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  1. Article: Towards a Modern-Day Teaching Machine: The Synthesis of Programmed Instruction and Online Education.

    Root, William B / Rehfeldt, Ruth Anne

    The Psychological record

    2020  Volume 71, Issue 1, Page(s) 85–94

    Abstract: The 21st century has seen rapid enrollment in online courses and environmental and biological determinates, such as COVID-19, that challenge how universities respond to education. However, this "new way of doing things" has empirical support from the ... ...

    Abstract The 21st century has seen rapid enrollment in online courses and environmental and biological determinates, such as COVID-19, that challenge how universities respond to education. However, this "new way of doing things" has empirical support from the past. Skinner (1968) laid out a science of teaching derived from operant conditioning principles and provided methods for adopting programmed instruction into what he termed a "teaching machine." This series of investigations evaluated the validity of programmed instruction in online courses, as measured by quiz performance, the frequency of discussion posts, instructor time commitment, generalization, and student perceptions of the online modalities used. Results are discussed for the synthesis of programmed instruction and group learning towards a modern teaching machine.
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-27
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2066929-X
    ISSN 2163-3452 ; 0033-2933
    ISSN (online) 2163-3452
    ISSN 0033-2933
    DOI 10.1007/s40732-020-00415-0
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  2. Article: Towards a Modern-Day Teaching Machine: The Synthesis of Programmed Instruction and Online Education

    Root, William B / Rehfeldt, Ruth Anne

    Psychol Rec

    Abstract: The 21st century has seen rapid enrollment in online courses and environmental and biological determinates, such as COVID-19, that challenge how universities respond to education. However, this "new way of doing things" has empirical support from the ... ...

    Abstract The 21st century has seen rapid enrollment in online courses and environmental and biological determinates, such as COVID-19, that challenge how universities respond to education. However, this "new way of doing things" has empirical support from the past. Skinner (1968) laid out a science of teaching derived from operant conditioning principles and provided methods for adopting programmed instruction into what he termed a "teaching machine." This series of investigations evaluated the validity of programmed instruction in online courses, as measured by quiz performance, the frequency of discussion posts, instructor time commitment, generalization, and student perceptions of the online modalities used. Results are discussed for the synthesis of programmed instruction and group learning towards a modern teaching machine.
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher WHO
    Document type Article
    Note WHO #Covidence: #680657
    Database COVID19

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  3. Article ; Online: Why We Are Still Not Acting to Save the World: the Upward Challenge of a Post-Skinnerian Behavior Science.

    Dixon, Mark R / Belisle, Jordan / Rehfeldt, Ruth Anne / Root, William B

    Perspectives on behavior science

    2018  Volume 41, Issue 1, Page(s) 241–267

    Abstract: Basic research on derived stimulus relations reveals many effects that may be useful in understanding and resolving significant and complex societal problems. Applied research on derived stimulus relations has done little to fulfill this promise, ... ...

    Abstract Basic research on derived stimulus relations reveals many effects that may be useful in understanding and resolving significant and complex societal problems. Applied research on derived stimulus relations has done little to fulfill this promise, focusing instead mainly on simple demonstrations of well-known phenomena. We trace the research tradition of derived stimulus relations from laboratory to wide-scale implementation, and put forward several suggestions for how to progress effective and impactful research on derived relational responding to issues of immense social importance. To advance a science of behavior from relative social obscurity to the developing world-saving technologies, we must evaluate our own behavior as scientists in the grander social context.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-06-07
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2520-8977
    ISSN (online) 2520-8977
    DOI 10.1007/s40614-018-0162-9
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  4. Article ; Online: Alzheimer's disease-related biomarkers and cancer-related cognitive decline: the thinking and living with cancer study.

