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  1. Buch ; Artikel ; Online: EU trade policy reform

    Gnutzmann-Mkrtchyan, Arevik / Volmer, Maximilian

    towards reciprocal concessions with developing countries

    2022  

    Abstract: The European Union (EU) supports developing countries with a unilateral trade preference scheme. The scheme underwent a major reform in 2014, in which many countries lost access to reduced tariff rates. We analyse how this radical step that removed ... ...

    Abstract The European Union (EU) supports developing countries with a unilateral trade preference scheme. The scheme underwent a major reform in 2014, in which many countries lost access to reduced tariff rates. We analyse how this radical step that removed preferences from 103 countries by 2018 fits into the EU's strategy to promote bilateral agreements and how it affected imports from the removed beneficiaries. Using the gravity model of trade with high-dimensional fixed effects, we show that the removal results in a significant decline in exports of affected developing countries. Some countries formed a bilateral free trade agreement with the EU, in which case the negative effect of removal of unilateral trade preferences is compensated but we do not find significant and consistent additional benefits. Thus, the threat of removal can be seen as a lever for beneficiaries that are about to become ineligible to negotiate a bilateral agreement with the EU.
    Schlagwörter ddc:330 ; F13 ; F14 ; O19 ; O24 ; D78 ; trade preferences ; reciprocity ; GSP ; FTA ; gravity model
    Thema/Rubrik (Code) 381
    Sprache Englisch
    Verlag Hannover: Leibniz Universität Hannover, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät
    Erscheinungsland de
    Dokumenttyp Buch ; Artikel ; Online
    Datenquelle BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (Lebenswissenschaftliche Auswahl)

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  2. Buch ; Artikel ; Online: Gravity-based tools for assessing the impact of tariff changes

    Gnutzmann-Mkrtchyan, Arevik / Hugot, Jules

    2022  

    Abstract: This paper presents two empirical tools to quantify the impacts of tariff changes on bilateral trade and welfare. Both tools are rooted in the structural gravity literature. The first tool estimates the impact of tariff changes on bilateral trade for 5, ... ...

    Abstract This paper presents two empirical tools to quantify the impacts of tariff changes on bilateral trade and welfare. Both tools are rooted in the structural gravity literature. The first tool estimates the impact of tariff changes on bilateral trade for 5,020 products in a partial equilibrium framework. The second tool quantifies the impact on bilateral aggregate trade in a general equilibrium setup, allowing estimates of trade reallocation and welfare changes. These tools are used to estimate the impact of tariff changes affecting Armenia, including (i) the alignment with the external tariff of the Eurasian Economic Union, (ii) free trade agreements between the Eurasian Economic Union, and other economies-Iran and the People's Republic of China, and (iii) the loss of beneficiary status for the Generalised Scheme of Preferences of the European Union.
    Schlagwörter ddc:330 ; F13 ; F14 ; F15 ; F17 ; gravity ; Eurasian Economic Union ; free trade agreements ; generalised scheme of preferences ; Armenia
    Thema/Rubrik (Code) 381
    Sprache Englisch
    Verlag Manila: Asian Development Bank (ADB)
    Erscheinungsland de
    Dokumenttyp Buch ; Artikel ; Online
    Datenquelle BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (Lebenswissenschaftliche Auswahl)

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  3. Artikel: Hybrid Silicon Nitride Photonic Integrated Circuits Covered by Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Films.

    Komrakova, Sophia / An, Pavel / Kovalyuk, Vadim / Golikov, Alexander / Gladush, Yury / Mkrtchyan, Aram / Chermoshentsev, Dmitry / Krasnikov, Dmitry / Nasibulin, Albert / Goltsman, Gregory

    Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)

    2023  Band 13, Heft 16

    Abstract: The integration of low-dimensional materials with optical waveguides presents promising opportunities for enhancing light manipulation in passive photonic circuits. In this study, we investigate the potential of aerosol-synthesized single-walled carbon ... ...

