LIVIVO - Das Suchportal für Lebenswissenschaften

switch to English language
Erweiterte Suche

Suchergebnis

Treffer 1 - 10 von insgesamt 66

Suchoptionen

  1. Artikel ; Online: Exploring synchrony effects in performance on tasks involving cognitive inhibition: An online study of young adults.

    Tseng, Hayley / Damian, Markus F

    Chronobiology international

    2023  Band 40, Heft 9, Seite(n) 1209–1223

    Abstract: Inhibition is one of the core components of cognitive control. In experimental tasks which measure cognitive inhibition, performance may vary according to an interplay of individuals' chronotype and the time of day of testing ("synchrony effect", or the ... ...

    Abstract Inhibition is one of the core components of cognitive control. In experimental tasks which measure cognitive inhibition, performance may vary according to an interplay of individuals' chronotype and the time of day of testing ("synchrony effect", or the beneficial impact on cognitive performance of aligning testing with the time of day preferred by an individual's chronotype). Some prior studies have reported a synchrony effect specifically emerging in activities which require cognitive inhibition, but not in general processing speed, but existing findings are inconsistent. If genuine, synchrony effects should be taken into account when comparing groups of participants. Here we explored whether synchrony effects emerge in a sample of young adults. In a multi-part online study, we captured various components of inhibition (response suppression; inhibitory control; switching) plus a general measure of processing speed across various times of the day. Individuals' chronotype was included as a predictor of performance. Critically, we found no evidence of a synchrony effect (an association between chronotype and component of interest where the directionality is dependent on time of testing) in our study.
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2023-09-12
    Erscheinungsland England
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 998996-1
    ISSN 1525-6073 ; 0742-0528
    ISSN (online) 1525-6073
    ISSN 0742-0528
    DOI 10.1080/07420528.2023.2256843
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

    Zusatzmaterialien

    Kategorien

    Verfügbar in ZB MED Köln/Königswinter

    Zs.A 2068: Hefte anzeigen Standort:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
    bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

    Über subito bestellen

    Dieser Service ist kostenpflichtig (siehe Lieferbedingungen von subito). Bestellungen, die einen Artikel nebst Supplementary Material umfassen, werden grundsätzlich wie mehrfache Bestellungen bearbeitet. Gebühren fallen in diesen Fällen für jede einzelne Bestellung an.

  2. Artikel ; Online: Exploring the impact of stimulus-stimulus and stimulus-response conflicts on computer mouse trajectories: continuous flow of information from stimulus encoding to response preparation to motor action.

    Tseng, Hayley / Damian, Markus F

    Psychological research

    2023  Band 87, Heft 8, Seite(n) 2428–2439

    Abstract: In recent years, mouse tracking (designing experiments in which participants provide responses via dynamic computer mouse movements) has enjoyed increasing experience in experimental psychology. Mouse-tracking studies typically involve some form of ... ...

    Abstract In recent years, mouse tracking (designing experiments in which participants provide responses via dynamic computer mouse movements) has enjoyed increasing experience in experimental psychology. Mouse-tracking studies typically involve some form of stimulus-response (S-R) conflict, and S-R effects emerge in movement trajectories (as well as in latencies). By contrast, it is currently unclear how stimulus-stimulus (S-S) compatibility affects movements. Here, we used a spatial arrow task which allowed us to generate S-R and S-S effects within the same experiment. Experiment 1 clarified in a key press experiment that this manipulation generates clear S-S and S-R effects in latencies. More critically, Experiment 2 demonstrated that both types of conflict impact mouse trajectories with incompatibility emerging as increased 'curvature' of responses when compared to congruent responses. We argue that these results are best explained via the assumption of 'continuous flow' of information, from stimulus encoding to response preparation and finally into motor action. By contrast, the S-S effect on trajectories contradicts the notion that processing is 'thresholded' between stimulus encoding and response preparation.
    Mesh-Begriff(e) Humans ; Movement ; Reaction Time/physiology
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2023-06-01
    Erscheinungsland Germany
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1463034-5
    ISSN 1430-2772 ; 0340-0727
    ISSN (online) 1430-2772
    ISSN 0340-0727
    DOI 10.1007/s00426-023-01840-w
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

    Volltext online

    Zusatzmaterialien

    Kategorien

    Über subito bestellen

    Dieser Service ist kostenpflichtig (siehe Lieferbedingungen von subito). Bestellungen, die einen Artikel nebst Supplementary Material umfassen, werden grundsätzlich wie mehrfache Bestellungen bearbeitet. Gebühren fallen in diesen Fällen für jede einzelne Bestellung an.

