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  1. Artikel ; Online: The gut microbiome: a missing link in understanding the gastrointestinal manifestations of COVID-19?

    Brooks, Erin F / Bhatt, Ami S

    Cold Spring Harbor molecular case studies

    2021  Band 7, Heft 2

    Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2, presents with a broad constellation of both respiratory and nonrespiratory symptoms, although it is primarily considered a respiratory disease. Gastrointestinal symptoms- ... ...

    Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2, presents with a broad constellation of both respiratory and nonrespiratory symptoms, although it is primarily considered a respiratory disease. Gastrointestinal symptoms-including nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea-rank chief among these. When coupled with the presence of viral RNA in fecal samples, the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms raises relevant questions regarding whether SARS-CoV-2 can productively infect the upper or lower gastrointestinal tract. Despite the well-documented prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms and the high rate of SARS-CoV-2 fecal RNA shedding, the biological, clinical, and epidemiological relevance of these findings is unclear. Furthermore, the isolation of replication-competent virus from fecal samples has not been reproducibly and rigorously demonstrated. Although SARS-CoV-2 shedding likely occurs in a high proportion of patients, gastrointestinal symptoms affect only a subset of individuals. Herein, we summarize what is known about gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal viral shedding in COVID-19, explore the role of the gut microbiome in other respiratory diseases, speculate on the role of the gut microbiota in COVID-19, and discuss potential future directions. Taking these concepts together, we propose that studying gut microbiota perturbations in COVID-19 will enhance our understanding of the symptomology and pathophysiology of this novel devastating disease.
    Mesh-Begriff(e) Abdominal Pain/diagnosis ; Abdominal Pain/etiology ; Abdominal Pain/microbiology ; Abdominal Pain/pathology ; Animals ; COVID-19/complications ; COVID-19/diagnosis ; COVID-19/microbiology ; COVID-19/pathology ; Diarrhea/diagnosis ; Diarrhea/etiology ; Diarrhea/microbiology ; Diarrhea/pathology ; Feces/microbiology ; Feces/virology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Humans ; Nausea/diagnosis ; Nausea/etiology ; Nausea/microbiology ; Nausea/pathology ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification ; Vomiting/diagnosis ; Vomiting/etiology ; Vomiting/microbiology ; Vomiting/pathology
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2021-04-08
    Erscheinungsland United States
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2835759-0
    ISSN 2373-2873 ; 2373-2873
    ISSN (online) 2373-2873
    ISSN 2373-2873
    DOI 10.1101/mcs.a006031
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Artikel ; Online: Rare transmission of commensal and pathogenic bacteria in the gut microbiome of hospitalized adults.

    Siranosian, Benjamin A / Brooks, Erin F / Andermann, Tessa / Rezvani, Andrew R / Banaei, Niaz / Tang, Hua / Bhatt, Ami S

    Nature communications

    2022  Band 13, Heft 1, Seite(n) 586

    Abstract: Bacterial bloodstream infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality among patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Although previous research has demonstrated that pathogens may translocate from the gut microbiome into the ... ...

    Abstract Bacterial bloodstream infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality among patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Although previous research has demonstrated that pathogens may translocate from the gut microbiome into the bloodstream to cause infections, the mechanisms by which HCT patients acquire pathogens in their microbiome have not yet been described. Here, we use linked-read and short-read metagenomic sequencing to analyze 401 stool samples collected from 149 adults undergoing HCT and hospitalized in the same unit over three years, many of whom were roommates. We use metagenomic assembly and strain-specific comparison methods to search for high-identity bacterial strains, which may indicate transmission between the gut microbiomes of patients. Overall, the microbiomes of patients who share time and space in the hospital do not converge in taxonomic composition. However, we do observe six pairs of patients who harbor identical or nearly identical strains of the pathogen Enterococcus faecium, or the gut commensals Akkermansia muciniphila and Hungatella hathewayi. These shared strains may result from direct transmission between patients who shared a room and bathroom, acquisition from a common hospital source, or transmission from an unsampled intermediate. We also identify multiple patients with identical strains of species commonly found in commercial probiotics, including Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Streptococcus thermophilus. In summary, our findings indicate that sharing of identical pathogens between the gut microbiomes of multiple patients is a rare phenomenon. Furthermore, the observed potential transmission of commensal, immunomodulatory microbes suggests that exposure to other humans may contribute to microbiome reassembly post-HCT.
    Mesh-Begriff(e) Adult ; Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Bacterial Infections/transmission ; Cross Infection/microbiology ; Cross Infection/transmission ; Drug Resistance, Microbial/drug effects ; Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics ; Enterococcus faecium/drug effects ; Enterococcus faecium/isolation & purification ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Escherichia coli/isolation & purification ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Hospitalization ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Length of Stay ; Male ; Metagenome/genetics ; Metagenomics ; Middle Aged ; Phylogeny ; Probiotics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Time Factors
    Chemische Substanzen Anti-Bacterial Agents
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2022-01-31
    Erscheinungsland England
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 2553671-0
    ISSN 2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
    ISSN (online) 2041-1723
    ISSN 2041-1723
    DOI 10.1038/s41467-022-28048-7
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Artikel ; Online: A pedagogical approach to science outreach.