    Mandelblatt, Jeanne / Dage, Jeffrey L / Zhou, Xingtao / Small, Brent J / Ahles, Tim A / Ahn, Jaeil / Artese, Ashley / Bethea, Traci N / Breen, Elizabeth C / Carroll, Judith E / Cohen, Harvey J / Extermann, Martine / Graham, Deena / Isaacs, Claudine / Jim, Heather S L / Mcdonald, Brenna C / Nakamura, Zev M / Patel, Sunita K / Rebeck, G William /
    Rentscher, Kelly E / Root, James C / Russ, Kristen A / Tometich, Danielle B / Turner, R Scott / Van Dyk, Kathleen / Zhai, Wanting / Huang, Li-Wen / Saykin, Andrew J

    Journal of the National Cancer Institute

    2024  

    Abstract: Purpose: We evaluated whether plasma Alzheimer's Disease (AD)-related biomarkers were associated with cancer-related cognitive decline (CRCD) among older breast cancer survivors.: Methods: We included survivors 60-90 years with primary stage 0-III ... ...

    Abstract Purpose: We evaluated whether plasma Alzheimer's Disease (AD)-related biomarkers were associated with cancer-related cognitive decline (CRCD) among older breast cancer survivors.
    Methods: We included survivors 60-90 years with primary stage 0-III breast cancers (n = 236) and frequency-matched non-cancer controls (n = 154) who passed a cognitive screen and had banked plasma specimens. Participants were assessed at baseline (pre-systemic therapy) and annually for up to 60-months. Cognition was measured using tests of attention, processing speed and executive function (APE) and learning and memory (LM); perceived cognition was measured by the FACT-Cog PCI. Baseline plasma neurofilament light (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), beta-amyloid 42/40 (Aβ42/40) and phosphorylated tau (p-tau181) were assayed using single molecule arrays. Mixed models tested associations between cognition and baseline AD-biomarkers, time, group (survivor vs control) and their two- and three-way interactions, controlling for age, race, WRAT4 Word Reading score, comorbidity and BMI; two-sided 0.05 p-values were considered statistically significant.
    Results: There were no group differences in baseline AD-related biomarkers except survivors had higher baseline NfL levels than controls (p = .013). Survivors had lower adjusted longitudinal APE than controls starting from baseline and continuing over time (p = <0.002). However, baseline AD-related biomarker levels were not independently associated with adjusted cognition over time, except controls had lower APE scores with higher GFAP levels (p = .008).
    Conclusion: The results do not support a relationship between baseline AD-related biomarkers and CRCD. Further investigation is warranted to confirm the findings, test effects of longitudinal changes in AD-related biomarkers and examine other mechanisms and factors affecting cognition pre-systemic therapy.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-05-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2992-0
    ISSN 1460-2105 ; 0027-8874 ; 0198-0157
    ISSN (online) 1460-2105
    ISSN 0027-8874 ; 0198-0157
    DOI 10.1093/jnci/djae113
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  5. Article ; Online: Evaluation of a COVID-19 convalescent plasma program at a U.S. academic medical center.

    Root, Heather B / Gilleskie, Matt / Lu, Chih-Huan / Gilmore, Andrew / Evans, Mariama / Nelson, Bridget G / Johnson, William / Gurney, Brian / Kuruc, JoAnn / Markmann, Alena J / Barzin, Amir H / Wohl, David A / Fischer, William A / Park, Yara A / Weiss, Susan / Napravnik, Sonia / Baric, Ralph / de Silva, Aravinda M / Lachiewicz, Anne M /
    van Duin, David / Margolis, David M / Herce, Michael E / Bartelt, Luther A

    PloS one

    2022  Volume 17, Issue 12, Page(s) e0277707

    Abstract: Amidst the therapeutic void at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, a critical mass of scientific and clinical interest coalesced around COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP). To date, the CCP literature has focused largely on safety and efficacy outcomes, ... ...