  3. Artikel ; Online: A dataset of behavioral measures on Chinese word production in picture naming.

    Feng, Chen / Damian, Markus F / Qu, Qingqing

    Scientific data

    2024  Band 11, Heft 1, Seite(n) 185

    Abstract: Most studies of language production have been conducted with speakers of alphabetic languages, but relatively little research has examined languages with non-alphabetic scripts, such as Chinese. Moreover, most work on language word production has ... ...

    Abstract Most studies of language production have been conducted with speakers of alphabetic languages, but relatively little research has examined languages with non-alphabetic scripts, such as Chinese. Moreover, most work on language word production has investigated phonological output processing (i.e., speaking), whereas comparatively little research has focused on orthographic output, such as writing and typing. Work on non-alphabetic languages and/or written production is particularly promising, given that it speaks to universalities vs. specificity in terms of architectures and mechanisms underlying language processing across all world languages and modalities. The current article reports a dataset of word production in Chinese with spoken and written responses, which includes reaction times of 193,851 trials of naming 403 pictures obtained from 667 participants across 23 Chinese word production experiments. All data were collected in the same experimental environment and from participants with relatively homogenous characteristics, using the same protocols and parameters. The dataset enables researchers to explore how Chinese speakers produce spoken and/or written words, and to identify language-specific features underlying word production.
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2024-02-10
    Erscheinungsland England
    Dokumenttyp Dataset ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2775191-0
    ISSN 2052-4463 ; 2052-4463
    ISSN (online) 2052-4463
    ISSN 2052-4463
    DOI 10.1038/s41597-024-03022-8
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

    Zusatzmaterialien

    Kategorien

    Über subito bestellen

    Dieser Service ist kostenpflichtig (siehe Lieferbedingungen von subito). Bestellungen, die einen Artikel nebst Supplementary Material umfassen, werden grundsätzlich wie mehrfache Bestellungen bearbeitet. Gebühren fallen in diesen Fällen für jede einzelne Bestellung an.

  4. Artikel ; Online: Effects of conflict in cognitive control: Evidence from mouse tracking.

    Ye, Wenting / Damian, Markus F

    Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)

    2022  , Seite(n) 17470218221078265

    Abstract: It has long been debated whether the "congruency sequence effect (CSE)" in conflict tasks such as Flanker could reflect adaptive control. The current study used "mouse tracking" to tackle the issue in a combination of three conflict tasks (i.e., Flanker, ...

    Abstract It has long been debated whether the "congruency sequence effect (CSE)" in conflict tasks such as Flanker could reflect adaptive control. The current study used "mouse tracking" to tackle the issue in a combination of three conflict tasks (i.e., Flanker, Simon, and Spatial Stroop tasks). Congruency effects from previous and current trials emerged in latencies as well as curvature of movement trajectories in all three tasks. Critically, movement initiation times were affected only by congruency on previous but not on current trials. A further analysis showed that even when initiation time on the previous trials was taken into account, a subtle but highly significant effect of conflict arising from trial
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2022-02-21
    Erscheinungsland England
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 219170-2
    ISSN 1747-0226 ; 0033-555X ; 1747-0218
    ISSN (online) 1747-0226
    ISSN 0033-555X ; 1747-0218
    DOI 10.1177/17470218221078265
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

    Zusatzmaterialien

    Kategorien

    Verfügbar in ZB MED Köln/Königswinter

    Zs.B 1109: Hefte anzeigen Standort:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
    bis Jg. 2021: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

    Über subito bestellen

    Dieser Service ist kostenpflichtig (siehe Lieferbedingungen von subito). Bestellungen, die einen Artikel nebst Supplementary Material umfassen, werden grundsätzlich wie mehrfache Bestellungen bearbeitet. Gebühren fallen in diesen Fällen für jede einzelne Bestellung an.

  5. Artikel ; Online: Exploring task switch costs in a color-shape decision task via a mouse tracking paradigm.

    Ye, Wenting / Damian, Markus F

    Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance

    2021  Band 48, Heft 1, Seite(n) 8–20

    Abstract: Several decades of cognitive research have explored the processes and mechanisms that underlie task switching. Here we report an experiment in which young adult participants were presented with colored shapes, and were randomly cued to categorize them ... ...

