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  1. Artikel ; Online: Caution With Casual Causal Language.

    Leung, Michael / Weisskopf, Marc G

    JAMA psychiatry

    2024  Band 81, Heft 3, Seite(n) 318–319

    Mesh-Begriff(e) Humans ; Language ; Causality ; Sexual Behavior
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2024-01-24
    Erscheinungsland United States
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2701203-7
    ISSN 2168-6238 ; 2168-622X
    ISSN (online) 2168-6238
    ISSN 2168-622X
    DOI 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.5241
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  2. Artikel ; Online: Misclassification Bias in the Assessment of Gene-by-Environment Interactions.

    Weisskopf, Marc G / Leung, Michael

    Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)

    2023  Band 34, Heft 5, Seite(n) 673–680

    Abstract: Background: Misclassification bias is a common concern in epidemiologic studies. Despite strong bias on main effects, gene-environment interactions have been shown to be biased towards the null under gene-environment independence. In the context of a ... ...

    Abstract Background: Misclassification bias is a common concern in epidemiologic studies. Despite strong bias on main effects, gene-environment interactions have been shown to be biased towards the null under gene-environment independence. In the context of a recent article examining the interaction between nerve agent exposure and paraoxonase-1 gene on Gulf War Illness, we aimed to assess the impact of recall bias-a common misclassfication bias-on the identification of gene-environment interactions when the independence assumption is violated.
    Methods: We derive equations to quantify the bias of the interaction, and numerically illustrate these results by simulating a case-control study of 1000 cases and 1000 controls. Simulation input parameters included exposure prevalence, strength of gene-environment dependence, strength of the main effect, exposure specificity among cases, and strength of the gene-environment interaction.
    Results: We show that, even if gene-environment independence is violated, we can bound possible gene-environment interactions by knowing the strength and direction of the gene-environment dependence ( ) and the observed gene-environment interaction ( )-thus often still allowing for the identification of such interactions. Depending on whether is larger or smaller than the inverse of , is a lower (if ) or upper (if ) bound for the true interaction. In addition, the bias magnitude is somewhat predictable by examining other characteristics such as exposure prevalence, the strength of the exposure main effect, and directions of the recall bias and gene-environment dependence.
    Conclusions: Even if gene-environment dependence exists, we may still be able to identify gene-environment interactions even when misclassification bias is present.
    Mesh-Begriff(e) Humans ; Case-Control Studies ; Gene-Environment Interaction ; Bias ; Computer Simulation
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2023-05-30
    Erscheinungsland United States
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 1053263-8
    ISSN 1531-5487 ; 1044-3983
    ISSN (online) 1531-5487
    ISSN 1044-3983
    DOI 10.1097/EDE.0000000000001635
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  3. Artikel ; Online: Ambient air pollution and clinical dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis.

    Wilker, Elissa H / Osman, Marwa / Weisskopf, Marc G

    BMJ (Clinical research ed.)

    2023  Band 381, Seite(n) e071620

    Abstract: Objective: To investigate the role of air pollutants in risk of dementia, considering differences by study factors that could influence findings.: Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis.: Data sources: EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, Psycinfo, ...

    Abstract Objective: To investigate the role of air pollutants in risk of dementia, considering differences by study factors that could influence findings.
    Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
    Data sources: EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, Psycinfo, and OVID Medline from database inception through July 2022.
    Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: Studies that included adults (≥18 years), a longitudinal follow-up, considered US Environmental Protection Agency criteria air pollutants and proxies of traffic pollution, averaged exposure over a year or more, and reported associations between ambient pollutants and clinical dementia. Two authors independently extracted data using a predefined data extraction form and assessed risk of bias using the Risk of Bias In Non-randomised Studies of Exposures (ROBINS-E) tool. A meta-analysis with Knapp-Hartung standard errors was done when at least three studies for a given pollutant used comparable approaches.
    Results: 2080 records identified 51 studies for inclusion. Most studies were at high risk of bias, although in many cases bias was towards the null. 14 studies could be meta-analysed for particulate matter <2.5 µm in diameter (PM
    Conclusion: PM
    Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42021277083.
    Mesh-Begriff(e) Humans ; Air Pollutants ; Air Pollution ; Dementia ; Environmental Exposure
    Chemische Substanzen Air Pollutants
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2023-04-05
    Erscheinungsland England
    Dokumenttyp Meta-Analysis ; Systematic Review ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1362901-3
    ISSN 1756-1833 ; 0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
    ISSN (online) 1756-1833
    ISSN 0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
    DOI 10.1136/bmj-2022-071620
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  4. Artikel ; Online: Bone lead variability in bone repository skeletal samples measured with portable x-ray fluorescence.

