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Artikel: Multiple Vaccinations and the Enigma of Vaccine Injury.

Mawson, Anthony R / Croft, Ashley M

2020 Band 8, Heft 4

Abstract: A growing number of vaccines are administered at the same time or in close succession, increasing the complexity of assessing vaccine safety. Individual vaccines are assumed to have no other effect than protection against the targeted pathogen, but ... ...

Abstract	A growing number of vaccines are administered at the same time or in close succession, increasing the complexity of assessing vaccine safety. Individual vaccines are assumed to have no other effect than protection against the targeted pathogen, but vaccines also have nonspecific and interactive effects, the outcomes of which can be beneficial or harmful. To date, no controlled trials and very few observational studies have determined the impact of vaccination schedules on overall health. The balance of the risks and benefits from mass vaccination therefore remains uncertain. Recent studies worryingly suggest links between multiple vaccinations and increased risks of diverse multisystem health problems, including allergies, infections, and neuropsychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we propose that, in susceptible persons, multiple vaccinations activate the retinoid cascade and trigger apoptotic hepatitis, leading to cholestatic liver dysfunction, in which stored vitamin A compounds (retinyl esters and retinoic acid) enter the circulation in toxic concentrations; this induces endogenous forms of hypervitaminosis A, with the severity of adverse outcomes being directly proportional to the concentration of circulating retinoids. In very low concentrations, vitamin A and its major metabolite retinoic acid contribute to immune function and to the process of immunization, whereas excess vitamin A increases the risk of adverse events, including common "side-effects" as well as chronic adverse outcomes. The increasing rates of allergy, ear infections, and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) in countries with high rates of vaccination could be related to mass vaccination and to its impact on liver function and vitamin A metabolism, collectively representing endogenous manifestations of hypervitaminosis A. Further studies of health outcomes in vaccinated and unvaccinated groups are urgently needed, to increase understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of vaccine injury, to identify the risk factors and screen for vaccine injury, to inform public health policy on potential hazards related to vaccination schedules, and to optimize the safety and benefits of vaccines.
Sprache	Englisch
Erscheinungsdatum	2020-11-12
Erscheinungsland	Switzerland
Dokumenttyp	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2703319-3
ISSN	2076-393X
ISSN	2076-393X
DOI	10.3390/vaccines8040676
Datenquelle	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Artikel ; Online: Liver Damage and Exposure to Toxic Concentrations of Endogenous Retinoids in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Disease: Hypothesis.

Mawson, Anthony R / Croft, Ashley M / Gonzalez-Fernandez, Federico

Viral immunology

2021 Band 34, Heft 6, Seite(n) 376–379

Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has a marked tropism for the biliary tract; it damages the bile ducts and hepatocytes and can lead to liver decompensation, cirrhosis, and sepsis. The pathogenesis of liver damage and its ... ...

Abstract	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has a marked tropism for the biliary tract; it damages the bile ducts and hepatocytes and can lead to liver decompensation, cirrhosis, and sepsis. The pathogenesis of liver damage and its association with damage to the lung, heart, and brain and to the other protean manifestations of COVID-19 disease are not fully understood. In particular, tissue damage from thinning and leaky blood vessels appears to result from an inflammatory response to the virus rather than the virus itself. This article outlines a new hypothesis of the nature of the inflammatory factor responsible for tissue damage in COVID-19. Review of the literature reveals that COVID-19 disease closely resembles an endogenous form of hypervitaminosis A. We propose that SARS-CoV-2 virus-induced liver damage causes retinoic acid and stored retinyl esters to be released into the circulation in toxic concentrations, unbound to protein, with resulting damage to organs including the lungs, heart, blood vessels, and skin. Several lines of evidence support this model of disease causation. Subject to testing, strategies for the effective treatment and prevention of COVID-19 could include targeting the action and accumulation of retinoids.
Mesh-Begriff(e)	Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use ; COVID-19/etiology ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis/etiology ; Liver Diseases/etiology ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/etiology ; Retinoids/toxicity ; SARS-CoV-2
Chemische Substanzen	Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Retinoids
Sprache	Englisch
Erscheinungsdatum	2021-05-13
Erscheinungsland	United States
Dokumenttyp	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	639075-4
ISSN	1557-8976 ; 0882-8245
ISSN (online)	1557-8976
ISSN	0882-8245
DOI	10.1089/vim.2020.0330
Datenquelle	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Artikel ; Online: Gulf War Illness: Unifying Hypothesis for a Continuing Health Problem.