    Abstract Several decades of cognitive research have explored the processes and mechanisms that underlie task switching. Here we report an experiment in which young adult participants were presented with colored shapes, and were randomly cued to categorize them according to color, or to shape. Responses were made via dynamic movements of the computer mouse ("mouse tracking"), which allows insight into how decision making unfolds. The results showed that a range of classic findings (mix cost, switch cost, task congruency effects, etc.) emerged strongly in movement trajectories. Initiation of movements was sensitive to task/cue driven but not to stimulus/response driven variables, as well as to task switching. This constellation suggests that task switch costs emerge as a combination of task set reconfiguration, and stimulus-driven sensory-motor mappings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
    Mesh-Begriff(e) Cues ; Humans ; Psychomotor Performance ; Reaction Time
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2021-11-29
    Erscheinungsland United States
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 189734-2
    ISSN 1939-1277 ; 0096-1523
    ISSN (online) 1939-1277
    ISSN 0096-1523
    DOI 10.1037/xhp0000975
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

    Zusatzmaterialien

    Kategorien

    Verfügbar in ZB MED Köln/Königswinter

    Zs.A 2254: Hefte anzeigen Standort:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
    bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

    Über subito bestellen

    Dieser Service ist kostenpflichtig (siehe Lieferbedingungen von subito). Bestellungen, die einen Artikel nebst Supplementary Material umfassen, werden grundsätzlich wie mehrfache Bestellungen bearbeitet. Gebühren fallen in diesen Fällen für jede einzelne Bestellung an.

  6. Artikel ; Online: The role of valence in word processing: Evidence from lexical decision and emotional Stroop tasks.

    Crossfield, Ethan / Damian, Markus F

    Acta psychologica

    2021  Band 218, Seite(n) 103359

    Abstract: It is widely accepted that the valence of a word (neutral, positive, or negative) influences lexical processing, yet data from the commonly used lexical decision and emotional Stroop tasks has yielded inconsistent findings regarding the direction of this ...

    Abstract It is widely accepted that the valence of a word (neutral, positive, or negative) influences lexical processing, yet data from the commonly used lexical decision and emotional Stroop tasks has yielded inconsistent findings regarding the direction of this influence. One critical obstacle to investigating the independent effects of valence is the matching of emotional and neutral stimuli on the lexical, sublexical, and conceptual characteristics known to influence word recognition. The second obstacle is that the cognitive processes which lead to a lexical decision and a colour naming response are unobservable from the response latency measures typically gathered. The present study compiled a set of neutral, positive, and negative words matched triplet-wise on 26 influential characteristics. The novel "mouse tracking" technique was used to analyse the development of responses to these materials in variants of the lexical decision and emotional Stroop task. A conventional key-press emotional Stroop task is also reported. Results revealed a significant processing advantage for positive words over negative and neutral words in the lexical decision task, whereas valence alone did not produce any significant effects in the emotional Stroop task. The discrepancy between the effects of valence across these different tasks is discussed. We also suggest that previous conflicting findings may be confounded by unmatched emotional and neutral stimuli, thus inflating the potential effects of valence.
    Mesh-Begriff(e) Emotions ; Humans ; Reaction Time ; Stroop Test ; Word Processing
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2021-06-29
    Erscheinungsland Netherlands
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1480049-4
    ISSN 1873-6297 ; 0001-6918
    ISSN (online) 1873-6297
    ISSN 0001-6918
    DOI 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103359
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

    Volltext online

    Zusatzmaterialien

    Kategorien

    Über subito bestellen

    Dieser Service ist kostenpflichtig (siehe Lieferbedingungen von subito). Bestellungen, die einen Artikel nebst Supplementary Material umfassen, werden grundsätzlich wie mehrfache Bestellungen bearbeitet. Gebühren fallen in diesen Fällen für jede einzelne Bestellung an.

  7. Artikel ; Online: A joint investigation of facilitation and interference effects of semantic and phonological similarity in a continuous naming task.

    Feng, Chen / Damian, Markus F / Qu, Qingqing

    Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition

    2022  Band 48, Heft 8, Seite(n) 1193–1201

    Abstract: Semantic and phonological similarity effects provide critical constraints on the mechanisms underlying language production. In the present study, we jointly investigated effects of semantic and phonological similarity using the continuous naming task. In ...

