV-2 RBD-directed avidity remained constant. However, this still coincided with a significant decrease in neutralization activity against all variants. A third booster vaccination with BNT significantly increased the humoral immune responses against all tested variants, including Omicron. In conclusion, only vaccination schedules that included at least one dose of mRNA vaccine and especially an mRNA booster vaccination induced sufficient antibody levels with neutralization capacity against multiple variants, including Omicron.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-17
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2703319-3
ISSN	2076-393X
ISSN	2076-393X
DOI	10.3390/vaccines10050794
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Article ; Online: Longitudinal Analysis of Coronavirus-Neutralizing Activity in COVID-19 Patients.

Hastert, Florian D / Henss, Lisa / von Rhein, Christine / Gerbeth, Julia / Wieters, Imke / Borgans, Frauke / Khodamoradi, Yascha / Zacharowski, Kai / Rohde, Gernot / Vehreschild, Maria J G T / Schnierle, Barbara S

Viruses

2022 Volume 14, Issue 5

Abstract: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has now been continuing for more than two years. The infection causes COVID-19, a disease of the respiratory and cardiovascular system of variable severity. Here, the humoral ... ...

Abstract	The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has now been continuing for more than two years. The infection causes COVID-19, a disease of the respiratory and cardiovascular system of variable severity. Here, the humoral immune response of 80 COVID-19 patients from the University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Germany, was characterized longitudinally. The SARS-CoV-2 neutralization activity of serum waned over time. The neutralizing potential of serum directed towards the human alpha-coronavirus NL-63 (NL63) also waned, indicating that no cross-priming against alpha-coronaviruses occurred. A subset of the recovered patients (
MeSH term(s)	Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; Humans ; Immunity, Humoral ; Longitudinal Studies ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics ; Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology ; mRNA Vaccines/immunology
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; Vaccines, Synthetic ; mRNA Vaccines ; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-23
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14050882
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Article ; Online: Identification of Functional Determinants in the Chikungunya Virus E2 Protein.

Weber, Christopher / Berberich, Eva / von Rhein, Christine / Henß, Lisa / Hildt, Eberhard / Schnierle, Barbara S

PLoS neglected tropical diseases

2017 Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) e0005318

Abstract: Background: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes high fever, rash, and recurrent arthritis in humans. It has efficiently adapted to Aedes albopictus, which also inhabits temperate regions, including Europe and the ... ...

Abstract	Background: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes high fever, rash, and recurrent arthritis in humans. It has efficiently adapted to Aedes albopictus, which also inhabits temperate regions, including Europe and the United States of America. In the past, CHIKV has mainly affected developing countries, but has recently caused large outbreaks in the Caribbean and Latin America. No treatment or licensed CHIKV vaccine exists. Methodology/principal findings: Here, we have identified determinants in the CHIKV cell-attachment protein E2 that facilitate cell binding. The extracellular part of the E2 gene is subdivided into the three domains, A, B, and C. These domains were expressed in E. coli and as Fc-fusion proteins generated from HEK293T cells and used for cell-binding assays. Domains A and B bound to all cells tested, independently of their permissiveness to CHIKV infection. Domain C did not bind to cells at all. Furthermore, CHIKV cell entry was promoted by cell-surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and domain B interacted exclusively with GAG-expressing cells. Domain A also bound, although only moderately, to GAG-deficient cells. Soluble GAGs were able to inhibit CHIKV infection up to 90%; however, they enhanced the transduction rate of CHIKV Env pseudotyped vectors in GAG-negative cells. Conclusion/significance: These data imply that CHIKV uses at least two mechanisms to enter cells, one GAG-dependent, via initial attachment through domain B, and the other GAG-independent, via attachment of domain A. These data give indications that CHIKV uses multiple mechanisms to enter cells and shows the potential of GAGs as lead structures for developing antiviral drugs.
MeSH term(s)	Aedes/virology ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Animals ; Caribbean Region ; Chikungunya Fever/metabolism ; Chikungunya Fever/virology ; Chikungunya virus/chemistry ; Chikungunya virus/genetics ; Chikungunya virus/metabolism ; Glycosaminoglycans/metabolism ; Humans ; Protein Domains ; Viral Envelope Proteins/chemistry ; Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics ; Viral Envelope Proteins/metabolism ; Virus Internalization ; Virus Replication
Chemical Substances	Glycosaminoglycans ; Viral Envelope Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-01-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2429704-5
ISSN	1935-2735 ; 1935-2727
ISSN (online)	1935-2735
ISSN	1935-2727
DOI	10.1371/journal.pntd.0005318
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Article ; Online: Interference with SAMHD1 Restores Late Gene Expression of Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara in Human Dendritic Cells and Abrogates Type I Interferon Expression.

Sliva, Katja / Martin, Judith / von Rhein, Christine / Herrmann, Tobias / Weyrich, Anastasia / Toda, Masako / Schnierle, Barbara S

Journal of virology

2019 Volume 93, Issue 22

Abstract: Attenuated poxviruses like modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) are promising vectors for vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer. However, host innate immune responses interfere with the viral life cycle and also influence the immunogenicity of ... ...