Mawson, Anthony R / Croft, Ashley M

International journal of environmental research and public health

2019 Band 16, Heft 1

Abstract: An estimated 25%⁻32% of veterans of the 1991 Gulf War continue to experience multiple unexplained health problems known as Gulf War Illness (GWI). GWI encompasses chronic pain, musculoskeletal weakness, headache, fatigue, cognitive deficits, alterations ... ...

Abstract	An estimated 25%⁻32% of veterans of the 1991 Gulf War continue to experience multiple unexplained health problems known as Gulf War Illness (GWI). GWI encompasses chronic pain, musculoskeletal weakness, headache, fatigue, cognitive deficits, alterations in mood, and numerous multi-system complaints. Most potential exposures implicated in GWI were not well documented but included varying levels of several neurotoxicants as well as the anticholinergic drug pyridostigmine bromide (PB), which was routinely taken as prophylaxis against the nerve agent soman. While some veterans also took chloroquine as an antimalarial agent, the literature suggests an association between receipt of multiple vaccinations prior to or during the conflict (perhaps combined with other exposures), and GWI. In-theater exposures may account for any single individual veteran's ill health but many veterans of the same era who were not deployed overseas also suffer the same or similar symptoms. The features of GWI also overlap with those of fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and multiple chemical sensitivity, in all of which liver dysfunction has been documented, suggesting a unifying hypothesis. It is proposed that multiple vaccinations, with concurrent or subsequent exposure to PB or additional chemical insults of a liver-damaging nature, plausibly explain the pathogenesis and the observed chronicity of GWI. The suggested mechanism for GWI is thus a chemically-induced impaired liver function, with the spillage of stored vitamin A compounds ("retinoids") into the circulation in toxic concentrations, resulting in an endogenous chronic form of hypervitaminosis A. Implications of the hypothesis are briefly reviewed.
Mesh-Begriff(e)	Cholinesterase Inhibitors/adverse effects ; Environmental Exposure ; Humans ; Persian Gulf Syndrome/etiology ; Pyridostigmine Bromide/adverse effects ; Vaccination/adverse effects ; Veterans
Chemische Substanzen	Cholinesterase Inhibitors ; Pyridostigmine Bromide (KVI301NA53)
Sprache	Englisch
Erscheinungsdatum	2019-01-03
Erscheinungsland	Switzerland
Dokumenttyp	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2175195-X
ISSN	1660-4601 ; 1661-7827
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
ISSN	1661-7827
DOI	10.3390/ijerph16010111
Datenquelle	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Artikel ; Online: Rubella Virus Infection, the Congenital Rubella Syndrome, and the Link to Autism.

Mawson, Anthony R / Croft, Ashley M

International journal of environmental research and public health

2019 Band 16, Heft 19

Abstract: Rubella is a systemic virus infection that is usually mild. It can, however, cause severe birth defects known as the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) when infection occurs early in pregnancy. As many as 8%-13% of children with CRS developed autism ... ...

Abstract	Rubella is a systemic virus infection that is usually mild. It can, however, cause severe birth defects known as the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) when infection occurs early in pregnancy. As many as 8%-13% of children with CRS developed autism during the rubella epidemic of the 1960s compared to the background rate of about 1 new case per 5000 children. Rubella infection and CRS are now rare in the U.S. and in Europe due to widespread vaccination. However, autism rates have risen dramatically in recent decades to about 3% of children today, with many cases appearing after a period of normal development ('regressive autism'). Evidence is reviewed here suggesting that the signs and symptoms of rubella may be due to alterations in the hepatic metabolism of vitamin A (retinoids), precipitated by the acute phase of the infection. The infection causes mild liver dysfunction and the spillage of stored vitamin A compounds into the circulation, resulting in an endogenous form of hypervitaminosis A. Given that vitamin A is a known teratogen, it is suggested that rubella infection occurring in the early weeks of pregnancy causes CRS through maternal liver dysfunction and exposure of the developing fetus to excessive vitamin A. On this view, the multiple manifestations of CRS and associated autism represent endogenous forms of hypervitaminosis A. It is further proposed that regressive autism results primarily from post-natal influences of a liver-damaging nature and exposure to excess vitamin A, inducing CRS-like features as a function of vitamin A toxicity, but without the associated dysmorphogenesis. A number of environmental factors are discussed that may plausibly be candidates for this role, and suggestions are offered for testing the model. The model also suggests a number of measures that may be effective both in reducing the risk of fetal CRS in women who acquire rubella in their first trimester and in reversing or minimizing regressive autism among children in whom the diagnosis is suspected or confirmed.
Mesh-Begriff(e)	Autistic Disorder/chemically induced ; Humans ; Hypervitaminosis A/chemically induced ; Hypervitaminosis A/complications ; Liver/metabolism ; Liver Diseases/complications ; Rubella/physiopathology ; Rubella Syndrome, Congenital/chemically induced ; Rubella virus/physiology ; Vitamin A/metabolism ; Vitamin A/toxicity
Chemische Substanzen	Vitamin A (11103-57-4)
Sprache	Englisch
Erscheinungsdatum	2019-09-22
Erscheinungsland	Switzerland
Dokumenttyp	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2175195-X
ISSN	1660-4601 ; 1661-7827
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
ISSN	1661-7827
DOI	10.3390/ijerph16193543
Datenquelle	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Artikel ; Online: Malaria: prevention in travellers (non-drug interventions).