    Abstract Semantic and phonological similarity effects provide critical constraints on the mechanisms underlying language production. In the present study, we jointly investigated effects of semantic and phonological similarity using the continuous naming task. In the semantic condition, Chinese Mandarin speakers named a list of pictures composed of 12 semantic category sets with 5 items from each semantic category, while in the phonological condition, they named a list of pictures from 12 phonological sets of 5 items sharing a spoken syllable. Related pictures occurred on adjacent trials, or were separated by 2, 4, or 6 unrelated pictures. Similar results were found across the semantic and phonological conditions: naming was facilitated by the directly preceding production of a related picture. For nonconsecutive related responses, naming latency increased linearly as a function of the number of preceding production instances of related pictures. Parallel patterns of facilitation and interference effects arising from semantic and phonological similarity suggest universal principles which govern language production. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
    Mesh-Begriff(e) Humans ; Language ; Names ; Semantics
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2022-04-07
    Erscheinungsland United States
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 627313-0
    ISSN 1939-1285 ; 0278-7393
    ISSN (online) 1939-1285
    ISSN 0278-7393
    DOI 10.1037/xlm0001139
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

    Zusatzmaterialien

    Kategorien

    Verfügbar in ZB MED Köln/Königswinter

    Zs.A 2253: Hefte anzeigen Standort:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
    bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

    Über subito bestellen

    Dieser Service ist kostenpflichtig (siehe Lieferbedingungen von subito). Bestellungen, die einen Artikel nebst Supplementary Material umfassen, werden grundsätzlich wie mehrfache Bestellungen bearbeitet. Gebühren fallen in diesen Fällen für jede einzelne Bestellung an.

  8. Artikel ; Online: The role of orthography in second-language spoken word production: Evidence from Tibetan Chinese bilinguals.

    Qu, Qingqing / Damian, Markus F

    Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)

    2019  Band 72, Heft 11, Seite(n) 2597–2604

    Abstract: Evidence suggests that spoken language production involves involuntary access to orthographic representations, both in languages with alphabetic and non-alphabetic scripts. An unexplored question is whether the role of orthography varies as a function of ...

    Abstract Evidence suggests that spoken language production involves involuntary access to orthographic representations, both in languages with alphabetic and non-alphabetic scripts. An unexplored question is whether the role of orthography varies as a function of the language being native or non-native to the individual. Native (L1) and non-native (L2) languages differ in important aspects, that is, lexical representations in L2 might be less well established, but acquired at least partly via reading, and these unique features of non-native languages may contribute to a fundamental difference in how spelling and sound interact in production. We investigated an orthographic impact on spoken production with Tibetan Chinese bilinguals who named coloured line drawings of objects with Chinese adjective-noun phrases. Colour and object names were orthographically related or unrelated. Even though none of the participants were aware of the orthographic manipulation, orthographic overlap generated a facilitatory effect. In conjunction with earlier findings from native speakers on the identical task, we conclude that orthographic information is activated in spoken word production regardless of whether the response language is native or non-native.
    Mesh-Begriff(e) Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Female ; Humans ; Language ; Male ; Multilingualism ; Pattern Recognition, Visual ; Photic Stimulation ; Reaction Time ; Reading ; Recognition, Psychology ; Semantics ; Speech ; Tibet
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2019-05-31
    Erscheinungsland England
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 219170-2
    ISSN 1747-0226 ; 0033-555X ; 1747-0218
    ISSN (online) 1747-0226
    ISSN 0033-555X ; 1747-0218
    DOI 10.1177/1747021819850382
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

    Zusatzmaterialien

    Kategorien

    Verfügbar in ZB MED Köln/Königswinter

    Zs.B 1109: Hefte anzeigen Standort:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
    bis Jg. 2021: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

    Über subito bestellen

    Dieser Service ist kostenpflichtig (siehe Lieferbedingungen von subito). Bestellungen, die einen Artikel nebst Supplementary Material umfassen, werden grundsätzlich wie mehrfache Bestellungen bearbeitet. Gebühren fallen in diesen Fällen für jede einzelne Bestellung an.

  9. Artikel ; Online: Syllables constitute proximate units for Mandarin speakers: Electrophysiological evidence from a masked priming task.