Abstract	Attenuated poxviruses like modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) are promising vectors for vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer. However, host innate immune responses interfere with the viral life cycle and also influence the immunogenicity of vaccine vectors. Sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain and histidine-aspartate (HD) domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is a phosphohydrolase and reduces cellular deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) concentrations, which impairs poxviral DNA replication in human dendritic cells (DCs). Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) encode an accessory protein called viral protein X (Vpx) that promotes proteasomal degradation of SAMHD1, leading to a rapid increase in cellular dNTP concentrations. To study the function of SAMHD1 during MVA infection of human DCs, the SIV
MeSH term(s)	A549 Cells ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Dendritic Cells/metabolism ; Dendritic Cells/virology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral ; HEK293 Cells ; HeLa Cells ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Interferon Type I/genetics ; Interferon Type I/metabolism ; Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Proteolysis ; SAM Domain and HD Domain-Containing Protein 1/genetics ; SAM Domain and HD Domain-Containing Protein 1/metabolism ; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/physiology ; Vaccinia virus/genetics ; Vaccinia virus/metabolism ; Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins/metabolism ; Virus Replication/physiology
Chemical Substances	Interferon Type I ; VPX protein, Simian immunodeficiency virus ; Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins ; SAM Domain and HD Domain-Containing Protein 1 (EC 3.1.5.-) ; SAMHD1 protein, human (EC 3.1.5.-) ; Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins (EC 3.6.5.2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	80174-4
ISSN	1098-5514 ; 0022-538X
ISSN (online)	1098-5514
ISSN	0022-538X
DOI	10.1128/JVI.01097-19
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Article ; Online: Analysis of Humoral Immune Responses in Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV)-Infected Patients and Individuals Vaccinated With a Candidate CHIKV Vaccine.

Henss, Lisa / Yue, Constanze / Von Rhein, Christine / Tschismarov, Roland / Lewis-Ximenez, Lia Laura / Dölle, Albert / Baylis, Sally A / Schnierle, Barbara S

The Journal of infectious diseases

2019 Volume 221, Issue 10, Page(s) 1713–1723

Abstract: Background: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes severe flu-like symptoms. The acute symptoms disappear after 1 week, but chronic arthralgia can persist for years. In this study, humoral immune responses in CHIKV- ... ...

Abstract	Background: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes severe flu-like symptoms. The acute symptoms disappear after 1 week, but chronic arthralgia can persist for years. In this study, humoral immune responses in CHIKV-infected patients and vaccinees were analyzed. Methods: Alphavirus neutralization activity was analyzed with pseudotyped lentiviral vectors, and antibody epitope mapping was performed with a peptide array. Results: The greatest CHIKV neutralization activity was observed 60-92 days after onset of symptoms. The amount of CHIKV-specific antibodies and their binding avidity and cross-reactivity with other alphaviruses increased over time. Chikungunya virus and o'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) were both neutralized to a similar extent. Linear antibody binding epitopes were mainly found in E2 domain B and the acid-sensitive regions (ASRs). In addition, serum samples from healthy volunteers vaccinated with a measles-vectored chikungunya vaccine candidate, MV-CHIK, were analyzed. Neutralization activity in the samples from the vaccine cohort was 2- to 6-fold lower than in samples from CHIKV-infected patients. In contrast to infection, vaccination only induced cross-neutralization with ONNV, and the E2 ASR1 was the major antibody target. Conclusions: These data could assist vaccine design and enable the identification of correlates of protection necessary for vaccine efficacy.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Antibody Specificity ; Chikungunya Fever/blood ; Chikungunya Fever/prevention & control ; Chikungunya virus/immunology ; Epitope Mapping ; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Immunity, Humoral ; Immunoglobulin G/blood ; Immunoglobulin G/immunology ; Protein Conformation ; Proteome ; Vaccination ; Viral Vaccines/immunology
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral ; Immunoglobulin G ; Proteome ; Viral Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Clinical Trial ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	3019-3
ISSN	1537-6613 ; 0022-1899
ISSN (online)	1537-6613
ISSN	0022-1899
DOI	10.1093/infdis/jiz658
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Article ; Online: Comparison of potency assays to assess SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody capacity in COVID-19 convalescent plasma.

von Rhein, Christine / Scholz, Tatjana / Henss, Lisa / Kronstein-Wiedemann, Romy / Schwarz, Tatjana / Rodionov, Roman N / Corman, Victor M / Tonn, Torsten / Schnierle, Barbara S