    McClure, Marni B / Hall, Kacey C / Brooks, Erin F / Allen, Catherine T / Lyle, Kenneth S

    PLoS biology

    2020  Band 18, Heft 4, Seite(n) e3000650

    Abstract: Encouragement of students across all communities through scientific outreach programs is critical to engaging the next generation, exciting young minds to pursue careers in science and medicine. Herein, we present a uniquely structured and widely ... ...

    Abstract Encouragement of students across all communities through scientific outreach programs is critical to engaging the next generation, exciting young minds to pursue careers in science and medicine. Herein, we present a uniquely structured and widely influential science outreach program. Founded in 2005, the Duke Chemistry Outreach (DCO) employs a pedagogical approach to outreach that aims to teach its audience a new scientific concept, while instilling a pure enjoyment of science. DCO has performed 583 events reaching over 70,000 participants throughout 2,270 hours, with the majority of events in Durham, the surrounding North Carolinian communities, and across 8 other states. The flexibility and diversity of this outreach program creates a framework amendable for others to adopt in both secondary and higher education settings.
    Mesh-Begriff(e) Chemistry/education ; Community-Institutional Relations/economics ; Humans ; North Carolina ; Research Personnel ; Science/education ; Students ; Universities
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2020-04-16
    Erscheinungsland United States
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2126776-5
    ISSN 1545-7885 ; 1544-9173
    ISSN (online) 1545-7885
    ISSN 1544-9173
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000650
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Artikel: Intragenic DNA inversions expand bacterial coding capacity.

    Chanin, Rachael B / West, Patrick T / Park, Ryan M / Wirbel, Jakob / Green, Gabriella Z M / Miklos, Arjun M / Gill, Matthew O / Hickey, Angela S / Brooks, Erin F / Bhatt, Ami S

    bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

    2023  

    Abstract: Bacterial populations that originate from a single bacterium are not strictly clonal. Often, they contain subgroups with distinct phenotypes. Bacteria can generate heterogeneity through phase variation: a preprogrammed, reversible mechanism that alters ... ...

    Abstract Bacterial populations that originate from a single bacterium are not strictly clonal. Often, they contain subgroups with distinct phenotypes. Bacteria can generate heterogeneity through phase variation: a preprogrammed, reversible mechanism that alters gene expression levels across a population. One well studied type of phase variation involves enzyme-mediated inversion of specific intergenic regions of genomic DNA. Frequently, these DNA inversions flip the orientation of promoters, turning ON or OFF adjacent coding regions within otherwise isogenic populations. Through this mechanism, inversion can affect fitness, survival, or group dynamics. Here, we develop and apply bioinformatic approaches to discover thousands of previously undescribed phase-variable regions in prokaryotes using long-read datasets. We identify 'intragenic invertons', a surprising new class of invertible elements found entirely within genes, in bacteria and archaea. To date, inversions within single genes have not been described. Intragenic invertons allow a gene to encode two or more versions of a protein by flipping a DNA sequence within the coding region, thereby increasing coding capacity without increasing genome size. We experimentally characterize specific intragenic invertons in the gut commensal
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2023-09-16
    Erscheinungsland United States
    Dokumenttyp Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2023.03.11.532203
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Artikel ; Online: Near-fatal Legionella pneumonia in a neonate linked to home humidifier by metagenomic next generation sequencing.

    West, Patrick T / Brooks, Erin F / Costales, Cristina / Moreno, Angel / Jensen, Tanner Dean / Budvytiene, Indre / Khan, Aslam / Pham, Trung H M / Schwenk, Hayden T / Bhatt, Ami S / Banaei, Niaz

    Med (New York, N.Y.)

    2022  Band 3, Heft 8, Seite(n) 565–567

    Mesh-Begriff(e) High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Humans ; Humidifiers ; Infant, Newborn ; Legionella pneumophila/genetics ; Legionnaires' Disease/diagnosis ; Pneumonia
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2022-07-20
    Erscheinungsland United States
    Dokumenttyp Letter
    ISSN 2666-6340
    ISSN (online) 2666-6340
    DOI 10.1016/j.medj.2022.06.004
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Artikel ; Online: Gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA suggest prolonged gastrointestinal infection.