Croft, Ashley M

BMJ clinical evidence

2014 Band 2014

Abstract: Introduction: Malaria transmission occurs most frequently in environments with humidity greater than 60% and ambient temperature of 25°C to 30°C. Risks increase with longer visits and depend on activity. Infection can follow a single mosquito bite. ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Malaria transmission occurs most frequently in environments with humidity greater than 60% and ambient temperature of 25°C to 30°C. Risks increase with longer visits and depend on activity. Infection can follow a single mosquito bite. Incubation is usually 10 to 14 days but can be up to 18 months, depending on the strain of parasite. Methods and outcomes: We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of non-drug interventions to prevent malaria in non-pregnant adult travellers? What are the effects of non-drug interventions to prevent malaria in child travellers and in pregnant travellers? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to November 2013 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations, such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). Results: We found five studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions. Conclusions: In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: aerosol insecticides, air conditioning and electric fans, bath or chemical-base oils, biological control measures, dietary supplementation, electronic mosquito repellents, insecticide-treated clothing/nets, lifestyle changes (full-length and light-coloured clothing, behaviour modification), mosquito coils and vapourising mats, skin-applied chemical repellents (containing diethyltoluamide [DEET] or picaridin), skin-applied plant-based repellents, and smoke.
Mesh-Begriff(e)	Clothing ; Humans ; Insect Repellents ; Insecticides ; Malaria/prevention & control ; Travel ; Travel-Related Illness
Chemische Substanzen	Insect Repellents ; Insecticides
Sprache	Englisch
Erscheinungsdatum	2014-11-17
Erscheinungsland	England
Dokumenttyp	Journal Article ; Review ; Systematic Review
ZDB-ID	2393858-4
ISSN	1752-8526 ; 1757-0816 ; 1475-9225
ISSN (online)	1752-8526
ISSN	1757-0816 ; 1475-9225
Datenquelle	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Artikel ; Online: Multiple Vaccinations and the Enigma of Vaccine Injury

Anthony R. Mawson / Ashley M. Croft

Vaccines, Vol 8, Iss 676, p

2020 Band 676

Abstract	A growing number of vaccines are administered at the same time or in close succession, increasing the complexity of assessing vaccine safety. Individual vaccines are assumed to have no other effect than protection against the targeted pathogen, but vaccines also have nonspecific and interactive effects, the outcomes of which can be beneficial or harmful. To date, no controlled trials and very few observational studies have determined the impact of vaccination schedules on overall health. The balance of the risks and benefits from mass vaccination therefore remains uncertain. Recent studies worryingly suggest links between multiple vaccinations and increased risks of diverse multisystem health problems, including allergies, infections, and neuropsychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we propose that, in susceptible persons, multiple vaccinations activate the retinoid cascade and trigger apoptotic hepatitis, leading to cholestatic liver dysfunction, in which stored vitamin A compounds (retinyl esters and retinoic acid) enter the circulation in toxic concentrations; this induces endogenous forms of hypervitaminosis A, with the severity of adverse outcomes being directly proportional to the concentration of circulating retinoids. In very low concentrations, vitamin A and its major metabolite retinoic acid contribute to immune function and to the process of immunization, whereas excess vitamin A increases the risk of adverse events, including common “side-effects” as well as chronic adverse outcomes. The increasing rates of allergy, ear infections, and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) in countries with high rates of vaccination could be related to mass vaccination and to its impact on liver function and vitamin A metabolism, collectively representing endogenous manifestations of hypervitaminosis A. Further studies of health outcomes in vaccinated and unvaccinated groups are urgently needed, to increase understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of vaccine injury, to identify the risk factors and ...
Schlagwörter	vaccination ; injury ; liver ; retinoids ; metabolism ; disease ; Medicine ; R
Thema/Rubrik (Code)	610
Sprache	Englisch
Erscheinungsdatum	2020-11-01T00:00:00Z
Verlag	MDPI AG
Dokumenttyp	Artikel ; Online
Datenquelle	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (Lebenswissenschaftliche Auswahl)