Journal of virological methods

2020 Volume 288, Page(s) 114031

Abstract	Convalescent plasma is plasma collected from individuals after resolution of an infection and the development of antibodies. Passive antibody administration by transfusion of convalescent plasma is currently in clinical evaluations to treat COVID-19 patients. The level of neutralizing antibodies vary among convalescent patients and fast and simple methods to identify suitable plasma donations are needed. We compared three methods to determine the SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing activity of human convalescent plasma: life virus neutralization by plaque reduction assay, a lentiviral vector based pseudotype neutralization assay and a competition ELISA-based surrogate virus neutralization assay (sVNT). Neutralization activity correlated among the different assays; however the sVNT assay was overvaluing the low neutralizing plasma. On the other hand, the sVNT assay required the lowest biosafety level, is fast and is sufficient to identify highly neutralizing plasma samples. Though weakly neutralizing samples were more reliable detected by the more challenging lentiviral vector based assays or virus neutralization assays. Spike receptor binding competition assays are suitable to identify highly neutralizing plasma samples under low biosafety requirements. Detailed analysis of in vitro neutralization activity requires more sophisticated methods that have to be performed under higher biosafety levels.
MeSH term(s)	Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; COVID-19/blood ; COVID-19/diagnosis ; COVID-19/immunology ; COVID-19 Serological Testing/methods ; COVID-19 Serological Testing/standards ; Cell Line ; Humans ; Neutralization Tests/methods ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-01
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	8013-5
ISSN	1879-0984 ; 0166-0934
ISSN (online)	1879-0984
ISSN	0166-0934
DOI	10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.114031
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Article ; Online: Analysis of Humoral Immune Responses in Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection.

Henss, Lisa / Scholz, Tatjana / von Rhein, Christine / Wieters, Imke / Borgans, Frauke / Eberhardt, Fabian J / Zacharowski, Kai / Ciesek, Sandra / Rohde, Gernot / Vehreschild, Maria / Stephan, Christoph / Wolf, Timo / Hofmann-Winkler, Heike / Scheiblauer, Heinrich / Schnierle, Barbara S

The Journal of infectious diseases

2021 Volume 223, Issue 1, Page(s) 56–61

Abstract: Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has caused a pandemic with tens of millions of cases and hundreds of thousands of deaths. The infection causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a disease of the ... ...

Abstract	Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has caused a pandemic with tens of millions of cases and hundreds of thousands of deaths. The infection causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a disease of the respiratory system of divergent severity. In the current study, humoral immune responses were characterized in a cohort of 143 patients with COVID-19 from the University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Methods: SARS-CoV-2-specific-antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). SARS-CoV-2 and human coronavirus NL63 neutralization activity was analyzed with pseudotyped lentiviral vectors. Results: The severity of COVID-19 increased with age, and male patients encountered more serious symptoms than female patients. Disease severity was correlated with the amount of SARS-CoV-2-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgA and the neutralization activity of the antibodies. The amount of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibodies decreased with time after polymerase chain reaction conformation of the infection, and antibodies directed against the nucleoprotein waned faster than spike protein-directed antibodies. In contrast, for the common flu coronavirus NL63, COVID-19 disease severity seemed to be correlated with low NL63-neutralizing activities, suggesting the possibility of cross-reactive protection. Conclusion: The results describe the humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 and might aid the identification of correlates of protection needed for vaccine development.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; COVID-19/immunology ; Cohort Studies ; Cross Reactions ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Germany ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Immunity, Humoral ; Immunoglobulin A/immunology ; Immunoglobulin G/immunology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral ; Immunoglobulin A ; Immunoglobulin G
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	3019-3
ISSN	1537-6613 ; 0022-1899
ISSN (online)	1537-6613
ISSN	0022-1899
DOI	10.1093/infdis/jiaa680
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Article ; Online: The green tea catechin, epigallocatechin gallate inhibits chikungunya virus infection.

Weber, Christopher / Sliva, Katja / von Rhein, Christine / Kümmerer, Beate M / Schnierle, Barbara S

Antiviral research

2015 Volume 113, Page(s) 1–3

Abstract: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes chikungunya fever and has infected millions of people mainly in developing countries. The associated disease is characterized by rash, high fever and severe arthritis that can ... ...

Abstract	Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes chikungunya fever and has infected millions of people mainly in developing countries. The associated disease is characterized by rash, high fever and severe arthritis that can persist for years. CHIKV has adapted to Aedes albopictus, which also inhabits temperate regions, including Europe and the United States of America and might cause new, large outbreaks there. No treatment or licensed CHIKV vaccine exists. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major component of green tea, has, among other beneficial properties, antiviral activities. Therefore, we examined if EGCG has antiviral activity against CHIKV. EGCG inhibited CHIKV infection in vitro, blocked entry of CHIKV Env-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors and inhibited CHIKV attachment to target cells. Thus EGCG might be used as a lead structure to develop more effective antiviral drugs.
MeSH term(s)	Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; Catechin/analogs & derivatives ; Catechin/pharmacology ; Chikungunya virus/drug effects ; Chikungunya virus/physiology ; Genetic Vectors ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Tea/chemistry ; Virus Attachment/drug effects ; Virus Replication/drug effects
Chemical Substances	Antiviral Agents ; Tea ; Catechin (8R1V1STN48) ; epigallocatechin gallate (BQM438CTEL)
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-01
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	306628-9
ISSN	1872-9096 ; 0166-3542
ISSN (online)	1872-9096
ISSN	0166-3542
DOI	10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.11.001
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