    Natarajan, Aravind / Zlitni, Soumaya / Brooks, Erin F / Vance, Summer E / Dahlen, Alex / Hedlin, Haley / Park, Ryan M / Han, Alvin / Schmidtke, Danica T / Verma, Renu / Jacobson, Karen B / Parsonnet, Julie / Bonilla, Hector F / Singh, Upinder / Pinsky, Benjamin A / Andrews, Jason R / Jagannathan, Prasanna / Bhatt, Ami S

    Med (New York, N.Y.)

    2022  Band 3, Heft 6, Seite(n) 371–387.e9

    Abstract: Background: COVID-19 manifests with respiratory, systemic, and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms.: Methods: We analyzed the dynamics of fecal RNA shedding up to 10 months after COVID-19 diagnosis in 113 individuals with mild to moderate disease. We also ...

    Abstract Background: COVID-19 manifests with respiratory, systemic, and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms.
    Methods: We analyzed the dynamics of fecal RNA shedding up to 10 months after COVID-19 diagnosis in 113 individuals with mild to moderate disease. We also correlated shedding with disease symptoms.
    Findings: Fecal SARS-CoV-2 RNA is detected in 49.2% [95% confidence interval, 38.2%-60.3%] of participants within the first week after diagnosis. Whereas there was no ongoing oropharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding in subjects at 4 months, 12.7% [8.5%-18.4%] of participants continued to shed SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the feces at 4 months after diagnosis and 3.8% [2.0%-7.3%] shed at 7 months. Finally, we found that GI symptoms (abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting) are associated with fecal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA.
    Conclusions: The extended presence of viral RNA in feces, but not in respiratory samples, along with the association of fecal viral RNA shedding with GI symptoms suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infects the GI tract and that this infection can be prolonged in a subset of individuals with COVID-19.
    Funding: This research was supported by a Stanford ChemH-IMA grant; fellowships from the AACR and NSF; and NIH R01-AI148623, R01-AI143757, and UL1TR003142.
    Mesh-Begriff(e) COVID-19/diagnosis ; COVID-19 Testing ; Communicable Diseases ; Feces ; Gastrointestinal Diseases/diagnosis ; Humans ; Lung ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics
    Chemische Substanzen RNA, Viral
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2022-04-13
    Erscheinungsland United States
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ISSN 2666-6340
    ISSN (online) 2666-6340
    DOI 10.1016/j.medj.2022.04.001
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Artikel ; Online: Publisher Correction: Standardized preservation, extraction and quantification techniques for detection of fecal SARS-CoV-2 RNA.

    Natarajan, Aravind / Han, Alvin / Zlitni, Soumaya / Brooks, Erin F / Vance, Summer E / Wolfe, Marlene / Singh, Upinder / Jagannathan, Prasanna / Pinsky, Benjamin A / Boehm, Alexandria / Bhatt, Ami S

    Nature communications

    2021  Band 12, Heft 1, Seite(n) 7100

    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2021-12-01
    Erscheinungsland England
    Dokumenttyp Published Erratum
    ZDB-ID 2553671-0
    ISSN 2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
    ISSN (online) 2041-1723
    ISSN 2041-1723
    DOI 10.1038/s41467-021-27392-4
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Artikel: Standardized and optimized preservation, extraction and quantification techniques for detection of fecal SARS-CoV-2 RNA.

    Natarajan, Aravind / Han, Alvin / Zlitni, Soumaya / Brooks, Erin F / Vance, Summer E / Wolfe, Marlene / Singh, Upinder / Jagannathan, Prasanna / Pinsky, Benjamin A / Boehm, Alexandria / Bhatt, Ami S

    medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences

    2021  

    Abstract: COVID-19 patients shed SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in their stool, sometimes well after they have cleared their respiratory infection. This feature of the disease may be significant for patient health, epidemiology, and diagnosis. However, to date, methods to ... ...

    Abstract COVID-19 patients shed SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in their stool, sometimes well after they have cleared their respiratory infection. This feature of the disease may be significant for patient health, epidemiology, and diagnosis. However, to date, methods to preserve stool samples from COVID patients, and to extract and quantify viral RNA concentration have yet to be optimized. We sought to meet this urgent need by developing and benchmarking a standardized protocol for the fecal detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. We test three preservative conditions for their ability to yield detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA: OMNIgene-GUT, Zymo DNA/RNA shield kit, and the most common condition, storage without any preservative. We test these in combination with three extraction kits: the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit, Zymo Quick-RNA Viral Kit, and MagMAX Viral/Pathogen Kit. Finally, we also test the utility of two detection methods, ddPCR and RT-qPCR, for the robust quantification of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA from stool. We identify that the Zymo DNA/RNA shield collection kit and the QiaAMP viral RNA mini kit yield more detectable RNA than the others, using both ddPCR and RT-qPCR assays. We also demonstrate key features of experimental design including the incorporation of appropriate controls and data analysis, and apply these techniques to effectively extract viral RNA from fecal samples acquired from COVID-19 outpatients enrolled in a clinical trial.
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2021-04-17
    Erscheinungsland United States
    Dokumenttyp Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2021.04.10.21255250
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Artikel ; Online: Standardized preservation, extraction and quantification techniques for detection of fecal SARS-CoV-2 RNA.