    Specht, Aaron J / Steadman, Dawnie W / Davis, Mary / Bartell, Scott M / Weisskopf, Marc G

    The Science of the total environment

    2023  Band 880, Seite(n) 163197

    Abstract: ... On average, bone lead in the repository samples was measured to be 21.6 ± 21.3 μg/g with an XRF ... detection limit of 2.1 ± 0.5 μg/g. Cumulative lead exposure can be effectively measured using the portable XRF ...

    Abstract Bone lead serves as a better, more accessible biomarker to many communities experiencing chronic exposure to lead. A new method using low energy x-ray fluorescence in a handheld device (portable XRF) allows us to measure this chronic biomarker in only a few minutes. However, many unknowns remain about this biomarker measured using a new low energy x-ray technique. The low energy of the new method was theorized to measure a slightly different portion of the bone than previous techniques, which could influence measurements at different bone sites and types. We tested how bone measurements varied across five bone sites: mid-tibial shaft, proximal tibia, distal tibia (ankle), ilium, and cranium. We found bone lead measurements are not significantly different between skeletal elements when measured using a portable XRF. On average, bone lead in the repository samples was measured to be 21.6 ± 21.3 μg/g with an XRF detection limit of 2.1 ± 0.5 μg/g. Cumulative lead exposure can be effectively measured using the portable XRF on a variety of bone types, but the tibia should be preferentially measured to compare between studies and individuals.
    Mesh-Begriff(e) Humans ; Lead/analysis ; X-Rays ; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission ; Radiography ; Bone and Bones/chemistry
    Chemische Substanzen Lead (2P299V784P)
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2023-03-29
    Erscheinungsland Netherlands
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 121506-1
    ISSN 1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
    ISSN (online) 1879-1026
    ISSN 0048-9697
    DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163197
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  5. Artikel ; Online: Associations between solar and geomagnetic activity and cognitive function in the Normative Aging study.

    Liddie, Jahred M / Vieira, Carolina L Z / Coull, Brent A / Sparrow, David / Koutrakis, Petros / Weisskopf, Marc G

    Environment international

    2024  Band 187, Seite(n) 108666

    Abstract: Background: Studies show that changes in solar and geomagnetic activity (SGA) influence melatonin secretion and the autonomic nervous system. We evaluated associations between solar and geomagnetic activity and cognitive function in the Normative Aging ... ...

    Abstract Background: Studies show that changes in solar and geomagnetic activity (SGA) influence melatonin secretion and the autonomic nervous system. We evaluated associations between solar and geomagnetic activity and cognitive function in the Normative Aging Study from 1992 to 2013.
    Methods: We used logistic and linear generalized estimating equations and regressions to evaluate the associations between moving averages of sunspot number (SSN) and K
    Results: A one-IQR increase in same-day SSN and K
    Conclusions: Periods of high SGA were associated with cognitive function. SGA may not equally impact all aspects of cognitive function, as evidenced by differences in associations observed for the MMSE, global cognitive score, and individual cognitive tests. Given that much of the pathology of cognitive decline in the elderly remains unexplained, studies specifically targeting decline and with longer follow-up periods are warranted.
    Mesh-Begriff(e) Humans ; Cognition/physiology ; Male ; Aged ; Female ; Aging/physiology ; Solar Activity ; Aged, 80 and over ; Middle Aged
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2024-04-16
    Erscheinungsland Netherlands
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 554791-x
    ISSN 1873-6750 ; 0160-4120
    ISSN (online) 1873-6750
    ISSN 0160-4120
    DOI 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108666
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  6. Artikel ; Online: The "replication crisis" in the public eye: Germans' awareness and perceptions of the (ir)reproducibility of scientific research.

    Mede, Niels G / Schäfer, Mike S / Ziegler, Ricarda / Weißkopf, Markus

    Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)

    2020  Band 30, Heft 1, Seite(n) 91–102

    Abstract: Several meta-analytical attempts to reproduce results of empirical research have failed in recent years, prompting scholars and news media to diagnose a "replication crisis" and voice concerns about science losing public credibility. Others, in contrast, ...