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Artikel ; Online: Gulf War Illness

Anthony R. Mawson / Ashley M. Croft

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 16, Iss 1, p

Unifying Hypothesis for a Continuing Health Problem

2019 Band 111

Abstract: An estimated 25%–32% of veterans of the 1991 Gulf War continue to experience multiple unexplained health problems known as Gulf War Illness (GWI). GWI encompasses chronic pain, musculoskeletal weakness, headache, fatigue, cognitive deficits, alterations ... ...

Abstract	An estimated 25%–32% of veterans of the 1991 Gulf War continue to experience multiple unexplained health problems known as Gulf War Illness (GWI). GWI encompasses chronic pain, musculoskeletal weakness, headache, fatigue, cognitive deficits, alterations in mood, and numerous multi-system complaints. Most potential exposures implicated in GWI were not well documented but included varying levels of several neurotoxicants as well as the anticholinergic drug pyridostigmine bromide (PB), which was routinely taken as prophylaxis against the nerve agent soman. While some veterans also took chloroquine as an antimalarial agent, the literature suggests an association between receipt of multiple vaccinations prior to or during the conflict (perhaps combined with other exposures), and GWI. In-theater exposures may account for any single individual veteran’s ill health but many veterans of the same era who were not deployed overseas also suffer the same or similar symptoms. The features of GWI also overlap with those of fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and multiple chemical sensitivity, in all of which liver dysfunction has been documented, suggesting a unifying hypothesis. It is proposed that multiple vaccinations, with concurrent or subsequent exposure to PB or additional chemical insults of a liver-damaging nature, plausibly explain the pathogenesis and the observed chronicity of GWI. The suggested mechanism for GWI is thus a chemically-induced impaired liver function, with the spillage of stored vitamin A compounds (“retinoids”) into the circulation in toxic concentrations, resulting in an endogenous chronic form of hypervitaminosis A. Implications of the hypothesis are briefly reviewed.
Schlagwörter	Gulf War Illness ; musculoskeletal pain ; fatigue ; headache ; cognition ; veterans ; risk factors ; pathogenesis ; vaccines ; chemicals ; exposures ; retinoids ; Medicine ; R
Thema/Rubrik (Code)	610
Sprache	Englisch
Erscheinungsdatum	2019-01-01T00:00:00Z
Verlag	MDPI AG
Dokumenttyp	Artikel ; Online
Datenquelle	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (Lebenswissenschaftliche Auswahl)

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Artikel ; Online: Rubella Virus Infection, the Congenital Rubella Syndrome, and the Link to Autism