    Zhang, Qingfang / Damian, Markus F

    Psychophysiology

    2019  Band 56, Heft 4, Seite(n) e13317

    Abstract: Languages may differ regarding the primary mental unit of phonological encoding in spoken production, with models of speakers of Indo-European languages generally assuming a central role for phonemes, but spoken Chinese production potentially attributing ...

    Abstract Languages may differ regarding the primary mental unit of phonological encoding in spoken production, with models of speakers of Indo-European languages generally assuming a central role for phonemes, but spoken Chinese production potentially attributing a more prominent role to syllables. In the present study, native Mandarin Chinese speakers named objects that were preceded by briefly presented and masked prime words, which were form related and either matched or mismatched concerning their syllabic structure, or were unrelated. Behavioral results showed a previously reported interaction between prime and target syllable type. Concurrently recorded EEG also exhibited this interaction and further revealed that syllable overlap modulated ERPs mainly in the time window of 300-400 ms after picture onset. By contrast, phonemic overlap modulated ERPs from 500 ms to 600 ms. This pattern might suggest that speakers retrieved syllables before phonemes and strengthens the claim that for Chinese individuals syllables constitute primary functional representations ("proximate units").
    Mesh-Begriff(e) Adult ; Cerebral Cortex/physiology ; Electroencephalography ; Evoked Potentials/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology ; Perceptual Masking/physiology ; Phonetics ; Psycholinguistics ; Reading ; Young Adult
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2019-01-18
    Erscheinungsland United States
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 209486-1
    ISSN 1540-5958 ; 0048-5772
    ISSN (online) 1540-5958
    ISSN 0048-5772
    DOI 10.1111/psyp.13317
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

    Volltext online

    Zusatzmaterialien

    Kategorien

    Verfügbar in ZB MED Köln/Königswinter

    Zs.A 502: Hefte anzeigen Standort:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
    bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

    Über subito bestellen

    Dieser Service ist kostenpflichtig (siehe Lieferbedingungen von subito). Bestellungen, die einen Artikel nebst Supplementary Material umfassen, werden grundsätzlich wie mehrfache Bestellungen bearbeitet. Gebühren fallen in diesen Fällen für jede einzelne Bestellung an.

  10. Artikel ; Online: Parallel Processing of Semantics and Phonology in Spoken Production: Evidence from Blocked Cyclic Picture Naming and EEG.

    Feng, Chen / Damian, Markus F / Qu, Qingqing

    Journal of cognitive neuroscience

    2021  Band 33, Heft 4, Seite(n) 725–738

    Abstract: Spoken language production involves lexical-semantic access and phonological encoding. A theoretically important question concerns the relative time course of these two cognitive processes. The predominant view has been that semantic and phonological ... ...

    Abstract Spoken language production involves lexical-semantic access and phonological encoding. A theoretically important question concerns the relative time course of these two cognitive processes. The predominant view has been that semantic and phonological codes are accessed in successive stages. However, recent evidence seems difficult to reconcile with a sequential view but rather suggests that both types of codes are accessed in parallel. Here, we used ERPs combined with the "blocked cyclic naming paradigm" in which items overlapped either semantically or phonologically. Behaviorally, both semantic and phonological overlap caused interference relative to unrelated baseline conditions. Crucially, ERP data demonstrated that the semantic and phonological effects emerged at a similar latency (∼180 msec after picture onset) and within a similar time window (180-380 msec). These findings suggest that access to phonological information takes place at a relatively early stage during spoken planning, largely in parallel with semantic processing.
    Mesh-Begriff(e) Electroencephalography ; Evoked Potentials ; Semantics ; Speech ; Time Perception
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2021-01-21
    Erscheinungsland United States
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1007410-7
    ISSN 1530-8898 ; 0898-929X ; 1096-8857
    ISSN (online) 1530-8898
    ISSN 0898-929X ; 1096-8857
    DOI 10.1162/jocn_a_01675
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

    Zusatzmaterialien

    Kategorien

    Verfügbar in ZB MED Köln/Königswinter

    Zs.A 2623: Hefte anzeigen Standort:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
    bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

    Über subito bestellen

    Dieser Service ist kostenpflichtig (siehe Lieferbedingungen von subito). Bestellungen, die einen Artikel nebst Supplementary Material umfassen, werden grundsätzlich wie mehrfache Bestellungen bearbeitet. Gebühren fallen in diesen Fällen für jede einzelne Bestellung an.

Zum Seitenanfang