    Abstract Several meta-analytical attempts to reproduce results of empirical research have failed in recent years, prompting scholars and news media to diagnose a "replication crisis" and voice concerns about science losing public credibility. Others, in contrast, hoped replication efforts could improve public confidence in science. Yet nationally representative evidence backing these concerns or hopes is scarce. We provide such evidence, conducting a secondary analysis of the German "Science Barometer" ("Wissenschaftsbarometer") survey. We find that most Germans are not aware of the "replication crisis." In addition, most interpret replication efforts as indicative of scientific quality control and science's self-correcting nature. However, supporters of the populist right-wing party AfD tend to believe that the "crisis" shows one cannot trust science, perhaps using it as an argument to discredit science. But for the majority of Germans, hopes about reputational benefits of the "replication crisis" for science seem more justified than concerns about detrimental effects.
    Mesh-Begriff(e) Humans ; Mass Media ; Reproducibility of Results ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Trust
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2020-09-14
    Erscheinungsland England
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1421272-9
    ISSN 1361-6609 ; 0963-6625
    ISSN (online) 1361-6609
    ISSN 0963-6625
    DOI 10.1177/0963662520954370
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  7. Artikel ; Online: In vivo quantification of strontium in bone among adults using portable x-ray fluorescence.

    Zhang, Xinxin / Wells, Ellen M / Specht, Aaron J / Weisskopf, Marc G / Weuve, Jennifer / Nie, Linda H

    Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS)

    2022  Band 74, Seite(n) 127077

    Abstract: ... tissue thickness overlying bone, and it ranged from 1.0 ug/g dry bone (ppm) to 2.4 ppm with thickness ...

    Abstract Background and objective: Bone strontium (Sr) is a reliable biomarker for studying related bone health outcomes and the effectiveness of Sr supplements in osteoporosis disease treatment. In this study, we evaluated the sensitivity of portable x-ray fluorescence (XRF) technology for in vivo bone Sr quantification among adults.
    Materials and methods: Sr-doped bone-equivalent phantoms were used for system calibration. Using the portable XRF, we measured bone Sr levels in vivo in mid-tibia bone in 76 adults, 38-95 years of age, living in Indiana, US; we also analyzed bone data of 29 adults, 53-82 years of age, living in Shanghai, China. The same portable XRF device and system settings were used in measuring their mid-tibia bone. We compared bone Sr concentrations by sex, age, and recruitment site. We also used multiple linear regression model to estimate the association of age with bone Sr concentration, adjusting for sex and recruitment site.
    Results: The uncertainty of in vivo individual measurement increased with higher soft tissue thickness overlying bone, and it ranged from 1.0 ug/g dry bone (ppm) to 2.4 ppm with thickness ranging from 2 to 7 mm, with a measurement time of 5 min. Geometric mean (95% confidence interval (CI)) of the bone Sr concentration was 79.1 (70.1, 89.3) ppm. After adjustment for recruitment site and sex, an increase in five years of age was associated with a 8.9% (95% CI: 2.5%, 15.6%) increase in geometric mean bone Sr concentration.
    Discussion and conclusion: Sr concentrations were consistently well above detection limits of the portable XRF, and exhibited an expected increase with age. These data suggest that the portable XRF can be a valuable technology to quantify Sr concentration in bone, and in the study of Sr-related health outcomes among adults, such as bone mineral density (BMD) and bone fracture risk.
    Mesh-Begriff(e) Bone and Bones/chemistry ; China ; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission ; Strontium/analysis ; X-Rays
    Chemische Substanzen Strontium (YZS2RPE8LE)
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2022-09-13
    Erscheinungsland Germany
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1236267-0
    ISSN 1878-3252 ; 1611-602X ; 0946-672X
    ISSN (online) 1878-3252 ; 1611-602X
    ISSN 0946-672X
    DOI 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127077
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  8. Artikel ; Online: Concussion burden and later-life cardiovascular risk factors in former professional American-style football players.

    Tan, Can Ozan / Grashow, Rachel / Thorpe, Roland / Miller, Karen K / Nathan, David M / Izzy, Saef / Radmanesh, Farid / Kim, Jonathan H / Weisskopf, Marc G / Taylor, Herman A / Zafonte, Ross D / Baggish, Aaron L

    Annals of clinical and translational neurology

    2024  

    Abstract: Objective: Mid-life cardiovascular risk factors are associated with later cognitive decline. Whether repetitive head injury among professional athletes impacts cardiovascular risk is unknown. We investigated associations between concussion burden and ... ...