    Abstract The integration of low-dimensional materials with optical waveguides presents promising opportunities for enhancing light manipulation in passive photonic circuits. In this study, we investigate the potential of aerosol-synthesized single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) films for silicon nitride photonic circuits as a basis for developing integrated optics devices. Specifically, by measuring the optical response of SWCNT-covered waveguides, we retrieve the main SWCNT film parameters, such as absorption, nonlinear refractive, and thermo-optic coefficients, and we demonstrate the enhancement of all-optical wavelength conversion and the photoresponse with a 1.2 GHz bandwidth.
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2023-08-11
    Erscheinungsland Switzerland
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2662255-5
    ISSN 2079-4991
    ISSN 2079-4991
    DOI 10.3390/nano13162307
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Buch ; Artikel ; Online: Consequences of FTA Withdrawal

    Gnutzmann, Hinnerk / Gnutzmann-Mkrtchyan, Arevik / Korn, Tobias

    Evidence from "Uxit"

    2021  

    Abstract: We use a unique case study to estimate the effect of withdrawing from a free trade agreement on international trade. Lately, the political opposition to international economic cooperation has been on the rise, but little is known about how the withdrawal ...

    Abstract We use a unique case study to estimate the effect of withdrawing from a free trade agreement on international trade. Lately, the political opposition to international economic cooperation has been on the rise, but little is known about how the withdrawal from a trade agreement affects trade. We analyze a quasi-natural experiment to provide first empirical evidence. In 2004, Estonia joined the European Union, which mandated that it withdraws from its FTA with Ukraine (“Uxit”). Based on the gravity model of international trade, we provide evidence from triple difference–in–differences as well as PPML panel estimations that trade volumes between Estonia and Ukraine fell by more than 20%. We find that withdrawing an FTA revokes all benefits and that no institutional memory is left behind. General equilibrium estimates suggest that FTA withdrawal led to a noticeable loss in welfare of members.
    Schlagwörter ddc:330 ; F13 ; F14 ; F15 ; F17 ; free trade agreement ; withdrawal ; gravity ; European Union ; Estonia ; Ukraine
    Thema/Rubrik (Code) 381
    Sprache Englisch
    Verlag Munich: Center for Economic Studies and Ifo Institute (CESifo)
    Erscheinungsland de
    Dokumenttyp Buch ; Artikel ; Online
    Datenquelle BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (Lebenswissenschaftliche Auswahl)

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  5. Buch ; Artikel ; Online: Consequences of FTA withdrawal

    Gnutzmann, Hinnerk / Gnutzmann-Mkrtchyan, Arevik / Korn, Tobias

    Evidence from "Uxit"

    2021  

    Abstract: We use a unique case study to estimate the effect of withdrawing from a free trade agreement on international trade. Lately, the political opposition to international economic cooperation has been on the rise, but little is known about how the withdrawal ...

    Abstract We use a unique case study to estimate the effect of withdrawing from a free trade agreement on international trade. Lately, the political opposition to international economic cooperation has been on the rise, but little is known about how the withdrawal from a trade agreement affects trade. We analyze a quasi-natural experiment to provide first empirical evidence. In 2004, Estonia joined the European Union, which mandated that it withdraws from its FTA with Ukraine ('Uxit'). Based on the gravity model of international trade, we provide evidence from triple difference-in-differences as well as PPML panel estimations that trade volumes between Estonia and Ukraine fell by more than 20%. We find that withdrawing an FTA revokes all benefits and that no institutional memory is left behind. General equilibrium estimates suggest that FTA withdrawal led to a noticeable loss in welfare of members.
    Schlagwörter ddc:330 ; F13 ; F14 ; F15 ; F17 ; free trade agreement ; withdrawal ; gravity ; European Union ; Estonia ; Ukraine
    Thema/Rubrik (Code) 381
    Sprache Englisch
    Verlag Hannover: Leibniz Universität Hannover, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät
    Erscheinungsland de
    Dokumenttyp Buch ; Artikel ; Online
    Datenquelle BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (Lebenswissenschaftliche Auswahl)

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  6. Artikel ; Online: BSA Binding and Aggregate Formation of a Synthetic Amino Acid with Potential for Promoting Fibroblast Proliferation: An In Silico, CD Spectroscopic, DLS, and Cellular Study.