    Natarajan, Aravind / Han, Alvin / Zlitni, Soumaya / Brooks, Erin F / Vance, Summer E / Wolfe, Marlene / Singh, Upinder / Jagannathan, Prasanna / Pinsky, Benjamin A / Boehm, Alexandria / Bhatt, Ami S

    Nature communications

    2021  Band 12, Heft 1, Seite(n) 5753

    Abstract: Patients with COVID-19 shed SARS-CoV-2 RNA in stool, sometimes well after their respiratory infection has cleared. This may be significant for patient health, epidemiology, and diagnosis. However, methods to preserve stool, and to extract and quantify ... ...

    Abstract Patients with COVID-19 shed SARS-CoV-2 RNA in stool, sometimes well after their respiratory infection has cleared. This may be significant for patient health, epidemiology, and diagnosis. However, methods to preserve stool, and to extract and quantify viral RNA are not standardized. We test the performance of three preservative approaches at yielding detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA: the OMNIgene-GUT kit, Zymo DNA/RNA shield kit, and the most commonly applied, storage without preservative. We test these in combination with three extraction kits: QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit, Zymo Quick-RNA Viral Kit, and MagMAX Viral/Pathogen Kit. We also test the utility of ddPCR and RT-qPCR for the reliable quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from stool. We identify that the Zymo DNA/RNA preservative and the QiaAMP extraction kit yield more detectable RNA than the others, using both ddPCR and RT-qPCR. Taken together, we recommend a comprehensive methodology for preservation, extraction and detection of RNA from SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses in stool.
    Mesh-Begriff(e) COVID-19/diagnosis ; COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing/standards ; Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins/genetics ; Feces/virology ; Humans ; Phosphoproteins/genetics ; Preservation, Biological/standards ; RNA, Viral/analysis ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic ; Reference Standards ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification ; Specimen Handling/standards ; Viral Load/standards
    Chemische Substanzen Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins ; Phosphoproteins ; RNA, Viral ; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic ; nucleocapsid phosphoprotein, SARS-CoV-2
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2021-10-01
    Erscheinungsland England
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 2553671-0
    ISSN 2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
    ISSN (online) 2041-1723
    ISSN 2041-1723
    DOI 10.1038/s41467-021-25576-6
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Artikel: Tomato brown rugose fruit virus Mo gene is a novel microbial source tracking marker.

    Natarajan, Aravind / Fremin, Brayon J / Schmidtke, Danica T / Wolfe, Marlene K / Zlitni, Soumaya / Graham, Katherine E / Brooks, Erin F / Severyn, Christopher J / Sakamoto, Kathleen M / Lacayo, Norman J / Kuersten, Scott / Koble, Jeff / Caves, Glorianna / Kaplan, Inna / Singh, Upinder / Jagannathan, Prasanna / Rezvani, Andrew R / Bhatt, Ami S / Boehm, Alexandria B

    bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

    2023  

    Abstract: Microbial source tracking (MST) identifies sources of fecal contamination in the environment using fecal host-associated markers. While there are numerous bacterial MST markers, there are few viral markers. Here we design and test novel viral MST markers ...

    Abstract Microbial source tracking (MST) identifies sources of fecal contamination in the environment using fecal host-associated markers. While there are numerous bacterial MST markers, there are few viral markers. Here we design and test novel viral MST markers based on tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) genomes. We assembled eight nearly complete genomes of ToBRFV from wastewater and stool samples from the San Francisco Bay Area in the United States of America. Next, we developed two novel probe-based RT-PCR assays based on conserved regions of the ToBRFV genome, and tested the markers’ sensitivities and specificities using human and non-human animal stool as well as wastewater. TheToBRFV markers are sensitive and specific; in human stool and wastewater, they are more prevalent and abundant than a currently used marker, the pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) coat protein (CP) gene. We applied the assays to detect fecal contamination in urban stormwater samples and found that the ToBRFV markers matched cross-assembly phage (crAssphage), an established viral MST marker, in prevalence across samples. Taken together, ToBRFV is a promising viral human-associated MST marker.
    Importance: Human exposure to fecal contamination in the environment can cause transmission of infectious diseases. Microbial source tracking (MST) can identify sources of fecal contamination so that contamination can be remediated and human exposures can be reduced. MST requires the use of fecal host-associated MST markers. Here we design and test novel MST markers from genomes of tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV). The markers are sensitive and specific to human stool, and highly abundant in human stool and wastewater samples.
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2023-01-10
    Erscheinungsland United States
    Dokumenttyp Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2023.01.09.523366
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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