    Abstract Amidst the therapeutic void at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, a critical mass of scientific and clinical interest coalesced around COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP). To date, the CCP literature has focused largely on safety and efficacy outcomes, but little on implementation outcomes or experience. Expert opinion suggests that if CCP has a role in COVID-19 treatment, it is early in the disease course, and it must deliver a sufficiently high titer of neutralizing antibodies (nAb). Missing in the literature are comprehensive evaluations of how local CCP programs were implemented as part of pandemic preparedness and response, including considerations of the core components and personnel required to meet demand with adequately qualified CCP in a timely and sustained manner. To address this gap, we conducted an evaluation of a local CCP program at a large U.S. academic medical center, the University of North Carolina Medical Center (UNCMC), and patterned our evaluation around the dimensions of the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework to systematically describe key implementation-relevant metrics. We aligned our evaluation with program goals of reaching the target population with severe or critical COVID-19, integrating into the structure of the hospital-wide pandemic response, adapting to shifting landscapes, and sustaining the program over time during a compassionate use expanded access program (EAP) era and a randomized controlled trial (RCT) era. During the EAP era, the UNCMC CCP program was associated with faster CCP infusion after admission compared with contemporaneous affiliate hospitals without a local program: median 29.6 hours (interquartile range, IQR: 21.2-48.1) for the UNCMC CCP program versus 47.6 hours (IQR 32.6-71.6) for affiliate hospitals; (P<0.0001). Sixty-eight of 87 CCP recipients in the EAP (78.2%) received CCP containing the FDA recommended minimum nAb titer of ≥1:160. CCP delivery to hospitalized patients operated with equal efficiency regardless of receiving treatment via a RCT or a compassionate-use mechanism. It was found that in a highly resourced academic medical center, rapid implementation of a local CCP collection, treatment, and clinical trial program could be achieved through re-deployment of highly trained laboratory and clinical personnel. These data provide important pragmatic considerations critical for health systems considering the use of CCP as part of an integrated pandemic response.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/therapy ; Academic Medical Centers ; Plasma ; Pandemics ; Antibodies, Neutralizing
    Chemical Substances Antibodies, Neutralizing
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Randomized Controlled Trial ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 2267670-3
    ISSN 1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    ISSN 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0277707
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  6. Article: Beginning the Dialogue on the e-Transformation: Behavior Analysis' First Massive Open Online Course (MOOC).

    Rehfeldt, Ruth Anne / Jung, Heidi L / Aguirre, Angelica / Nichols, Jane L / Root, William B

    Behavior analysis in practice

    2016  Volume 9, Issue 1, Page(s) 3–13

    Abstract: The e-Transformation in higher education, in which Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) are playing a pivotal role, has had an impact on the modality in which behavior analysis is taught. In this paper, we survey the history and implications of online ... ...

    Abstract The e-Transformation in higher education, in which Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) are playing a pivotal role, has had an impact on the modality in which behavior analysis is taught. In this paper, we survey the history and implications of online education including MOOCs and describe the implementation and results for the discipline's first MOOC, delivered at Southern Illinois University in spring 2015. Implications for the globalization and free access of higher education are discussed, as well as the parallel between MOOCs and Skinner's teaching machines.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-01-21
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2583900-7
    ISSN 2196-8934 ; 1998-1929
    ISSN (online) 2196-8934
    ISSN 1998-1929
    DOI 10.1007/s40617-015-0102-z
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  7. Article ; Online: Evaluation of a COVID-19 convalescent plasma program at a U.S. academic medical center.

    Heather B Root / Matt Gilleskie / Chih-Huan Lu / Andrew Gilmore / Mariama Evans / Bridget G Nelson / William Johnson / Brian Gurney / JoAnn Kuruc / Alena J Markmann / Amir H Barzin / David A Wohl / William A Fischer / Yara A Park / Susan Weiss / Sonia Napravnik / Ralph Baric / Aravinda M de Silva / Anne M Lachiewicz /
    David van Duin / David M Margolis / Michael E Herce / Luther A Bartelt

    PLoS ONE, Vol 17, Iss 12, p e

    2022  Volume 0277707

    Abstract: Amidst the therapeutic void at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, a critical mass of scientific and clinical interest coalesced around COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP). To date, the CCP literature has focused largely on safety and efficacy outcomes, ... ...