    Simonyan, Hayarpi / Palumbo, Rosanna / Petrosyan, Satenik / Mkrtchyan, Anna / Galstyan, Armen / Saghyan, Ashot / Scognamiglio, Pasqualina Liana / Vicidomini, Caterina / Fik-Jaskólka, Marta / Roviello, Giovanni N

    Biomolecules

    2024  Band 14, Heft 5

    Abstract: This study presents the chemical synthesis, purification, and characterization of a novel non-natural synthetic amino acid. The compound was synthesized in solution, purified, and characterized using NMR spectroscopy, polarimetry, and melting point ... ...

    Abstract This study presents the chemical synthesis, purification, and characterization of a novel non-natural synthetic amino acid. The compound was synthesized in solution, purified, and characterized using NMR spectroscopy, polarimetry, and melting point determination. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis demonstrated its ability to form aggregates with an average size of 391 nm, extending to the low micrometric size range. Furthermore, cellular biological assays revealed its ability to enhance fibroblast cell growth, highlighting its potential for tissue regenerative applications. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy showed the ability of the synthetic amino acid to bind serum albumins (using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model), and CD deconvolution provided insights into the changes in the secondary structures of BSA upon interaction with the amino acid ligand. Additionally, molecular docking using HDOCK software elucidated the most likely binding mode of the ligand inside the BSA structure. We also performed in silico oligomerization of the synthetic compound in order to obtain a model of aggregate to investigate computationally. In more detail, the dimer formation achieved by molecular self-docking showed two distinct poses, corresponding to the lowest and comparable energies, with one pose exhibiting a quasi-coplanar arrangement characterized by a close alignment of two aromatic rings from the synthetic amino acids within the dimer, suggesting the presence of π-π stacking interactions. In contrast, the second pose displayed a non-coplanar configuration, with the aromatic rings oriented in a staggered arrangement, indicating distinct modes of interaction. Both poses were further utilized in the self-docking procedure. Notably, iterative molecular docking of amino acid structures resulted in the formation of higher-order aggregates, with a model of a 512-mer aggregate obtained through self-docking procedures. This model of aggregate presented a cavity capable of hosting therapeutic cargoes and biomolecules, rendering it a potential scaffold for cell adhesion and growth in tissue regenerative applications. Overall, our findings highlight the potential of this synthetic amino acid for tissue regenerative therapeutics and provide valuable insights into its molecular interactions and aggregation behavior.
    Mesh-Begriff(e) Serum Albumin, Bovine/chemistry ; Serum Albumin, Bovine/metabolism ; Circular Dichroism ; Amino Acids/chemistry ; Amino Acids/metabolism ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Animals ; Fibroblasts/cytology ; Fibroblasts/metabolism ; Cattle ; Dynamic Light Scattering ; Protein Binding ; Mice ; Computer Simulation ; Humans
    Chemische Substanzen Serum Albumin, Bovine (27432CM55Q) ; Amino Acids
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2024-05-14
    Erscheinungsland Switzerland
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2701262-1
    ISSN 2218-273X ; 2218-273X
    ISSN (online) 2218-273X
    ISSN 2218-273X
    DOI 10.3390/biom14050579
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Buch ; Artikel ; Online: Peeling Away the Layers

    Gnutzmann-Mkrtchyan, Arevik / Henn, Christian

    Impacts of Durable Tariff Elimination

    2018  

    Abstract: We demonstrate that durable MFN tariff elimination affects trade patterns through several layers, and magnitudes of effects are sizable. The WTO Information Technology Agreement’s (ITA) unique setting allows us to overcome the challenges associated with ... ...