    Abstract Objective: Mid-life cardiovascular risk factors are associated with later cognitive decline. Whether repetitive head injury among professional athletes impacts cardiovascular risk is unknown. We investigated associations between concussion burden and postcareer hypertension, high cholesterol, and diabetes among former professional American-style football (ASF) players.
    Methods: In a cross-sectional study of 4080 professional ASF players conducted between January 2015 and March 2022, we used an mulitsymptom concussion symptom score (CSS) and the number of loss-of-consciousness (LOC) episodes as a single severe symptom to quantify football-related concussion exposure. Primary outcomes were hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes, defined by current or recommended prescription medication use.
    Results: The prevalence of hypertension, high cholesterol, and diabetes among former players (52 ± 14 years of age) was 37%, 34%, and 9%. Concussion burden was significantly associated with hypertension (lowest vs. highest CSS quartile, odds ratio (OR) = 1.99; 95%CI: 1.33-2.98; p < 0.01) and high cholesterol (lowest vs. moderate CSS, OR = 1.46, 95%CI, 1.11-1.91; p < 0.01), but not diabetes. In fully adjusted models, the prevalence of multiple CVD was associated with CSS. These results were driven by younger former players (≤ 40 year of age) in which the odds of hypertension were over three times higher in those in the highest CSS quartile (OR = 3.29, 95%CI: 1.39-7.61; p = 0.01). Results were similar for LOC analyses.
    Interpretation: Prior concussion burden is associated with postcareer atherogenic cardiovascular risk profiles among former professional American football players.
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2024-05-29
    Erscheinungsland United States
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2740696-9
    ISSN 2328-9503 ; 2328-9503
    ISSN (online) 2328-9503
    ISSN 2328-9503
    DOI 10.1002/acn3.52045
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  9. Artikel ; Online: Feasibility of Lead Exposure Assessment in Blood Spots using Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence.

    Specht, Aaron J / Obrycki, John F / Mazumdar, Maitreyi / Weisskopf, Marc G

    Environmental science & technology

    2021  Band 55, Heft 8, Seite(n) 5050–5055

    Abstract: Collecting blood spots from newborns is a common procedure used to diagnose multiple health conditions. Fingerstick blood samples are routinely collected from children to diagnose elevated blood lead levels. In our study, we wanted to test the ... ...

    Abstract Collecting blood spots from newborns is a common procedure used to diagnose multiple health conditions. Fingerstick blood samples are routinely collected from children to diagnose elevated blood lead levels. In our study, we wanted to test the feasibility of using a high-power energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) device to accurately measure the concentration of lead in blood spots. We created spotted standards of a known concentration of lead on a filter paper at different volumes and concentrations. We determined the detection limit for lead through repeated measurements of our standards and calibration line slopes. We also tested the variability of the measured lead concentration across procedures and spotted blood volumes and found no significant additions to uncertainty in measurements. Finally, we compared blood lead concentrations measured by EDXRF and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and found EDXRF to be a significant predictor of blood lead (
    Mesh-Begriff(e) Child ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Feasibility Studies ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Lead ; Multimorbidity ; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission ; X-Rays
    Chemische Substanzen Lead (2P299V784P)
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2021-03-24
    Erscheinungsland United States
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ISSN 1520-5851
    ISSN (online) 1520-5851
    DOI 10.1021/acs.est.0c06622
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  10. Artikel ; Online: Bias due to Selection on Live Births in Studies of Environmental Exposures during Pregnancy: A Simulation Study.

    Leung, Michael / Kioumourtzoglou, Marianthi-Anna / Raz, Raanan / Weisskopf, Marc G

    Environmental health perspectives

    2021  Band 129, Heft 4, Seite(n) 47001

    Abstract: Background: Studies of the effects of prenatal environmental exposures on postnatal outcomes are particularly vulnerable to live birth bias; i.e., the bias that arises from the necessary restriction of the analysis to live births when that is influenced ...

    Abstract Background: Studies of the effects of prenatal environmental exposures on postnatal outcomes are particularly vulnerable to live birth bias; i.e., the bias that arises from the necessary restriction of the analysis to live births when that is influenced by both the exposure under study
    Objectives: In the context of a recent publication of nitrogen dioxide (
    Methods: We simulated the magnitude of bias under two selection mechanisms and when both mechanisms co-occur, assuming a true null effect. Simulation input parameters were based on characteristics of the original study and a range of plausible values for the prevalence of unmeasured factor
    Results: We found that the magnitude of bias was small when
    Discussion: Our simulations illustrate that live birth bias may lead to exposure-outcome associations that are biased downward, where the extent of the bias depends on the fetal selection mechanism, the strength of that selection, and the prevalence of
    Mesh-Begriff(e) Air Pollutants/analysis ; Autism Spectrum Disorder ; Bias ; Environmental Exposure/analysis ; Female ; Humans ; Live Birth ; Nitrogen Dioxide/analysis ; Pregnancy
    Chemische Substanzen Air Pollutants ; Nitrogen Dioxide (S7G510RUBH)
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2021-04-01
    Erscheinungsland United States
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 195189-0
    ISSN 1552-9924 ; 0091-6765 ; 1078-0475
    ISSN (online) 1552-9924
    ISSN 0091-6765 ; 1078-0475
    DOI 10.1289/EHP7961
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