    Abstract Amidst the therapeutic void at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, a critical mass of scientific and clinical interest coalesced around COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP). To date, the CCP literature has focused largely on safety and efficacy outcomes, but little on implementation outcomes or experience. Expert opinion suggests that if CCP has a role in COVID-19 treatment, it is early in the disease course, and it must deliver a sufficiently high titer of neutralizing antibodies (nAb). Missing in the literature are comprehensive evaluations of how local CCP programs were implemented as part of pandemic preparedness and response, including considerations of the core components and personnel required to meet demand with adequately qualified CCP in a timely and sustained manner. To address this gap, we conducted an evaluation of a local CCP program at a large U.S. academic medical center, the University of North Carolina Medical Center (UNCMC), and patterned our evaluation around the dimensions of the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework to systematically describe key implementation-relevant metrics. We aligned our evaluation with program goals of reaching the target population with severe or critical COVID-19, integrating into the structure of the hospital-wide pandemic response, adapting to shifting landscapes, and sustaining the program over time during a compassionate use expanded access program (EAP) era and a randomized controlled trial (RCT) era. During the EAP era, the UNCMC CCP program was associated with faster CCP infusion after admission compared with contemporaneous affiliate hospitals without a local program: median 29.6 hours (interquartile range, IQR: 21.2-48.1) for the UNCMC CCP program versus 47.6 hours (IQR 32.6-71.6) for affiliate hospitals; (P<0.0001). Sixty-eight of 87 CCP recipients in the EAP (78.2%) received CCP containing the FDA recommended minimum nAb titer of ≥1:160. CCP delivery to hospitalized patients operated with equal efficiency ...
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 027
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  8. Article ; Online: Protective Effects of

    Van Dyk, Kathleen / Zhou, Xingtao / Small, Brent J / Ahn, Jaeil / Zhai, Wanting / Ahles, Tim / Graham, Deena / Jacobsen, Paul B / Jim, Heather / McDonald, Brenna C / Nudelman Holohan, Kelly / Patel, Sunita K / Rebeck, G William / Root, James C / Saykin, Andrew J / Cohen, Harvey Jay / Mandelblatt, Jeanne S / Carroll, Judith E

    JNCI cancer spectrum

    2021  Volume 5, Issue 2

    Abstract: Background: Cancer-related cognitive decline (CRCD) has been linked to apolipoprotein E (: Methods: We evaluated nonmetastatic breast cancer survivors (n = 427) and matched noncancer controls (n = 407) ages 60-98 years assessed presystemic therapy ... ...

    Abstract Background: Cancer-related cognitive decline (CRCD) has been linked to apolipoprotein E (
    Methods: We evaluated nonmetastatic breast cancer survivors (n = 427) and matched noncancer controls (n = 407) ages 60-98 years assessed presystemic therapy from August 2010 to December 2017 with annual follow-up to 24 months. Neuropsychological assessment measured attention, processing speed, executive function, and learning and memory. Linear mixed-effects models tested the effects of having an ε2 allele (vs none) on longitudinal cognitive domain
    Results: There was an interaction with genotype for attention, processing speed, and executive functioning domain scores (Beta = 0.32, 95% confidence interval = 0.00 to 0.65); the chemotherapy group with an ε2 allele had higher scores at baseline and maintained higher scores over time compared with those without an ε2 allele, and this protective effect was not seen for other groups. There was no effect of ε2 on learning and memory domain scores.
    Conclusions: APOE
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alzheimer Disease/genetics ; Apolipoprotein E2/genetics ; Apolipoprotein E4/genetics ; Attention/physiology ; Breast Neoplasms/genetics ; Cancer Survivors ; Case-Control Studies ; Cognition/physiology ; Cognitive Dysfunction/genetics ; Executive Function/physiology ; Female ; Genotype ; Humans ; Learning/physiology ; Memory/physiology ; Middle Aged ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Polymorphism, Genetic
    Chemical Substances Apolipoprotein E2 ; Apolipoprotein E4
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-27
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 2515-5091
    ISSN (online) 2515-5091
    DOI 10.1093/jncics/pkab013
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  9. Article ; Online: Structure-function analysis of the SHOC2-MRAS-PP1C holophosphatase complex.