    Abstract We demonstrate that durable MFN tariff elimination affects trade patterns through several layers, and magnitudes of effects are sizable. The WTO Information Technology Agreement’s (ITA) unique setting allows us to overcome the challenges associated with identifying effects of non-discriminatory trade policies due to two reasons: (i) ITA constitutes a quasi-natural experiment of several “passive” signatories joining the agreement as an unavoidable part of pursuing a larger policy objective, and (ii) ITA’s partial coverage of the IT sector provides a natural control group for identification based on cross-product variation. Our analysis finds novel nonlinear impacts of tariff liberalization: Complete tariff elimination results in large additional trade gains - over and above tariff reductions - especially for intermediate goods. The commitment to durable tariff elimination, through WTO bindings, adds a further two layers, boosting both imports and exports more than equivalent unilateral reforms. This commitment spurned development of a downstream IT export sector in “passive” signatories.
    Schlagwörter ddc:330 ; F13 ; F14 ; F15 ; L63 ; non-discriminatory trade policies ; MFN tariff elimination ; World Trade Organization ; Information Technology Agreement ; trade policy certainty ; global value chains
    Thema/Rubrik (Code) 381
    Sprache Englisch
    Verlag Munich: Center for Economic Studies and ifo Institute (CESifo)
    Erscheinungsland de
    Dokumenttyp Buch ; Artikel ; Online
    Datenquelle BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (Lebenswissenschaftliche Auswahl)

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  8. Artikel ; Online: Access to HIV treatment and care in Armenia

    Grigoryan S / Mkrtchyan A

    Retrovirology, Vol 9, Iss Suppl 1, p P

    2012  Band 75

    Schlagwörter Medicine (General) ; R5-920 ; Medicine ; R ; DOAJ:Medicine (General) ; DOAJ:Health Sciences ; Immunologic diseases. Allergy ; RC581-607
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2012-05-01T00:00:00Z
    Verlag BioMed Central
    Dokumenttyp Artikel ; Online
    Datenquelle BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (Lebenswissenschaftliche Auswahl)

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  9. Artikel: The problem of adaption of the diaspora Armenians in transition Armenia

    Mkrtchyan, Anahit

    Transition studies review Vol. 15.2009, 4=Nr. 51, S. 701-712

    2009  Band 15

    Verfasserangabe Anahit Mkrtchyan
    Schlagwörter Armenier ; Im Ausland ; Soziale Integration ; Soziale Isolation ; Migrationspolitik ; Armenien
    Sprache Englisch
    Verlag Springer
    Erscheinungsort Wien
    Dokumenttyp Artikel
    ZDB-ID 2129960-2
    ISSN 1614-4007
    Datenquelle ECONomics Information System

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  10. Buch ; Artikel ; Online: The layers of the IT Agreement's trade impact

    Henn, Christian / Gnutzmann-Mkrtchyan, Arevik

    2015  

    Abstract: The WTO's plurilateral Information Technology Agreement (ITA) reduced tariffs to zero on many IT products. This paper presents a comprehensive study of its trade impacts by incorporating recent insights from both the global value chain (GVC) and time in ... ...

    Abstract The WTO's plurilateral Information Technology Agreement (ITA) reduced tariffs to zero on many IT products. This paper presents a comprehensive study of its trade impacts by incorporating recent insights from both the global value chain (GVC) and time in trade literatures. Inserting tariffs directly into the gravity equation breaks the ITAs impact down into four layers. Import demand elasticities are found to be non-linear: Tariff reduction (layer 1) has relatively small impacts, while complete tariff elimination (layer 2) has high impacts, especially for intermediate goods. Beyond that, ITA accession has positive non-tariff effects on both imports (layer 3) and exports (layer 4). These commitment effects suggest that higher trade policy certainty affects investment and sourcing decisions in favour of signatories: Their ITA exports performed better relative to other ICT and machinery exports, unlike non-members. But "passive signatories" - which joined mainly as a by-product of a larger policy objective - reaped the most benefits. Featuring a smaller ITA sector upon accession, their final good exports increased also in absolute terms due to downstream GVC integration. However, such impacts are strongly heterogeneous with respect to countries' geographical remoteness, education levels, business environment and institutions. China stands out with especially strong post-accession export increases, also extending to intermediate goods.
    Schlagwörter ddc:330 ; F13 ; F14 ; L63 ; tariffs ; trade policy certainty ; value chains ; fragmentation ; WTO Information Technology Agreement ; gravity equation ; product-level trade ; non-linearity
    Thema/Rubrik (Code) 381
    Sprache Englisch
    Verlag Geneva: World Trade Organization (WTO)
    Erscheinungsland de
    Dokumenttyp Buch ; Artikel ; Online
    Datenquelle BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (Lebenswissenschaftliche Auswahl)

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