Anthony R. Mawson / Ashley M. Croft

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 16, Iss 19, p

2019 Band 3543

Abstract	Rubella is a systemic virus infection that is usually mild. It can, however, cause severe birth defects known as the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) when infection occurs early in pregnancy. As many as 8%−13% of children with CRS developed autism during the rubella epidemic of the 1960s compared to the background rate of about 1 new case per 5000 children. Rubella infection and CRS are now rare in the U.S. and in Europe due to widespread vaccination. However, autism rates have risen dramatically in recent decades to about 3% of children today, with many cases appearing after a period of normal development (‘regressive autism’). Evidence is reviewed here suggesting that the signs and symptoms of rubella may be due to alterations in the hepatic metabolism of vitamin A (retinoids), precipitated by the acute phase of the infection. The infection causes mild liver dysfunction and the spillage of stored vitamin A compounds into the circulation, resulting in an endogenous form of hypervitaminosis A. Given that vitamin A is a known teratogen, it is suggested that rubella infection occurring in the early weeks of pregnancy causes CRS through maternal liver dysfunction and exposure of the developing fetus to excessive vitamin A. On this view, the multiple manifestations of CRS and associated autism represent endogenous forms of hypervitaminosis A. It is further proposed that regressive autism results primarily from post-natal influences of a liver-damaging nature and exposure to excess vitamin A, inducing CRS-like features as a function of vitamin A toxicity, but without the associated dysmorphogenesis. A number of environmental factors are discussed that may plausibly be candidates for this role, and suggestions are offered for testing the model. The model also suggests a number of measures that may be effective both in reducing the risk of fetal CRS in women who acquire rubella in their first trimester and in reversing or minimizing regressive autism among children in whom the diagnosis is suspected or confirmed.
Schlagwörter	Rubella ; infection ; congenital rubella syndrome ; CRS ; autism spectrum disorder ; vitamin A ; retinoids ; liver ; pregnancy ; vaccinations ; Medicine ; R
Thema/Rubrik (Code)	120
Sprache	Englisch
Erscheinungsdatum	2019-09-01T00:00:00Z
Verlag	MDPI AG
Dokumenttyp	Artikel ; Online
Datenquelle	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (Lebenswissenschaftliche Auswahl)

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Artikel ; Online: Psychiatric effects of malaria and anti-malarial drugs: historical and modern perspectives.

Nevin, Remington L / Croft, Ashley M

Malaria journal

2016 Band 15, Seite(n) 332

Abstract: The modern medical literature implicates malaria, and particularly the potentially fatal form of cerebral malaria, with a risk of neurocognitive impairment. Yet historically, even milder forms of malaria were associated in the literature with a broad ... ...

Abstract	The modern medical literature implicates malaria, and particularly the potentially fatal form of cerebral malaria, with a risk of neurocognitive impairment. Yet historically, even milder forms of malaria were associated in the literature with a broad range of psychiatric effects, including disorders of personality, mood, memory, attention, thought, and behaviour. In this article, the history of psychiatric effects attributed to malaria and post-malaria syndromes is reviewed, and insights from the historical practice of malariotherapy in contributing to understanding of these effects are considered. This review concludes with a discussion of the potentially confounding role of the adverse effects of anti-malarial drugs, particularly of the quinoline class, in the unique attribution of certain psychiatric effects to malaria, and of the need for a critical reevaluation of the literature in light of emerging evidence of the chronic nature of these adverse drug effects.
Mesh-Begriff(e)	Antimalarials/adverse effects ; Humans ; Malaria/complications ; Malaria/drug therapy ; Mental Disorders/epidemiology
Chemische Substanzen	Antimalarials
Sprache	Englisch
Erscheinungsdatum	2016-06-22
Erscheinungsland	England
Dokumenttyp	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2091229-8
ISSN	1475-2875 ; 1475-2875
ISSN (online)	1475-2875
ISSN	1475-2875
DOI	10.1186/s12936-016-1391-6
Datenquelle	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Artikel ; Online: WITHDRAWN: Drugs for preventing malaria in travellers.

Jacquerioz, Frederique A / Croft, Ashley M

The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

2015 , Heft 10, Seite(n) CD006491

Mesh-Begriff(e)	Adult ; Antimalarials/adverse effects ; Antimalarials/therapeutic use ; Atovaquone/adverse effects ; Atovaquone/therapeutic use ; Child ; Chloroquine/adverse effects ; Chloroquine/therapeutic use ; Doxycycline/adverse effects ; Doxycycline/therapeutic use ; Drug Combinations ; Drug Resistance ; Drug Therapy, Combination/methods ; Humans ; Malaria, Falciparum/prevention & control ; Mefloquine/adverse effects ; Mefloquine/therapeutic use ; Primaquine/adverse effects ; Primaquine/therapeutic use ; Proguanil/adverse effects ; Proguanil/therapeutic use ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Travel
Chemische Substanzen	Antimalarials ; Drug Combinations ; atovaquone, proguanil drug combination ; Chloroquine (886U3H6UFF) ; Primaquine (MVR3634GX1) ; Doxycycline (N12000U13O) ; Proguanil (S61K3P7B2V) ; Mefloquine (TML814419R) ; Atovaquone (Y883P1Z2LT)
Sprache	Englisch
Erscheinungsdatum	2015-10-05
Erscheinungsland	England
Dokumenttyp	Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review ; Systematic Review
ISSN	1469-493X
ISSN (online)	1469-493X
DOI	10.1002/14651858.CD006491.pub3
Datenquelle	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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