    Kwon, Jason J / Hajian, Behnoush / Bian, Yuemin / Young, Lucy C / Amor, Alvaro J / Fuller, James R / Fraley, Cara V / Sykes, Abbey M / So, Jonathan / Pan, Joshua / Baker, Laura / Lee, Sun Joo / Wheeler, Douglas B / Mayhew, David L / Persky, Nicole S / Yang, Xiaoping / Root, David E / Barsotti, Anthony M / Stamford, Andrew W /
    Perry, Charles K / Burgin, Alex / McCormick, Frank / Lemke, Christopher T / Hahn, William C / Aguirre, Andrew J

    Nature

    2022  Volume 609, Issue 7926, Page(s) 408–415

    Abstract: Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-RAS signalling through the downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade regulates cell proliferation and survival. The SHOC2-MRAS-PP1C holophosphatase complex functions as a key regulator of RTK-RAS signalling ...

    Abstract Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-RAS signalling through the downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade regulates cell proliferation and survival. The SHOC2-MRAS-PP1C holophosphatase complex functions as a key regulator of RTK-RAS signalling by removing an inhibitory phosphorylation event on the RAF family of proteins to potentiate MAPK signalling
    MeSH term(s) Amino Acid Motifs ; Binding Sites ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Humans ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/chemistry ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Multiprotein Complexes/chemistry ; Multiprotein Complexes/metabolism ; Multiprotein Complexes/ultrastructure ; Mutation, Missense ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Binding ; Protein Phosphatase 1/chemistry ; Protein Phosphatase 1/metabolism ; Protein Phosphatase 1/ultrastructure ; Protein Stability ; raf Kinases ; ras Proteins/chemistry ; ras Proteins/metabolism ; ras Proteins/ultrastructure
    Chemical Substances Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; MRAS protein, human ; Multiprotein Complexes ; SHOC2 protein, human ; Guanosine Triphosphate (86-01-1) ; raf Kinases (EC 2.7.11.1) ; Protein Phosphatase 1 (EC 3.1.3.16) ; ras Proteins (EC 3.6.5.2)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-07-13
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 120714-3
    ISSN 1476-4687 ; 0028-0836
    ISSN (online) 1476-4687
    ISSN 0028-0836
    DOI 10.1038/s41586-022-04928-2
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  10. Article ; Online: Policy and Science for Global Health Security: Shaping the Course of International Health.

    Berger, Kavita M / Wood, James L N / Jenkins, Bonnie / Olsen, Jennifer / Morse, Stephen S / Gresham, Louise / Root, J Jeffrey / Rush, Margaret / Pigott, David / Winkleman, Taylor / Moore, Melinda / Gillespie, Thomas R / Nuzzo, Jennifer B / Han, Barbara A / Olinger, Patricia / Karesh, William B / Mills, James N / Annelli, Joseph F / Barnabei, Jamie /
    Lucey, Daniel / Hayman, David T S

    Tropical medicine and infectious disease

    2019  Volume 4, Issue 2

    Abstract: The global burden of infectious diseases and the increased attention to natural, accidental, and deliberate biological threats has resulted in significant investment in infectious disease research. Translating the results of these studies to inform ... ...

    Abstract The global burden of infectious diseases and the increased attention to natural, accidental, and deliberate biological threats has resulted in significant investment in infectious disease research. Translating the results of these studies to inform prevention, detection, and response efforts often can be challenging, especially if prior relationships and communications have not been established with decision-makers. Whatever scientific information is shared with decision-makers before, during, and after public health emergencies is highly dependent on the individuals or organizations who are communicating with policy-makers. This article briefly describes the landscape of stakeholders involved in information-sharing before and during emergencies. We identify critical gaps in translation of scientific expertise and results, and biosafety and biosecurity measures to public health policy and practice with a focus on One Health and zoonotic diseases. Finally, we conclude by exploring ways of improving communication and funding, both of which help to address the identified gaps. By leveraging existing scientific information (from both the natural and social sciences) in the public health decision-making process, large-scale outbreaks may be averted even in low-income countries.
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-04-10
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ISSN 2414-6366
    ISSN (online) 2414-6366
    DOI 10.3390/tropicalmed4020060
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